Articles | Volume 9, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1335-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1335-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
07 Oct 2021
Research article |
| 07 Oct 2021
Sediment shell-content diminishes current-driven sand ripple development and migration
Department of
Estuarine and Delta Systems (EDS), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, 4400 AC Yerseke, the Netherlands
Wageningen Marine Research, Wageningen University & Research, 4400 AB Yerseke, the Netherlands
Jaco C. Smit
Department of
Estuarine and Delta Systems (EDS), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, 4400 AC Yerseke, the Netherlands
Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
Greg S. Fivash
Department of
Estuarine and Delta Systems (EDS), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, 4400 AC Yerseke, the Netherlands
Suzanne J. M. H. Hulscher
Water Engineering and Management, University of Twente, 7500 AE
Enschede, the Netherlands
Bas W. Borsje
Water Engineering and Management, University of Twente, 7500 AE
Enschede, the Netherlands
Karline Soetaert
Department of
Estuarine and Delta Systems (EDS), NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, 4400 AC Yerseke, the Netherlands
Related authors
No articles found.
Caroline Ulses, Claude Estournel, Patrick Marsaleix, Karline Soetaert, Marine Fourrier, Laurent Coppola, Dominique Lefèvre, Franck Touratier, Catherine Goyet, Véronique Guglielmi, Fayçal Kessouri, Pierre Testor, and Xavier Durrieu de Madron
Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-219, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-219, 2022
Preprint under review for BG
Short summary
Short summary
Deep convection plays a key role in the circulation, thermodynamics and biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea, considered as a hotspot of biodiversity and climate change. In this study, we investigate the seasonal cycle and annual budget of dissolved inorganic carbon in the deep convection area of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea.
Stanley I. Nmor, Eric Viollier, Lucie Pastor, Bruno Lansard, Christophe Rabouille, and Karline Soetaert
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 7325–7351, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7325-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-7325-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The coastal marine environment serves as a transition zone in the land–ocean continuum and is susceptible to episodic phenomena such as flash floods, which cause massive organic matter deposition. Here, we present a model of sediment early diagenesis that explicitly describes this type of deposition while also incorporating unique flood deposit characteristics. This model can be used to investigate the temporal evolution of marine sediments following abrupt changes in environmental conditions.
Justin C. Tiano, Jochen Depestele, Gert Van Hoey, João Fernandes, Pieter van Rijswijk, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 19, 2583–2598, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2583-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-19-2583-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study gives an assessment of bottom trawling on physical, chemical, and biological characteristics in a location known for its strong currents and variable habitats. Although trawl gears only removed the top 1 cm of the seabed surface, impacts on reef-building tubeworms significantly decreased carbon and nutrient cycling. Lighter trawls slightly reduced the impact on fauna and nutrients. Tubeworms were strongly linked to biogeochemical and faunal aspects before but not after trawling.
Alice E. Webb, Didier M. de Bakker, Karline Soetaert, Tamara da Costa, Steven M. A. C. van Heuven, Fleur C. van Duyl, Gert-Jan Reichart, and Lennart J. de Nooijer
Biogeosciences, 18, 6501–6516, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6501-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6501-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The biogeochemical behaviour of shallow reef communities is quantified to better understand the impact of habitat degradation and species composition shifts on reef functioning. The reef communities investigated barely support reef functions that are usually ascribed to conventional coral reefs, and the overall biogeochemical behaviour is found to be similar regardless of substrate type. This suggests a decrease in functional diversity which may therefore limit services provided by this reef.
Seyedabdolhossein Mehvar, Kathelijne Wijnberg, Bas Borsje, Norman Kerle, Jan Maarten Schraagen, Joanne Vinke-de Kruijf, Karst Geurs, Andreas Hartmann, Rick Hogeboom, and Suzanne Hulscher
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1383–1407, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1383-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1383-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This review synthesizes and complements existing knowledge in designing resilient vital infrastructure systems (VIS). Results from a systematic literature review indicate that (i) VIS are still being built without taking resilience explicitly into account and (ii) measures to enhance the resilience of VIS have not been widely applied in practice. The main pressing topic to address is the integration of the combined social, ecological, and technical resilience of these systems.
Emil De Borger, Justin Tiano, Ulrike Braeckman, Adriaan D. Rijnsdorp, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 18, 2539–2557, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-2539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Bottom trawling alters benthic mineralization: the recycling of organic material (OM) to free nutrients. To better understand how this occurs, trawling events were added to a model of seafloor OM recycling. Results show that bottom trawling reduces OM and free nutrients in sediments through direct removal thereof and of fauna which transport OM to deeper sediment layers protected from fishing. Our results support temporospatial trawl restrictions to allow key sediment functions to recover.
Ringo Ossewaarde, Tatiana Filatova, Yola Georgiadou, Andreas Hartmann, Gül Özerol, Karin Pfeffer, Peter Stegmaier, Rene Torenvlied, Mascha van der Voort, Jord Warmink, and Bas Borsje
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1119–1133, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1119-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1119-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this paper is to review and structure current developments in resilience research in the field of climate change studies, in terms of the approaches, definitions, models, and commitments that are typical for naturalist and constructivist research and propose a research agenda of topics distilled from current developments in resilience research.
Zhan Hu, Pim W. J. M. Willemsen, Bas W. Borsje, Chen Wang, Heng Wang, Daphne van der Wal, Zhenchang Zhu, Bas Oteman, Vincent Vuik, Ben Evans, Iris Möller, Jean-Philippe Belliard, Alexander Van Braeckel, Stijn Temmerman, and Tjeerd J. Bouma
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 405–416, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-405-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-405-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Erosion and accretion processes govern the ecogeomorphic evolution of intertidal (salt marsh and tidal flat) ecosystems and hence substantially affect their valuable ecosystem services. By applying a novel sensor, we obtained unique high-resolution daily bed-level change datasets from 10 marsh–mudflat sites in northwestern Europe. This dataset has revealed diverse spatial bed-level change patterns over daily to seasonal scales, which are valuable to theoretical and model development.
Long Jiang, Theo Gerkema, Jacco C. Kromkamp, Daphne van der Wal, Pedro Manuel Carrasco De La Cruz, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 17, 4135–4152, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4135-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4135-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A seaward increasing chlorophyll-a gradient is observed during the spring bloom in a Dutch tidal bay. Biophysical model runs indicate the roles of bivalve grazing and tidal import in shaping the gradient. Five common spatial phytoplankton patterns are summarized in global estuarine–coastal ecosystems: seaward increasing, seaward decreasing, concave with a chlorophyll maximum, weak spatial gradients, and irregular patterns.
Filipe Galiforni-Silva, Kathelijne M. Wijnberg, and Suzanne J. M. H. Hulscher
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 335–350, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-335-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-335-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Storm surges are often related to coastal dune erosion. We found that, for specific coastal settings, storm surges may enhance dune growth rather than only undermine it. Using a computer model and elevation data, we noticed that storm surges could deposit sand onto the sand flat from sand previously deposited closer to the sea. As they move to areas farther from the sea, it becomes easier for the wind to move this sand to the dunes. These findings may help coastal managers and policymakers.
