Articles | Volume 7, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-107-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-107-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 
25 Jan 2019
Research article | Highlight paper |
| 25 Jan 2019
| 25 Jan 2019
Long-term erosion of the Nepal Himalayas by bedrock landsliding: the role of monsoons, earthquakes and giant landslides
École et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre – Institut de
Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique UMR 7516, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg
CEDEX, France
Robert Behling
Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, German Research Center for Geosciences
(GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Christoff Andermann
Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, German Research Center for Geosciences
(GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Jens M. Turowski
Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, German Research Center for Geosciences
(GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Luc Illien
Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, German Research Center for Geosciences
(GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Laboratoire de Géologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue
Lhomond, 75000, Paris, France
Sigrid Roessner
Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, German Research Center for Geosciences
(GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Niels Hovius
Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, German Research Center for Geosciences
(GFZ), Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, Potsdam
University, Potsdam, Germany
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Cited
91 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- The dynamic threat from landslides following large continental earthquakes K. Arrell et al. 10.1371/journal.pone.0308444
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- Evaluation of factors controlling the spatial and size distributions of landslides, 2021 Nippes earthquake, Haiti B. Zhao et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108419
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- A Perspective of the Cumulative Risks from Climate Change on Mt. Everest: Findings from the 2019 Expedition K. Miner et al. 10.3390/ijerph18041928
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- Rainfall triggers more deep-seated landslides than Cascadia earthquakes in the Oregon Coast Range, USA S. LaHusen et al. 10.1126/sciadv.aba6790
- Characteristics and causes of natural and human-induced landslides in a tropical mountainous region: the rift flank west of Lake Kivu (Democratic Republic of the Congo) J. Maki Mateso et al. 10.5194/nhess-23-643-2023
- Evaluating the Landslide Stability and Vegetation Recovery: Case Studies in the Tsengwen Reservoir Watershed in Taiwan C. Wu 10.3390/w13243479
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- 30-year record of Himalaya mass-wasting reveals landscape perturbations by extreme events J. Jones et al. 10.1038/s41467-021-26964-8
- Seismic Velocity Recovery in the Subsurface: Transient Damage and Groundwater Drainage Following the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake, Nepal L. Illien et al. 10.1029/2021JB023402
- Soil quality enhancement by multi-treatment in the abandoned land of dry-hot river valley hydropower station construction area under karst desertification environment Q. Wu et al. 10.1371/journal.pone.0306368
- Uncovering the drivers, impacts, and urgent solutions to soil erosion in the Ethiopian Highlands: a global perspective on local challenges D. Teku & T. Derbib 10.3389/fenvs.2024.1521611
- Morphological and sedimentological responses of small stream channels to extreme rainfall and land use in the Darjeeling Himalayas P. Prokop et al. 10.1016/j.catena.2019.104444
- Competing Effects of Mountain Uplift and Landslide Erosion Over Earthquake Cycles G. Li et al. 10.1029/2018JB016986
- Geomorphological slope units of the Himalayas M. Alvioli et al. 10.1080/17445647.2022.2052768
- Deforestation controls landslide susceptibility in Far-Western Nepal A. Muñoz-Torrero Manchado et al. 10.1016/j.catena.2022.106627
- The role of earthquake-induced landslides in erosion and weathering from active mountain ranges: Progress and perspectives Z. Jin et al. 10.1007/s11430-021-9832-3
