Articles | Volume 9, issue 6
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1399-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1399-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
02 Nov 2021
Research article |
| 02 Nov 2021
| 02 Nov 2021
Sedimentary architecture and landforms of the late Saalian (MIS 6) ice sheet margin offshore of the Netherlands
Víctor Cartelle
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Natasha L. M. Barlow
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
David M. Hodgson
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Freek S. Busschers
TNO, Geological Survey of the Netherlands, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Kim M. Cohen
Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Bart M. L. Meijninger
TNO, Geological Survey of the Netherlands, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Wessel P. van Kesteren
Fugro, Nootdorp, the Netherlands
Related authors
Kim M. Cohen, Víctor Cartelle, Robert Barnett, Freek S. Busschers, and Natasha L. M. Barlow
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2895–2937, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2895-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2895-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a geological sea-level dataset for the Last Interglacial period (peaking ~125 000 years ago). From 80 known sites in and around the North Sea and English Channel (from below coastal plains, from along terraced parts of coastlines, from offshore), we provide and document 146 data points (35 entries in the Netherlands, 10 in Belgium, 23 in Germany, 17 in Denmark, 36 in Britain and the Channel Isles, 25 in France) that are also viewable at https://warmcoasts.eu/world-atlas.html.
Janet C. Richardson, Veerle Vanacker, David M. Hodgson, Marcus Christl, and Andreas Lang
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2553, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2553, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Pediments are long flat surfaces that extend outwards from the foot of mountains, within south Africa they are regarded as ancient landforms and can give key insights into landscape and mantle dynamics. Cosmogenic nuclide dating has been incorporated with geological (soil formation) and geomorphological (river incision) evidence, which shows that the pediments are long-lived features beyond the ages reported by cosmogenic nuclide dating.
Kim de Wit, Kim M. Cohen, and Roderik S. W. Van de Wal
Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-271, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2024-271, 2024
Revised manuscript accepted for ESSD
Short summary
Short summary
In the Holocene, deltas and coastal plains developed due to relative sea level rise (RSLR). Past coastal and inland water levels are preserved in geological indicators, like basal peats. We present a data set of 712 Holocene water-level indicators from the Dutch coastal plain, relevant for studying RSLR and regional subsidence, compiled in HOLSEA workbook format. Our new, internally consistent, expanded documentation encourages multiple data uses and to report RSLR uncertainties transparently.
Oliver G. Pollard, Natasha L. M. Barlow, Lauren J. Gregoire, Natalya Gomez, Víctor Cartelle, Jeremy C. Ely, and Lachlan C. Astfalck
The Cryosphere, 17, 4751–4777, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4751-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4751-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use advanced statistical techniques and a simple ice-sheet model to produce an ensemble of plausible 3D shapes of the ice sheet that once stretched across northern Europe during the previous glacial maximum (140,000 years ago). This new reconstruction, equivalent in volume to 48 ± 8 m of global mean sea-level rise, will improve the interpretation of high sea levels recorded from the Last Interglacial period (120 000 years ago) that provide a useful perspective on the future.
Sarah A. Woodroffe, Leanne M. Wake, Kristian K. Kjeldsen, Natasha L. M. Barlow, Antony J. Long, and Kurt H. Kjær
Clim. Past, 19, 1585–1606, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1585-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1585-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Salt marsh in SE Greenland records sea level changes over the past 300 years in sediments and microfossils. The pattern is rising sea level until ~ 1880 CE and sea level fall since. This disagrees with modelled sea level, which overpredicts sea level fall by at least 0.5 m. This is the same even when reducing the overall amount of Greenland ice sheet melt and allowing for more time. Fitting the model to the data leaves ~ 3 mm yr−1 of unexplained sea level rise in SE Greenland since ~ 1880 CE.
Kim M. Cohen, Víctor Cartelle, Robert Barnett, Freek S. Busschers, and Natasha L. M. Barlow
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2895–2937, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2895-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2895-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We describe a geological sea-level dataset for the Last Interglacial period (peaking ~125 000 years ago). From 80 known sites in and around the North Sea and English Channel (from below coastal plains, from along terraced parts of coastlines, from offshore), we provide and document 146 data points (35 entries in the Netherlands, 10 in Belgium, 23 in Germany, 17 in Denmark, 36 in Britain and the Channel Isles, 25 in France) that are also viewable at https://warmcoasts.eu/world-atlas.html.