Emil De Borger, Justin Tiano, Ulrike Braeckman, Tom Ysebaert, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 17, 1701–1715, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1701-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1701-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
By applying a novel technique to quantify organism-induced sediment–water column fluid exchange (bioirrigation), we show that organisms in subtidal (permanently submerged) areas have similar bioirrigation rates as those that inhabit intertidal areas (not permanently submerged), but organisms in the latter irrigate deeper burrows in this study. Our results expand on traditional methods to quantify bioirrigation rates and broaden the pool of field measurements of bioirrigation rates.
Long Jiang, Theo Gerkema, Déborah Idier, Aimée B. A. Slangen, and Karline Soetaert
Ocean Sci., 16, 307–321, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-307-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-16-307-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A model downscaling approach is used to investigate the effects of sea-level rise (SLR) on local tides. Results indicate that SLR induces larger increases in tidal amplitude and stronger nonlinear tidal distortion in the bay compared to the adjacent shelf sea. SLR can also change shallow-water tidal asymmetry and influence the direction and magnitude of bed-load sediment transport. The model downscaling approach is widely applicable for local SLR projections in estuaries and coastal bays.
Anouk Bomers, Ralph M. J. Schielen, and Suzanne J. M. H. Hulscher
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1895–1908, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1895-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1895-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Flood frequency curves are usually highly uncertain since they are based on short data sets of measured discharges or weather conditions. To decrease the confidence intervals, an efficient bootstrap method is developed. With this method, the data set of measured discharges of the Rhine river is extended by approximately 600 years. The study shows that historic flood events decrease the confidence interval of the flood frequency curve significantly, specifically in the range of large floods.
Koen D. Berends, Menno W. Straatsma, Jord J. Warmink, and Suzanne J. M. H. Hulscher
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 1737–1753, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1737-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-1737-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
River flooding is a major safety concern. Sophisticated models are used to design ways to decrease flood risk, but until recently it was not feasible to calculate how uncertain these model predictions are. Using a new approach, we have now quantified the uncertainty of 12 interventions along the River Waal. Results show significant but not problematically high uncertainty. We demonstrate that the choice between interventions can be different when uncertainty is taken into account.
Filipe Galiforni Silva, Kathelijne M. Wijnberg, and Suzanne J. M. H. Hulscher
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2019-6, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2019-6, 2019
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Storms are often related to coastal dune erosion. We found that, for specific coastal settings, storms may enhance dune growth rather than only undermine it. Using a computer model and long-term monitoring data, we see that storms may bring sand from areas that are frequently inundated to areas that are often above the water. When above the water, this sand can be more easily transported by the wind and deposited on the dunes. These findings may help coastal managers and policymakers.
Tom J. S. Cox, Justus E. E. van Beusekom, and Karline Soetaert
Biogeosciences, 14, 5271–5280, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5271-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5271-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Photosynthesis by phytoplankton is a key source of oxygen (O2) in aquatic systems. We have developed a mathematical technique to calculate the rate of photosynthesis from time series of O2. Additionally, the approach leads to a better understanding of the influence on O2 measurements of the tides in coasts and estuaries. The results are important for correctly interpreting the data that are gathered by a growing set of continuous O2 sensors that are deployed around the world.
L. Meire, D. H. Søgaard, J. Mortensen, F. J. R. Meysman, K. Soetaert, K. E. Arendt, T. Juul-Pedersen, M. E. Blicher, and S. Rysgaard
Biogeosciences, 12, 2347–2363, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2347-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2347-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The Greenland Ice Sheet releases large amounts of freshwater, which strongly influences the biogeochemistry of the adjacent fjord systems and continental shelves. Here we present seasonal observations of the carbonate system in the surface waters of a west Greenland tidewater outlet glacier fjord. Our data reveal a permanent undersaturation of CO2 in the surface layer of the entire fjord and adjacent shelf, creating a high annual uptake of 65gCm-2yr-1.
L. Pozzato, D. Van Oevelen, L. Moodley, K. Soetaert, and J. J. Middelburg
Biogeosciences, 10, 6879–6891, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6879-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6879-2013, 2013
L. Meire, K. E. R. Soetaert, and F. J. R. Meysman
Biogeosciences, 10, 2633–2653, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2633-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-2633-2013, 2013
A. de Kluijver, K. Soetaert, J. Czerny, K. G. Schulz, T. Boxhammer, U. Riebesell, and J. J. Middelburg
Biogeosciences, 10, 1425–1440, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1425-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1425-2013, 2013
K. Soetaert, D. van Oevelen, and S. Sommer
Biogeosciences, 9, 5341–5352, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5341-2012, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-5341-2012, 2012
Related subject area
Physical: Geomorphology (including all aspects of fluvial, coastal, aeolian, hillslope and glacial geomorphology)
Modeling the inhibition effect of straw checkerboard barriers on wind-blown sand
Exploring the transition between water- and wind-dominated landscapes in Deep Springs, California, as an analog for transitioning landscapes on Mars
Geology and vegetation control landsliding on forest-managed slopes in scarplands
Entrainment and deposition of boulders in a gravel bed river
Coupling between downstream variations of channel width and local pool–riffle bed topography
A combined approach of experimental and numerical modeling for 3D hydraulic features of a step-pool unit
Combining seismic signal dynamic inversion and numerical modeling improves landslide process reconstruction
Response of modern fluvial sediments to regional tectonic activity along the upper Min River, eastern Tibet
Geophysical evidence of massive hyperconcentrated push waves with embedded toma hills caused by the Flims rockslide, Switzerland
Comparison of calibration characteristics of different acoustic impact systems for measuring bedload transport in mountain streams
Episodic sediment supply to alluvial fans: implications for fan incision and morphometry
Failure mode of rainfall-induced landslide of granite residual soil, southeastern Guangxi Province, China
Exploring exogenous controls on short- versus long-term erosion rates globally
The effects of late Cenozoic climate change on the global distribution of frost cracking
Transitional rock glaciers at sea level in northern Norway
Grain size of fluvial gravel bars from close-range UAV imagery – uncertainty in segmentation-based data
Toward a general calibration of the Swiss plate geophone system for fractional bedload transport
Quantification of post-glacier bedrock surface erosion in the European Alps using 10Be and optically stimulated luminescence exposure dating
A comparison of 1D and 2D bedload transport functions under high excess shear stress conditions in laterally constrained gravel-bed rivers: a laboratory study
Back to pristine levels: a meta-analysis of suspended sediment transport in large German river channels
The story of a summit nucleus: Hillslope boulders and their effect on erosional patterns and landscape morphology in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera
Short communication: Forward and inverse analytic models relating river long profile to tectonic uplift history, assuming a nonlinear slope–erosion dependency
Probabilistic description of bedload fluxes from the aggregate dynamics of individual grains
Effect of debris-flow sediment grain-size distribution on fan morphology
Controls on earthflow formation in the Teanaway River basin, central Washington State, USA
Linking levee-building processes with channel avulsion: geomorphic analysis for assessing avulsion frequency and channel reoccupation