- Landslide spatial prediction using cluster analysis Z. Zhao et al. 10.1016/j.gr.2024.02.006
- Beyond 2D landslide inventories and their rollover: synoptic 3D inventories and volume from repeat lidar data T. Bernard et al. 10.5194/esurf-9-1013-2021
- The Fate of Sediment After a Large Earthquake O. Francis et al. 10.1029/2021JF006352
- Deriving seasonal and annual surface mass balance for debris-covered glaciers from flow-corrected satellite stereo DEM time series S. Bhushan et al. 10.1017/jog.2024.57
- Modelling post‐earthquake cascading hazards: Changing patterns of landslide runout following the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, Nepal M. Kincey et al. 10.1002/esp.5501
- Seismically induced hillslope disturbance, sediment connectivity and mass wasting: Insights from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake M. Chen et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109064
- The Impact of Large Erosional Events and Transient Normal Stress Changes on the Seismicity of Faults L. Jeandet Ribes et al. 10.1029/2020GL087631
- Annually Resolved Monsoon Onset and Withdrawal Dates Across the Himalayas Derived From Local Precipitation Statistics C. Brunello et al. 10.1029/2020GL088420
- Impact of climate change on future flood susceptibility projections under shared socioeconomic pathway scenarios in South Asia using artificial intelligence algorithms S. Janizadeh et al. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121764
- Medieval demise of a Himalayan giant summit induced by mega-landslide J. Lavé et al. 10.1038/s41586-023-06040-5
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- An application of multiple‐point statistics downscaling approach over North‐West Himalayas in avalanche‐prone areas A. Singhal & S. Jha 10.1002/joc.7342
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- The Geomorphic Effectiveness of Landslides E. Dente et al. 10.1029/2023JF007191
- Mapping the susceptibility of rainfall and earthquake triggered landslides along China–Nepal highways K. Gnyawali et al. 10.1007/s10064-019-01583-2
- Dynamic rainfall erosivity estimates derived from IMERG data R. Emberson 10.5194/hess-27-3547-2023
- Landslides and Gullies Interact as Sources of Lake Sediments in a Rifting Context: Insights from a Highly Degraded Mountain Environment L. Belayneh et al. 10.3390/geosciences12070274
- Changing significance of landslide Hazard and risk after the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal Earthquake N. Rosser et al. 10.1016/j.pdisas.2021.100159
- Stability and failure modes of slopes with anisotropic strength: Insights from discrete element models M. Huber et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2023.108946
- How size and trigger matter: analyzing rainfall- and earthquake-triggered landslide inventories and their causal relation in the Koshi River basin, central Himalaya J. Zhang et al. 10.5194/nhess-19-1789-2019
- Earthquake-induced debris flows at Popocatépetl Volcano, Mexico V. Coviello et al. 10.5194/esurf-9-393-2021
- Eroding Cascadia—Sediment and solute transport and landscape denudation in western Oregon and northwestern California J. O’Connor et al. 10.1130/B35710.1
- Landslide Scaling: A Review S. Tebbens 10.1029/2019EA000662
- Size scaling of large landslides from incomplete inventories O. Korup et al. 10.5194/nhess-24-3815-2024
- An unshakable carbon budget for the Himalaya L. Märki et al. 10.1038/s41561-021-00815-z
- Residence Time of Over‐Steepened Rock Masses in an Active Mountain Range G. Li et al. 10.1029/2021GL097319
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89 citations as recorded by crossref.
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- A review of recent earthquake-induced landslides on the Tibetan Plateau B. Zhao et al. 10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104534
- Fault-driven stress field variations as predictors of bedrock landslide distribution patterns W. Kong et al. 10.1007/s10346-025-02475-1
- Geomorphic constraints on the development of a blind-thrust induced landform, south-central Mongolia: Insights into foreberg growth C. Lee et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107613
- Near‐Surface Geomechanical Properties and Weathering Characteristics Across a Tectonic and Climatic Gradient in the Central Nepal Himalaya W. Medwedeff et al. 10.1029/2021JF006240
- Multi-isotopic constraints on the impacts of landslide on weathering and erosion in an active mountain range L. Li et al. 10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118527
