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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">ESurf</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Earth Surface Dynamics</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">ESurf</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Earth Surf. Dynam.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">2196-632X</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/esurf-2-233-2014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Coastal vulnerability of a pinned, soft-cliff coastline, II: assessing the influence of sea walls on future morphology</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Barkwith</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hurst</surname>
<given-names>M. D.</given-names>
<ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9822-076X</ext-link>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Thomas</surname>
<given-names>C. W.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ellis</surname>
<given-names>M. A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Limber</surname>
<given-names>P. L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Murray</surname>
<given-names>A. B.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, UK</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>23</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>2</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>233</fpage>
<lpage>242</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2014 A. Barkwith et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://esurf.copernicus.org/articles/2/233/2014/esurf-2-233-2014.html">This article is available from https://esurf.copernicus.org/articles/2/233/2014/esurf-2-233-2014.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://esurf.copernicus.org/articles/2/233/2014/esurf-2-233-2014.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://esurf.copernicus.org/articles/2/233/2014/esurf-2-233-2014.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Coastal defences have long been employed to halt or slow coastal erosion,
and their impact on local sediment flux and ecology has been studied in
detail through field research and numerical simulation. The non-local impact
of a modified sediment flux regime on mesoscale erosion and accretion has
received less attention. Morphological changes at this scale due to
defending structures can be difficult to quantify or identify with field
data. Engineering-scale numerical models, often applied to assess the design
of modern defences on local coastal erosion, tend not to cover large
stretches of coast and are rarely applied to assess the impact of older
structures. We extend previous work to explore the influences of sea walls
on the evolution and morphological sensitivity of a pinned, soft-cliff,
sandy coastline under a changing wave climate. The Holderness coast of East
Yorkshire, UK, is used as a case study to explore model scenarios where the
coast is both defended with major sea walls and allowed to evolve naturally
were there are no sea defences.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Using a mesoscale numerical coastal evolution model, observed wave-climate
data are perturbed linearly to assess the sensitivity of the coastal
morphology to changing wave climate for both the defended and undefended
scenarios. Comparative analysis of the simulated output suggests that sea
walls in the south of the region have a greater impact on sediment flux due
to increased sediment availability along this part of the coast. Multiple
defence structures, including those separated by several kilometres, were
found to interact with each other, producing complex changes in coastal
morphology under a changing wave climate. Although spatially and temporally
heterogeneous, sea walls generally slowed coastal recession and accumulated
sediment on their up-drift side.</p>
</abstract>
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