The imprint of erosion by glacial lake outburst floods in the topography of central Himalayan rivers
Volume, evolution, and sedimentation of future glacier lakes in Switzerland over the 21st century
Theoretical and numerical considerations of rivers in a tectonically inactive foreland
Suspended sediment and discharge dynamics in a glaciated alpine environment: identifying crucial areas and time periods on several spatial and temporal scales in the Ötztal, Austria
A multi-proxy assessment of terrace formation in the lower Trinity River valley, Texas
Alpine rock glacier activity over Holocene to modern timescales (western French Alps)
Initial shape reconstruction of a volcanic island as a tool for quantifying long-term coastal erosion: the case of Corvo Island (Azores)
Arctic Delta Reduced Complexity Model and its Reproduction of Key Geomorphological Structures
Constraints on long-term cliff retreat and intertidal weathering at weak rock coasts using cosmogenic 10Be, nearshore topography and numerical modelling
Spatio-temporal variability and controlling factors for postglacial denudation rates in the Dora Baltea catchment (western Italian Alps)
Continuous measurements of valley floor width in mountainous landscapes
Development of the morphodynamics on LIA lateral moraines in ten glacier forefields of the Eastern Alps since the 1950s
Organic carbon burial by river meandering partially offsets bank erosion carbon fluxes in a discontinuous permafrost floodplain
Estuarine morphodynamics and development modified by floodplain formation
Convolutional neural networks for image-based sediment detection applied to a large terrestrial and airborne dataset
A geomorphic-process-based cellular automata model of colluvial wedge morphology and stratigraphy
Signal response of the Swiss plate geophone monitoring system impacted by bedload particles with different transport modes
Morphodynamic styles: characterising the behaviour of gravel-bed rivers using a novel, quantitative index
Rapid Holocene bedrock canyon incision of Beida River, North Qilian Shan, China
The landslide velocity
An analytical model for beach erosion downdrift of groins: case study of Jeongdongjin Beach, Korea
Permafrost in monitored unstable rock slopes in Norway – new insights from temperature and surface velocity measurements, geophysical surveying, and ground temperature modelling
The role of geological mouth islands on the morphodynamics of back-barrier tidal basins
From apex to shoreline: fluvio-deltaic architecture for the Holocene Rhine–Meuse delta, the Netherlands
Haojie Huang
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 167–181, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-167-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-167-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Straw checkerboard barriers (SCBs) have been widely used in anti-desertification projects. However, research on this mechanism and its laying length are still lacking. The significance of our work is to analyze some results, which seem simple but lack a theoretical basis from the perspective of turbulence through this model. This study may provide theoretical support for the minimum laying length of SCBs in anti-desertification projects.
Taylor Dorn and Mackenzie Day
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 149–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-149-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-149-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Planetary surfaces are shaped by both wind and water, and their resulting surface features are commonly observed by aerial images. Deep Springs playa, CA, provides a comparable wet-to-dry-transitioning landscape as experienced in Mars' past. Our results, made through collected weather data and drone footage, show that some features, when observed solely by aerial imagery, might be interpreted as being formed by wind when in fact other processes were more influential in their formation.
Daniel Draebing, Tobias Gebhard, and Miriam Pheiffer
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 71–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-71-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-71-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Scarpland formation produced low-inclined slopes susceptible to deep-seated landsliding on geological scales. These landslide-affected slopes are often used for forestry activities today, and interaction between geology and vegetation controls shallow landsliding. Our data show that Feuerletten clays control deep-seated landsliding processes that can be reactivated. When trees are sufficiently dense to provide lateral root cohesion, trees can prevent the occurrence of shallow landslides.
Pascal Allemand, Eric Lajeunesse, Olivier Devauchelle, and Vincent J. Langlois
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 21–32, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-21-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-21-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We recorded yearly images of a bar of the Vieux-Habitants river, a river located on Basse-Terre (Guadeloupe). These images, combined with measurements of the river discharge, allow us to monitor the evolution of the population of boulders. We estimate the smallest discharge that can move the boulders and calculate the effective transport time. We show that the likelihood of a given boulder remaining at the same location decreases exponentially, with an effective residence time of 17 h.
Shawn M. Chartrand, A. Mark Jellinek, Marwan A. Hassan, and Carles Ferrer-Boix
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers with alternating patterns of shallow and deep flows are commonly observed where a river widens and then narrows, respectively. But what if width changes over time? We use a lab experiment to address this question and find it is possible to decrease and then increase river width at a specific location and observe that flows deepen and then shallow consistent with expectations. Our observations can inform river restoration and climate adaptation programs that emphasize river corridors.
Chendi Zhang, Yuncheng Xu, Marwan A. Hassan, Mengzhen Xu, and Pukang He
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 1253–1272, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1253-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1253-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Step-pool morphology is common in mountain streams. The geomorphic processes of step-pool features closely interact with hydraulic properties, which have limited access due to measurement difficulties. We established a combined approach using both physical experiments and numerical simulations to acquire detailed three-dimensional hydraulics for step-pool morphology, which improves the understanding of the links between hydraulics and morphology for a step-pool feature.
Yan Yan, Yifei Cui, Xinghui Huang, Jiaojiao Zhou, Wengang Zhang, Shuyao Yin, Jian Guo, and Sheng Hu
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 1233–1252, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1233-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1233-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Landslides present a significant hazard for humans, but continuous landslide monitoring is not yet possible due to their unpredictability. Our study has demonstrated that combing landslide seismic signal analysis, dynamic inversion, and numerical simulation provides a comprehensive and accurate method for studying the landslide process. The approach outlined in this study could be used to support hazard prevention and control in sensitive areas.
Wei Shi, Hanchao Jiang, Hongyan Xu, Siyuan Ma, Jiawei Fan, Siqi Zhang, Qiaoqiao Guo, and Xiaotong Wei
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 1195–1209, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1195-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1195-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Alpine valleys reduce the preservation potential of Quaternary sediment in bedrock valley regions, which seriously hinders the study of modern tectonic activity. We report a new method to reveal regional tectonic activity by analyzing fluvial sediments in tectonically active regions. Our analyses identify three segments of different tectonic activities along the upper Min River, eastern Tibet. This method provides a key framework to reveal tectonic activity in other regions of the world.
Sibylle Knapp, Michael Schwenk, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 1185–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1185-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1185-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Flims area in the Swiss Alps has fascinated the researchers with its complex geological history ever since. Especially the order of events related to the Tamins and Flims rockslides has long been debated. This paper presents novel results based on up to 160 m deep geophysical profiles, which show onlaps of the Bonaduz Formation onto the Tamins deposits (Ils Aults) and thus indicate that the Tamins rockslide occurred first. The consecutive evolution of this landscape is shown in four phases.