- The impact of earthquakes on orogen-scale exhumation O. Francis et al. 10.5194/esurf-8-579-2020
- A closer look at factors governing landslide recovery time in post-seismic periods H. Tanyaş et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107912
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- Complex spatial and size distributions of landslides in the Yarlung Tsangpo River (YTR) basin B. Zhao & L. Su 10.1016/j.jrmge.2024.01.021
- The dynamic threat from landslides following large continental earthquakes K. Arrell et al. 10.1371/journal.pone.0308444
- An Evaluation of Erosional‐Geodynamic Thresholds for Rapid Orogenic Denudation B. Spencer et al. 10.1029/2021JB022353
- A hybrid machine-learning model to estimate potential debris-flow volumes J. Huang et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107333
- Volume Characteristics of Landslides Triggered by the MW 7.8 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake, New Zealand, Derived From Digital Surface Difference Modeling C. Massey et al. 10.1029/2019JF005163
- Evaluation of factors controlling the spatial and size distributions of landslides, 2021 Nippes earthquake, Haiti B. Zhao et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108419
- Hillslope Morphology Drives Variability of Detrital 10Be Erosion Rates in Steep Landscapes R. DiBiase et al. 10.1029/2023GL104392
- A Perspective of the Cumulative Risks from Climate Change on Mt. Everest: Findings from the 2019 Expedition K. Miner et al. 10.3390/ijerph18041928
- Automated determination of landslide locations after large trigger events: advantages and disadvantages compared to manual mapping D. Milledge et al. 10.5194/nhess-22-481-2022
- Rainfall triggers more deep-seated landslides than Cascadia earthquakes in the Oregon Coast Range, USA S. LaHusen et al. 10.1126/sciadv.aba6790
- Characteristics and causes of natural and human-induced landslides in a tropical mountainous region: the rift flank west of Lake Kivu (Democratic Republic of the Congo) J. Maki Mateso et al. 10.5194/nhess-23-643-2023
- Evaluating the Landslide Stability and Vegetation Recovery: Case Studies in the Tsengwen Reservoir Watershed in Taiwan C. Wu 10.3390/w13243479
- Rockfall Activity Rates Before, During and After the 2010/2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence C. Massey et al. 10.1029/2021JF006400
- 30-year record of Himalaya mass-wasting reveals landscape perturbations by extreme events J. Jones et al. 10.1038/s41467-021-26964-8
- Seismic Velocity Recovery in the Subsurface: Transient Damage and Groundwater Drainage Following the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake, Nepal L. Illien et al. 10.1029/2021JB023402
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- Uncovering the drivers, impacts, and urgent solutions to soil erosion in the Ethiopian Highlands: a global perspective on local challenges D. Teku & T. Derbib 10.3389/fenvs.2024.1521611
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- Competing Effects of Mountain Uplift and Landslide Erosion Over Earthquake Cycles G. Li et al. 10.1029/2018JB016986
- Geomorphological slope units of the Himalayas M. Alvioli et al. 10.1080/17445647.2022.2052768
- Deforestation controls landslide susceptibility in Far-Western Nepal A. Muñoz-Torrero Manchado et al. 10.1016/j.catena.2022.106627
- The role of earthquake-induced landslides in erosion and weathering from active mountain ranges: Progress and perspectives Z. Jin et al. 10.1007/s11430-021-9832-3
- Landslide spatial prediction using cluster analysis Z. Zhao et al. 10.1016/j.gr.2024.02.006
- Beyond 2D landslide inventories and their rollover: synoptic 3D inventories and volume from repeat lidar data T. Bernard et al. 10.5194/esurf-9-1013-2021
- The Fate of Sediment After a Large Earthquake O. Francis et al. 10.1029/2021JF006352
- Deriving seasonal and annual surface mass balance for debris-covered glaciers from flow-corrected satellite stereo DEM time series S. Bhushan et al. 10.1017/jog.2024.57
- Modelling post‐earthquake cascading hazards: Changing patterns of landslide runout following the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, Nepal M. Kincey et al. 10.1002/esp.5501
- Seismically induced hillslope disturbance, sediment connectivity and mass wasting: Insights from the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake M. Chen et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109064