Dieter Rickenmann, Lorenz Ammann, Tobias Nicollier, Stefan Boss, Bruno Fritschi, Gilles Antoniazza, Nicolas Steeb, Zheng Chen, Carlos Wyss, and Alexandre Badoux
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 1165–1183, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1165-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1165-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Swiss plate geophone system has been installed and tested in more than 20 steep gravel-bed streams. It is an indirect bedload transport measuring system. We compare the performance of this system with three alternative surrogate measuring systems, using calibration measurements with direct bedload samples from three field sites and an outdoor flume facility. Three of the four systems resulted in robust calibration relations between signal impulse counts and transported bedload mass.
Anya S. Leenman and Brett C. Eaton
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 1097–1114, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1097-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1097-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The supply of sediment (sand and gravel) carried by a stream out of a steep mountain valley is widely thought to control the gradient of the fan-shaped landforms that streams often build where they leave their valley. We tested this idea in a set of
sandboxexperiments with oscillating high and low sediment supply. Even though the average sediment supply never changed, longer oscillations built flatter fans, indicating how wetter climates might affect these mountain landforms.
Shanbai Wu, Ruihua Zhao, Liping Liao, Yunchuan Yang, Yao Wei, and Wenzhi Wei
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 1079–1096, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1079-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1079-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Granite residual soil landslides are widely distributed in southeastern Guangxi Province, China. To understand the failure mode, the landslide can provide a scientific basis for early warning and prevention. In this study, we conducted artificial flume model tests to investigate the failure mode of granite residual soil landslide. The research provides valuable references for the prevention and early warning of granite residual soil landslide in the southeast of Guangxi.
Shiuan-An Chen, Katerina Michaelides, David A. Richards, and Michael Bliss Singer
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 1055–1078, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1055-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1055-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Drainage basin erosion rates influence landscape evolution through controlling land surface lowering and sediment flux, but gaps remain in understanding their large-scale patterns and drivers between timescales. We analysed global erosion rates and show that long-term erosion rates are controlled by rainfall, former glacial processes, and basin landform, whilst human activities enhance short-term erosion rates. The results highlight the complex interplay of controls on land surface processes.
Hemanti Sharma, Sebastian G. Mutz, and Todd A. Ehlers
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 997–1015, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-997-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-997-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We estimate global changes in frost cracking intensity (FCI) using process-based models for four time slices in the late Cenozoic ranging from the Pliocene (∼ 3 Ma) to pre-industrial (∼ 1850 CE, PI). For all time slices, results indicate that FCI was most prevalent in middle to high latitudes and high-elevation lower-latitude areas such as Tibet. Larger deviations (relative to PI) were observed in colder (LGM) and warmer climates (Pliocene) due to differences in temperature and glaciation.
Karianne S. Lilleøren, Bernd Etzelmüller, Line Rouyet, Trond Eiken, Gaute Slinde, and Christin Hilbich
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 975–996, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-975-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-975-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
In northern Norway we have observed several rock glaciers at sea level. Rock glaciers are landforms that only form under the influence of permafrost, which is frozen ground. Our investigations show that the rock glaciers are probably not active under the current climate but most likely were active in the recent past. This shows how the Arctic now changes due to climate changes and also how similar areas in currently colder climates will change in the future.
David Mair, Ariel Henrique Do Prado, Philippos Garefalakis, Alessandro Lechmann, Alexander Whittaker, and Fritz Schlunegger
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 953–973, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-953-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-953-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Grain size data are important for studying and managing rivers, but they are difficult to obtain in the field. Therefore, methods have been developed that use images from small and remotely piloted aircraft. However, uncertainty in grain size data from such image-based products is understudied. Here we present a new way of uncertainty estimation that includes fully modeled errors. We use this technique to assess the effect of several image acquisition aspects on grain size uncertainty.
Tobias Nicollier, Gilles Antoniazza, Lorenz Ammann, Dieter Rickenmann, and James W. Kirchner
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 929–951, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-929-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-929-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Monitoring sediment transport is relevant for flood safety and river restoration. However, the spatial and temporal variability of sediment transport processes makes their prediction challenging. We investigate the feasibility of a general calibration relationship between sediment transport rates and the impact signals recorded by metal plates installed in the channel bed. We present a new calibration method based on flume experiments and apply it to an extensive dataset of field measurements.
Joanne Elkadi, Benjamin Lehmann, Georgina E. King, Olivia Steinemann, Susan Ivy-Ochs, Marcus Christl, and Frédéric Herman
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 909–928, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-909-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-909-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial and non-glacial processes have left a strong imprint on the landscape of the European Alps, but further research is needed to better understand their long-term effects. We apply a new technique combining two methods for bedrock surface dating to calculate post-glacier erosion rates next to a Swiss glacier. Interestingly, the results suggest non-glacial erosion rates are higher than previously thought, but glacial erosion remains the most influential on landscape evolution.
David L. Adams and Brett C. Eaton
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 895–907, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-895-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-895-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Channel processes under flood conditions are important for river science and management as they involve high volumes of sediment transport and erosion. However, these processes remain poorly understood as the data are difficult to collect. Using a physical model of a river, we found that simple equations based on the mean shear stress and median grain size predicted sediment transport as accurately as ones that accounted for the full range of shear stresses.
Thomas O. Hoffmann, Yannik Baulig, Stefan Vollmer, Jan Blöthe, and Peter Fiener
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2022-45, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2022-45, 2022
Preprint under review for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
We analysed more than 440.000 measurements from the suspended sediment monitoring to show that suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in large rivers in Germany strongly decline by 50 % between 1990 and 2010. We argue that SSC achieves the natural back ground concentrations, due to reduced sediment supply. There is simple explanation for this decline, but effects of reduced supply from headwater streams are most likely the cause for declining SSC in large rivers.
Emma Lodes, Dirk Scherler, Renee van Dongen, and Hella Wittmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-619, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-619, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the effect of fractures on the location of hills and valleys in bedrock landscapes, by comparing erosion rates of unfractured bedrock versus soil. Unfractured bedrock erodes slower, and soil, which likely overlies fractured bedrock, erodes faster. We also find that streams generally follow the orientations of faults. Together, our data show that fractures influence landscapes by weakening bedrock, causing it to erode faster and to eventually form a valley where a stream may flow.
Yizhou Wang, Liran Goren, Dewen Zheng, and Huiping Zhang
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 833–849, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-833-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-833-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Abrupt changes in tectonic uplift rates induce sharp changes in river profile, called knickpoints. When river erosion depends non-linearly on slope, we develop an analytic model for knickpoint velocity and find the condition of knickpoint merging. Then we develop analytic models that represent the two-directional link between tectonic changes and river profile evolution. The derivation provides new understanding on the links between tectonic changes and river profile evolution.
J. Kevin Pierce, Marwan A. Hassan, and Rui M. L. Ferreira
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 817–832, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-817-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-817-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe the flow of sediment in river channels by replacing the complicated details of the turbulent water with probability arguments. Our major conclusions are that (1) sediment transport can be phrased in terms of the movements of individual sediment grains, (2) transport rates in river channels are inherently uncertain, and (3) sediment transport in rivers is directly analogous to a number of phenomena which we understand relatively well, such as molecules moving in air.
Haruka Tsunetaka, Norifumi Hotta, Yuichi Sakai, and Thad Wasklewicz
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 775–796, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-775-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-775-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To assess the effects of differences in grain-size distribution within debris flows on the morphology of debris-flow fans, fan morphologies were modeled experimentally. Even if debris flows exhibited similar flow properties, their runout distance differed in response to differences in their grain-size distribution. Differences in runout distance were responsible for variations in the direction of the descending flow that resulted in different debris-flow fan morphology.
Sarah A. Schanz and A. Peyton Colee
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 761–774, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-761-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-761-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We mapped and dated 187 earthflows to determine controls on earthflow formation and resulting topographic changes in the Teanaway basin, central Washington State, USA. Using a new relative dating technique and absolute dating, we find that 25 % of earthflows were active in the last ~500 years. Earthflows are lithologically controlled, actively narrow valleys, and increase sediment loads.
Jeongyeon Han and Wonsuck Kim
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 743–759, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-743-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-743-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A levee-building model is presented to investigate the effects of flood on levee slope and river behaviors. Coarser grains that cause steep levee slopes lead to frequent switchings of river paths, but higher overflow velocity has an opposite effect. High levee slopes lead to more reoccupations of abandoned old river paths than low levee slopes when rivers switch their locations. The study helps us to assess flood hazards with river-path switching.
Maxwell P. Dahlquist and A. Joshua West
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 705–722, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-705-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-705-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Himalayan rivers are full of giant boulders that rarely move except during glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), which therefore must be important drivers of erosion in the Himalayas. GLOFs are rare, so little is known about their long-term erosional impact. We found that rivers in Nepal have channel geometry that, compared with markers of upstream glaciation, confirm GLOFs as a major control on erosion. This previously unrecognized control should be accounted for in landscape evolution studies.
Tim Steffen, Matthias Huss, Rebekka Estermann, Elias Hodel, and Daniel Farinotti
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 723–741, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-723-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-723-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is rapidly altering high-alpine landscapes. The formation of new lakes in areas becoming ice free due to glacier retreat is one of the many consequences of this process. Here, we provide an estimate for the number, size, time of emergence, and sediment infill of future glacier lakes that will emerge in the Swiss Alps. We estimate that up to ~ 680 potential lakes could form over the course of the 21st century, with the potential to hold a total water volume of up to ~ 1.16 km3.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 671–686, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-671-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-671-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Many studies on modeling landform evolution have focused on mountain ranges, while large parts of Earth's surface are quite flat and alluvial plains have been preferred locations for human settlements. Conducting large-scale simulations of fluvial erosion and sediment transport, this study reveals that rivers in a tectonically inactive foreland are much more dynamic than rivers in a mountain range; the local redistribution of deposits in the foreland is the main driver of the dynamics.
Lena Katharina Schmidt, Till Francke, Erwin Rottler, Theresa Blume, Johannes Schöber, and Axel Bronstert
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 653–669, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-653-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-653-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change fundamentally alters glaciated high-alpine areas, but it is unclear how this affects riverine sediment transport. As a first step, we aimed to identify the most important processes and source areas in three nested catchments in the Ötztal, Austria, in the past 15 years. We found that areas above 2500 m were crucial and that summer rainstorms were less influential than glacier melt. These findings provide a baseline for studies on future changes in high-alpine sediment dynamics.
Hima J. Hassenruck-Gudipati, Thaddeus Ellis, Timothy A. Goudge, and David Mohrig
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 635–651, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-635-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-635-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
During the late Pleistocene, the incision of the Trinity River valley left behind terraces. Elevation data and measurements of abandoned channels preserved on terraces are used to evaluate how terraces formed. We find a transition in the style of terraces with age from those associated with external environmental forcings to those produced by internal river migration changes. This result shows the importance of several indicators (i.e., channel bends, elevations) in determining terrace form.
Benjamin Lehmann, Robert S. Anderson, Xavier Bodin, Diego Cusicanqui, Pierre G. Valla, and Julien Carcaillet
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 605–633, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-605-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-605-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glaciers are some of the most frequently occurring landforms containing ice in mountain environments. Here, we use field observations, analysis of aerial and satellite images, and dating methods to investigate the activity of the rock glacier of the Vallon de la Route in the French Alps. Our results suggest that the rock glacier is characterized by two major episodes of activity and that the rock glacier system promotes the maintenance of mountain erosion.
Rémi Bossis, Vincent Regard, and Sébastien Carretier
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2022-18, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2022-18, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a method to calculate the retreat of the sea-cliffs and the volume of rock eroded by the sea on volcanic islands, by reconstructing their pre-erosion shape and size. The method has been applied on Corvo Island (Azores). We show that before the island was eroded, it was roughly 8 km wide and 1 km high. The island has lost more than 6 km3 of rock and 80 % of its surface. We also show that the erosion of sea-cliffs is mainly due to the moderate and most frequent waves.
Ngai-Ham Chan, Moritz Langer, Bennet Juhls, Tabea Rettelbach, Paul Overduin, Kimberly Huppert, and Jean Braun
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2022-25, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2022-25, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic river deltas influence how nutrients and soil organic carbon, carried by sediments from the Arctic landscape, are retained or released into the Arctic Ocean. Under climate change, the deltas themselves and their ecosystems are becoming more vulnerable. We build upon previous models to reproduce for the first time an important feature seen in all Arctic deltas, and simulate its future under a warming climate. This can impact the future of Arctic deltas and the carbon release they moderate.
Jennifer R. Shadrick, Dylan H. Rood, Martin D. Hurst, Matthew D. Piggott, Klaus M. Wilcken, and Alexander J. Seal
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2022-28, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2022-28, 2022
Preprint under review for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
Here we use two different datasets to inform a process-based model to study coastal cliff retreat rates across the past 7000 years at four different chalk coast sites across the south coast of England. Our results demonstrate how a simplified model can not only capture long-term trends in cliff retreat rates, which are linked to the rate of sea level rise, but also identify key erosion processes at real-world sites with contrasting rock types.
Elena Serra, Pierre G. Valla, Romain Delunel, Natacha Gribenski, Marcus Christl, and Naki Akçar
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 493–512, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-493-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-493-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Alpine landscapes are transformed by several erosion processes. 10Be concentrations measured in river sediments at the outlet of a basin represent a powerful tool to quantify how fast the catchment erodes. We measured erosion rates within the Dora Baltea catchments (western Italian Alps). Our results show that erosion is governed by topography, bedrock resistance and glacial imprint. The Mont Blanc massif has the highest erosion and therefore dominates the sediment flux of the Dora Baltea river.