- The Impact of Large Erosional Events and Transient Normal Stress Changes on the Seismicity of Faults L. Jeandet Ribes et al. 10.1029/2020GL087631
- Annually Resolved Monsoon Onset and Withdrawal Dates Across the Himalayas Derived From Local Precipitation Statistics C. Brunello et al. 10.1029/2020GL088420
- Impact of climate change on future flood susceptibility projections under shared socioeconomic pathway scenarios in South Asia using artificial intelligence algorithms S. Janizadeh et al. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121764
- Medieval demise of a Himalayan giant summit induced by mega-landslide J. Lavé et al. 10.1038/s41586-023-06040-5
- Elevation‐Dependent Periglacial and Paraglacial Processes Modulate Tectonically‐Controlled Erosion of the Western Southern Alps, New Zealand D. Roda‐Boluda et al. 10.1029/2023JF007271
- An application of multiple‐point statistics downscaling approach over North‐West Himalayas in avalanche‐prone areas A. Singhal & S. Jha 10.1002/joc.7342
- Coastal earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility during the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake, New Zealand C. Bloom et al. 10.5194/nhess-23-2987-2023
- Landslide-channel feedbacks amplify channel widening during floods G. Bennett et al. 10.1038/s44304-025-00059-6
- Using Sentinel-1 radar amplitude time series to constrain the timings of individual landslides: a step towards understanding the controls on monsoon-triggered landsliding K. Burrows et al. 10.5194/nhess-22-2637-2022
- The Geomorphic Effectiveness of Landslides E. Dente et al. 10.1029/2023JF007191
- Mapping the susceptibility of rainfall and earthquake triggered landslides along China–Nepal highways K. Gnyawali et al. 10.1007/s10064-019-01583-2
- Dynamic rainfall erosivity estimates derived from IMERG data R. Emberson 10.5194/hess-27-3547-2023
- Landslides and Gullies Interact as Sources of Lake Sediments in a Rifting Context: Insights from a Highly Degraded Mountain Environment L. Belayneh et al. 10.3390/geosciences12070274
- Changing significance of landslide Hazard and risk after the 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal Earthquake N. Rosser et al. 10.1016/j.pdisas.2021.100159
- Stability and failure modes of slopes with anisotropic strength: Insights from discrete element models M. Huber et al. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2023.108946
- How size and trigger matter: analyzing rainfall- and earthquake-triggered landslide inventories and their causal relation in the Koshi River basin, central Himalaya J. Zhang et al. 10.5194/nhess-19-1789-2019
- Earthquake-induced debris flows at Popocatépetl Volcano, Mexico V. Coviello et al. 10.5194/esurf-9-393-2021
- Eroding Cascadia—Sediment and solute transport and landscape denudation in western Oregon and northwestern California J. O’Connor et al. 10.1130/B35710.1
- Landslide Scaling: A Review S. Tebbens 10.1029/2019EA000662
- Size scaling of large landslides from incomplete inventories O. Korup et al. 10.5194/nhess-24-3815-2024
- An unshakable carbon budget for the Himalaya L. Märki et al. 10.1038/s41561-021-00815-z
- Residence Time of Over‐Steepened Rock Masses in an Active Mountain Range G. Li et al. 10.1029/2021GL097319
- Investigating the role of geochemistry and geotechnical properties in landslide characterization and triggering mechanisms: A case study from Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan I. Islam et al. 10.1016/j.pce.2024.103636
- Controls on the grain size distribution of landslides in Taiwan: the influence of drop height, scar depth and bedrock strength O. Marc et al. 10.5194/esurf-9-995-2021
- Do standing trees affect landslide mobility on forested hillslopes in Japan? H. Tsunetaka et al. 10.1002/esp.5461
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Discussed (final revised paper)
Latest update: 05 Jul 2025
Short summary
We mapped eight monsoon-related (> 100 m2) and large (> 0.1 km2) landslides in the Nepal Himalayas since 1970. Adding inventories of Holocene landslides, giant landslides (> 1 km3), and landslides from the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, we constrain the size–frequency distribution of monsoon- and earthquake-induced landslides. Both contribute ~50 % to a long-term (> 10 kyr) total erosion of ~2 mm yr-1, matching the long-term exhumation rate. Large landslides rarer than 10Be sampling time drive erosion.
We mapped eight monsoon-related ( 100 m2) and large ( 0.1 km2) landslides in the Nepal Himalayas...