Fiona J. Clubb, Eliot F. Weir, and Simon M. Mudd
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 437–456, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-437-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-437-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
River valleys are important components of mountain systems: they are the most fertile part of landscapes and store sediment which is transported from mountains to surrounding basins. Our knowledge of the location and shape of valleys is hindered by our ability to measure them over large areas. We present a new method for measuring the width of mountain valleys continuously along river channels from digital topography and show that our method can be used to test common models of river widening.
Sarah Betz-Nutz, Tobias Heckmann, Florian Haas, and Michael Becht
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2022-24, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2022-24, 2022
Revised manuscript accepted for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
The geomorphic activity of LIA-lateral moraines is of high interest due to its implications for the sediment fluxes and hazards within proglacial areas. We derived multitemporal DEMs from historical aerial images and recent drone images to investigate the morphodynamics on moraine slopes over time. We found that the highest erosion rates occur on the steepest moraine slopes, which stay active for decades, and that the slope angle explains morphodynamics better than the time since deglaciation.
Madison M. Douglas, Gen K. Li, Woodward W. Fischer, Joel C. Rowland, Preston C. Kemeny, A. Joshua West, Jon Schwenk, Anastasia P. Piliouras, Austin J. Chadwick, and Michael P. Lamb
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 421–435, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-421-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-421-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Arctic rivers erode into permafrost and mobilize organic carbon, which can react to form greenhouse gasses or be re-buried in floodplain deposits. We collected samples on a permafrost floodplain in Alaska to determine if more carbon is eroded or deposited by river meandering. The floodplain contained a mixture of young carbon fixed by the biosphere and old, re-deposited carbon. Thus, sediment storage may allow Arctic river floodplains to retain aged organic carbon even when permafrost thaws.
Maarten G. Kleinhans, Lonneke Roelofs, Steven A. H. Weisscher, Ivar R. Lokhorst, and Lisanne Braat
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 367–381, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-367-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-367-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Floodplain formation in estuaries limit the ebb and flood flow, reducing channel migration and shortening the tidally influenced reach. Vegetation establishment on bars reduces local flow velocity and concentrates flow into channels, while mudflats fill accommodation space and reduce channel migration. These results are based on experimental estuaries in the Metronome facility supported by numerical flow modelling.
Xingyu Chen, Marwan A. Hassan, and Xudong Fu
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 349–366, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-349-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-349-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We compiled a large image dataset containing more than 125 000 sediments and developed a model (GrainID) based on convolutional neural networks to measure individual grain size from images. The model was calibrated on flume and natural stream images covering a wide range of fluvial environments. The model showed high performance compared with other methods. Our model showed great potential for grain size measurements from a small patch of sediment in a flume to a watershed-scale drone survey.
Harrison J. Gray, Christopher B. DuRoss, Sylvia R. Nicovich, and Ryan D. Gold
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 329–348, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-329-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-329-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Some types of big earthquakes create small cliffs or
fault scarps∼1–3 m in height, where sediments can pile up and create deposits we call
colluvial wedges. Geologists will look at colluvial wedges and use them to understand how often big earthquakes occur. Here we made a computer simulation to find out if the way we think colluvial wedges form works with physics. We found that it does in theory, but there are conditions in which it may be more complicated than we expected.
Zheng Chen, Siming He, Tobias Nicollier, Lorenz Ammann, Alexandre Badoux, and Dieter Rickenmann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 279–300, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-279-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-279-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Bedload flux quantification remains challenging in river dynamics due to variable transport modes. We used a passive monitoring device to record the acoustic signals generated by the impacts of bedload particles with different transport modes, and established the relationship between the triggered signals and bedload characteristics. The findings of this study could improve our understanding of the monitoring system and bedload transport process, and contribute to bedload size classification.
William H. Booker and Brett C. Eaton
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 247–260, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-247-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-247-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Channel behaviour is a qualitative aspect of river research that needs development to produce a framework of analysis between and within types of channels. We seek to produce a quantitative metric that can capture how a channel changes using a pair of experiments and collecting easy to obtain data. We demonstrate that this new technique is capable of discerning between river types and may provide a new tool with which we may describe channel behaviour.
Yiran Wang, Michael E. Oskin, Youli Li, and Huiping Zhang
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 191–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-191-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-191-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Beida River has an over-steepened reach presently located 10 km upstream of the North Qilian mountain front. It was formed because river incising into the bedrocks inside the mountain cannot keep up with river incising into the soft sediment in the basin. We suggest this over-steepened reach represents a fast incision period 3–4 kyr ago, deepening the canyon for ~35 m within ~700 years. The formation of this reach corresponds to a humid period related to strong Southeast Asian Monsoon influence.
Shiva P. Pudasaini and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 165–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-165-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-165-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first physics-based general landslide velocity model incorporating internal deformation and external forces. Voellmy–inviscid Burgers' equations are specifications of the novel advective–dissipative system. Unified analytical solutions constitute a new foundation of landslide velocity, providing key information to instantly estimate impact forces and describe breaking waves and folding, revealing that landslide dynamics are architectured by advection and reigned by forcing.
Changbin Lim, Soonmi Hwang, and Jung Lyul Lee
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 151–163, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-151-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-151-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Recently, along the east coast of South Korea, seasonal beach erosion has been induced by structures which severely block the supply of sand from the upstream side. This study proposes a coastal solution that can predict the maximum indentation point in downdrift erosion formed downstream of groins by applying a parabolic bay shape equation (PBSE).
Bernd Etzelmüller, Justyna Czekirda, Florence Magnin, Pierre-Allain Duvillard, Ludovic Ravanel, Emanuelle Malet, Andreas Aspaas, Lene Kristensen, Ingrid Skrede, Gudrun D. Majala, Benjamin Jacobs, Johannes Leinauer, Christian Hauck, Christin Hilbich, Martina Böhme, Reginald Hermanns, Harald Ø. Eriksen, Tom Rune Lauknes, Michael Krautblatter, and Sebastian Westermann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 97–129, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-97-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-97-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is a multi-authored study documenting the possible existence of permafrost in permanently monitored rockslides in Norway for the first time by combining a multitude of field data, including geophysical surveys in rock walls. The paper discusses the possible role of thermal regime and rockslide movement, and it evaluates the possible impact of atmospheric warming on rockslide dynamics in Norwegian mountains.
Yizhang Wei, Yining Chen, Jufei Qiu, Zeng Zhou, Peng Yao, Qin Jiang, Zheng Gong, Giovanni Coco, Ian Townend, and Changkuan Zhang
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 65–80, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-65-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-65-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The barrier tidal basin is increasingly altered by human activity and sea-level rise. These environmental changes probably lead to the emergence or disappearance of islands, yet the effect of rocky islands on the evolution of tidal basins remains poorly investigated. Using numerical experiments, we explore the evolution of tidal basins under varying numbers and locations of islands. This work provides insights for predicting the response of barrier tidal basins in a changing environment.
Marc J. P. Gouw and Marc P. Hijma
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 43–64, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-43-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-43-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
If you were to navigate an entire delta by boat, you would clearly see that the general characteristics of the channels change throughout the delta. The drivers behind these changes have been studied extensively. Field studies encompassing the entire delta are rare but give important insights into these drivers that can help other researchers. The most important drivers are channel lateral-migration rate, channel-belt longevity, creation of accommodation space and inherited floodplain width.
Cited articles
Ahmerkamp, S., Winter, C., Janssen, F., Kuypers, M. M. M., and Holtappels,
M.: The impact of bedform migration on benthic oxygen fluxes, J. Geophys.
Res.-Biogeo., 120, 2229–2242, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JG003106, 2015.
Al-Dabbas, M. A. M. and McManus, J.: Shell fragments as indicators of bed
sediment transport in the Tay Estuary, P. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh Sect. B, 92, 335–344, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269727000004759, 1987.
Ashley, G., Boothroyd, J. C., Bridge, J. S., Clifton, H. E., Dalrymple, R.,
Elliott, T., Flemming, B., Harms, J. C., Harris, P., Hunter, R. E., Kreisa,
R. D., Lancaster, N., Middleton, G. V., Paola, C., Rubin, D. M., Smith, J.
D., Southard, J. B., Terwindt, J. H. I., and Twitchell, D. C.: Classification
of large-scale subaqueous bedforms: a new look at an old problem, J. Sediment Petrol., 60, 160–172, 1990.
Baas, J. H. and De Koning, H.: Washed-out ripples; their equilibrium dimensions, migration rate, and relation to suspended-sediment concentration
in very fine sand, J. Sediment Res., 65, 431–435,
https://doi.org/10.1306/D42680E5-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D, 1995.
Baas, J. H., van Dam, R. L., and Storms, J. E. A.: Duration of deposition
from decelerating high-density turbidity currents, Sediment Geol., 136,
71–88, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00088-9, 2000.
Bartholdy, J., Ernstsen, V. B., Flemming, B. W., Winter, C., Bartholomä,
A., and Kroon, A.: On the formation of current ripples, Sci. Rep., 5, 11390, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11390, 2015.
Blanchard, G. F., Guarini, J.-M., Gros, P., and Richard, P.: Seasonal effect
on the relationship between the photosynthetic capacity of intertidal
microphytobenthos and temperature, J. Phycol., 33, 723–728,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1997.00723.x, 1997.
Borchers, H. W.: pracma: Practical Numerical Math Functions, available at: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/pracma/index.html (last access: 8 April 2021), 2019.
Brakenhoff, L., Schrijvershof, R., van der Werf, J., Grasmeijer, B., Ruessink, G., and van der Vegt, M.: From Ripples to Large-Scale Sand
Transport: The Effects of Bedform-Related Roughness on Hydrodynamics and
Sediment Transport Patterns in Delft3D, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110892, 2020.
Cheng, C. H.: NIOZ racetrack sand-shell experiment, data belonging to the paper: Sediment shell-content diminishes current-driven sand ripple development and migration, 4TU.ResearchData [data set], https://doi.org/10.4121/12852113, 2021.
Cheng, C. H., Soetaert, K., and Borsje, B. W.: Sediment Characteristics over
Asymmetrical Tidal Sand Waves in the Dutch North Sea, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 8, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8060409, 2020.
Curran, J. C.: An investigation of bed armoring process and the formation of
microclusters, in: 2nd Joint Federal Interagency Conference, Las Vegas, 1–12, 2010.
Damveld, J. H., Reijden, K. J., Cheng, C., Koop, L., Haaksma, L. R., Walsh,
C. A. J., Soetaert, K., Borsje, B. W., Govers, L. L., Roos, P. C., Olff, H.,
and Hulscher, S. J. M. H.: Video transects reveal that tidal sand waves affect the spatial distribution of benthic organisms and sand ripples,
Geophys. Res. Lett.,45, 11837–11846, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079858, 2018.
Damveld, J. H., Roos, P. C., Borsje, B. W., and Hulscher, S. J. M. H.:
Modelling the two-way coupling of tidal sand waves and benthic organisms: A
linear stability approach, Environ. Fluid Mech., 19, 1073–1103, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-019-09673-1, 2019.
Dey, S.: Incipient Motion of Bivalve Shells on Sand Beds under Flowing Water, J. Eng. Mech., 129, 232–240, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2003)129:2(232), 2003.
Dietrich, W., Kirchner, J., Ikeda, H., and Iseya, F.: Sediment Supply and
Development of Coarse Surface Layer in Gravel Bedded Rivers, Nature, 340,
215–217, https://doi.org/10.1038/340215a0, 1989.
Earle, S.: Sea-Floor Sediments, available at:
https://geo.libretexts.org/@go/page/7876 (last access: 8 April 2021), 2020.
Friedrichs, M., Graf, G., and Springer, B.: Skimming flow induced over a
simulated polychaete tube lawn at low population densities, Mar. Ecol. Prog.
Ser., 192, 219–228, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps192219, 2000.
Friedrichs, M., Leipe, T., Peine, F., and Graf, G.: Impact of macrozoobenthic
structures on near-bed sediment fluxes, J. Mar. Syst., 75, 336–347,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2006.12.006, 2009.
Friend, P. L., Lucas, C. H., Holligan, P. M., and Collins, M. B.: Microalgal
mediation of ripple mobility, Geobiology, 6, 70–82,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2007.00108.x, 2008.
Gornitz, V.: Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments, Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4411-3, 2008.
Gutiérrez, J., Jones, C., Strayer, D., and Iribarne, O.: Mollusks as
ecosystem engineers: The role of shell production in aquatic habitats, Oikos, 101, 79–90, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12322.x, 2003.
Herman, P., Middelburg, J., and Heip, C.: Benthic community structure and
sediment processes on an intertidal flat: Results from the ECOFLAT project,
Cont. Shelf Res., 21, 2055–2071, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00042-5, 2001.
Huettel, M. and Rusch, A.: Transport and degradation of phytoplankton in
permeable sediment, Limnol. Oceanogr., 45, 534–549, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2000.45.3.0534, 2000.
Idier, D., Astruc, D., and Hulscher, S. J. M. H.: Influence of bed roughness
on dune and megaripple generation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L13214, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019969, 2004.
Kidwell, S. M.: Palaeobiological and sedimentological implications of fossil
concentrations, Nature, 318, 457–460, https://doi.org/10.1038/318457a0, 1985.
Kösters, F. and Winter, C.: Exploring German Bight coastal morphodynamics based on modelled bed shear stress, Geo-Mar. Lett., 34, 21–36, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00367-013-0346-y, 2014.
Langlois, V. and Valance, A.: Initiation and evolution of current ripples on
a flat sand bed under turbulent water flow, Eur. Phys. J. E, 22, 201–208, https://doi.org/10.1140/epje/e2007-00023-0, 2007.
Lapôtre, M., Lamb, M., and McElroy, B.: What sets the size of current
ripples?, Geology, 45, G38598.1, https://doi.org/10.1130/G38598.1, 2017.
Lichtman, I. D., Baas, J. H., Amoudry, L. O., Thorne, P. D., Malarkey, J.,
Hope, J. A., Peakall, J., Paterson, D. M., Bass, S. J., Cooke, R. D., Manning, A. J., Davies, A. G., Parsons, D. R., and Ye, L.: Bedform migration in a mixed sand and cohesive clay intertidal environment and implications for bed material transport predictions, Geomorphology, 315, 17–32,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.04.016, 2018.
Ligges, U., Short, T., Kienzle, P., Schnackenberg, S., Billinghurst, D.,
Borchers, H.-W., Carezia, A., Dupuis, P., Eaton, J. W., Farhi, E., Habel, K., Hornik, K., Krey, S., Lash, B., Leisch, F., Mersmann, O., Neis, P., Ruohio, J., Smith, J. O., Stewart, D., and Weingessel, A.: signal: Signal Processing, available at: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/signal/index.html (last access: 8 April 2021), 2015.
Malarkey, J., Baas, J. H., Hope, J. A., Aspden, R. J., Parsons, D. R., Peakall, J., Paterson, D. M., Schindler, R. J., Ye, L., Lichtman, I. D., Bass, S. J., Davies, A. G., Manning, A. J., and Thorne, P. D.: The pervasive
role of biological cohesion in bedform development, Nat. Commun., 6, 6257,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7257, 2015.
Miedema, S. and Ramsdell, R.: Hydraulic transport of sand/shell mixtures in
relation with the critical velocity, Terra Aqua, 122, 18–27, 2011.
Mietta, F., Chassagne, C., Manning, A. J., and Winterwerp, J. C.: Influence
of shear rate, organic matter content, pH and salinity on mud flocculation,
Ocean Dynam., 59, 751–763, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-009-0231-4, 2009.
Nelson, T. R., Voulgaris, G., and Traykovski, P.: Predicting wave-induced
ripple equilibrium geometry, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 3202–3220,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrc.20241, 2013.
Nowell, A. R. M. and Jumars, P. A.: Flow Environments of Aquatic Benthos, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 15, 303–328, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.15.110184.001511, 1984.
Paterson, A., Hume, T., and Healy, T.: River Mouth Morphodynamics on a Mixed
Sand-Gravel Coast, J. Coast. Res., 34, 288–294, 2001.
Pilditch, C. A., Emerson, C. W., and Grant, J.: Effect of scallop shells and
sediment grain size on phytoplankton flux to the bed, Cont. Shelf Res., 17, 1869–1885, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(97)00050-2, 1997.
Pope, N., Widdows, J., and Brinsley, M.: Estimation of bed shear stress using
the turbulent kinetic energy approach – A comparison of annular flume and
field data, Cont. Shelf Res., 26, 959–970, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2006.02.010,
2006.
Precht, E. and Huettel, M.: Advective pore-water exchange driven by surface
gravity waves and its ecological implications, Limnol. Oceanogr., 48, 1674–1684, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.4.1674, 2003.
Ramsdell, R. and Miedema, S.: Hydraulic transport of sand/shell mixtures, in:
WODCON XIX, WODA – World Organization of Dredging Associations, Beijing, 1–21, 2010.
R Core Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, available at:
https://www.R-project.org (last access: 8 April 2021), 2020.
Russell-Hunter, W. D. (Ed.): Chapter 1 Overview: Planetary Distribution of and Ecological Constraints upon the Mollusca, in: The Mollusca: Ecology, vol. 6, Academic Press, Orlando, USA, 1–27, 1983.
Seibold, E. and Berger, W. (Eds.): Sources and Composition of Marine Sediments BT – The Sea Floor: An Introduction to Marine Geology, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 45–61, 2017.
Shen, H. W. and Lu, J.: Development and Prediction of Bed Armoring, J. Hydraul. Eng., 109, 611–629, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1983)109:4(611), 1983.
Soulsby, R.: Chapter 5 The Bottom Boundary Layer of Shelf Seas, in: Physical
Oceanography of Coastal and Shelf Seas, vol. 35, edited by: Johns, B., Elsevier, New York, USA, 189–266, 1983.
Soulsby, R.: Dynamics of Marine Sands: A manual for Practical Applications,
Thomas Telford Publishing, London, UK, 1997.
Sugiyama, J. and Kobayashi, K.: wvtool: Image Tools for Automated Wood
Identification, available at:
https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/wvtool/index.html (last access: 8 April 2021), 2016.
Tuijnder, A. P., Ribberink, J. A. N. S., and Hulscher, S. J. M. H.: An
experimental study into the geometry of supply-limited dunes, Sedimentology,
56, 1713–1727, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2009.01054.x, 2009.
van Ledden, M., van Kesteren, W. G. M., and Winterwerp, J. C.: A conceptual
framework for the erosion behaviour of sand–mud mixtures, Cont. Shelf Res.,
24, 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2003.09.002, 2004.
Van Oyen, T., de Swart, H. E., and Blondeaux, P.: Bottom topography and
roughness variations as triggering mechanisms to the formation of sorted
bedforms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043793, 2010.
van Rijn, L. C.: Principles of sediment transport in rivers, estuaries and coastal seas, Aqua Publications Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1993.
van Rijn, L. C., Nieuwjaar, M. W. C., van der Kaay, T., Nap, E., and van Kampen, A.: Transport of Fine Sands by Currents and Waves, J. Waterw. Port Coast. Ocean Eng., 119, 123–143, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1993)119:2(123), 1993.
Vericat, D., Batalla, R. J., and Garcia, C.: Breakup and reestablishment of
the armour layer in a large gravel-bed river below dams: The lower Ebro,
Geomorphology, 76, 122–136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.10.005, 2006.
Wilcock, P. and Detemple, B.: Persistence of Armor Layers in Gravel-Bed Streams, Geophys. Res. Lett, 32, L08402, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021772, 2005.
Witbaard, R., Bergman, M. J. N., van Weerlee, E., and Duineveld, G. C. A.: An
estimation of the effects of Ensis directus on the transport and burial of
silt in the near-shore Dutch coastal zone of the North Sea, J. Sea Res., 127, 95–104, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2016.12.001, 2016.
Short summary
Shells are biogenic particles that are widespread throughout natural sandy environments and can affect the bed roughness and seabed erodibility. As studies are presently lacking, we experimentally measured ripple formation and migration using natural sand with increasing volumes of shell material under unidirectional flow in a racetrack flume. We show that shells expedite the onset of sediment transport, reduce ripple dimensions and slow their migration rate.
Shells are biogenic particles that are widespread throughout natural sandy environments and can...