Tanya J. R. Lippmann, Michiel H. in 't Zandt, Nathalie N. L. Van der Putten, Freek S. Busschers, Marc P. Hijma, Pieter van der Velden, Tim de Groot, Zicarlo van Aalderen, Ove H. Meisel, Caroline P. Slomp, Helge Niemann, Mike S. M. Jetten, Han A. J. Dolman, and Cornelia U. Welte
Biogeosciences, 18, 5491–5511, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5491-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5491-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is a step towards understanding the basal peat ecosystem beneath the North Sea. Plant remains followed parallel sequences. Methane concentrations were low with local exceptions, with the source likely being trapped pockets of millennia-old methane. Microbial community structure indicated the absence of a biofilter and was diverse across sites. Large carbon stores in the presence of methanogens and in the absence of methanotrophs have the potential to be metabolized into methane.
Andy R. Emery, David M. Hodgson, Natasha L. M. Barlow, Jonathan L. Carrivick, Carol J. Cotterill, Janet C. Richardson, Ruza F. Ivanovic, and Claire L. Mellett
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 869–891, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-869-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-869-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
During the last ice age, sea level was lower, and the North Sea was land. The margin of a large ice sheet was at Dogger Bank in the North Sea. This ice sheet formed large rivers. After the ice sheet retreated down from the high point of Dogger Bank, the rivers had no water supply and dried out. Increased precipitation during the 15 000 years of land exposure at Dogger Bank formed a new drainage network. This study shows how glaciation and climate changes can control how drainage networks evolve.
Esther Stouthamer, Gilles Erkens, Kim Cohen, Dries Hegger, Peter Driessen, Hans Peter Weikard, Mariet Hefting, Ramon Hanssen, Peter Fokker, Jan van den Akker, Frank Groothuijse, and Marleen van Rijswick
Proc. IAHS, 382, 815–819, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-815-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-815-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Ongoing subsidence is a complex problem for the Netherlands. Old strategies for coping have limits. In the Dutch National Scientific Research Program on Land Subsidence (2020–2025), we will develop an integrative approach to achieve feasible, legitimate and sustainable solutions for managing the negative societal effects of land subsidence, connecting fundamental research on subsidence processes to socio-economic impact of subsidence and to governance and legal framework design.
Geert-Jan Vis, Erik van Linden, Ronald van Balen, and Kim Cohen
Proc. IAHS, 382, 201–205, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-201-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-201-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In the coal mining districts of the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany, we identified 662 previously unidentified depressions at the land surface using laser elevation measurements from an aircraft. The timing of their formation based on historical maps and landowner reports, suggest that they mostly formed during the period 1920–1970, the peak of mining activity. Based on their position, density and age, we link the formation of depressions to the coal-mining activities in the region.
Kees Nooren, Kim M. Cohen, Jaap H. Nienhuis, and Wim Z. Hoek
Proc. IAHS, 382, 149–153, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-149-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-149-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal subsidence owing to compaction of Holocene strata affects large delta plains such as the Tabasco delta in southern Mexico (Gulf coast). Collected field-data allows for quantification of differential subsidence over several time windows and reconstruction of relative sea-level rise back to 5000 years ago. Observed differential subsidence of 1–1.5 m is mainly caused by compaction of buried strata in response to the accumulating overburden of the prograding beach-ridge complex.
Niall Gandy, Lauren J. Gregoire, Jeremy C. Ely, Christopher D. Clark, David M. Hodgson, Victoria Lee, Tom Bradwell, and Ruza F. Ivanovic
The Cryosphere, 12, 3635–3651, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3635-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3635-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We use the deglaciation of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet as a valuable case to examine the processes of contemporary ice sheet change, using an ice sheet model to simulate the Minch Ice Stream. We find that ice shelves were a control on retreat and that the Minch Ice Stream was vulnerable to the same marine mechanisms which threaten the future of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. This demonstrates the importance of marine processes when projecting the future of our contemporary ice sheets.
Kees Nooren, Wim Z. Hoek, Tim Winkels, Annika Huizinga, Hans Van der Plicht, Remke L. Van Dam, Sytze Van Heteren, Manfred J. Van Bergen, Maarten A. Prins, Tony Reimann, Jakob Wallinga, Kim M. Cohen, Philip Minderhoud, and Hans Middelkoop
Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 529–556, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-529-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-529-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate that the world's largest beach-ridge plain in southern Mexico was formed under an ample long-term fluvial sediment supply. The beach-ridge elevation is strongly influenced by aeolian accretion during the time when the ridge is located next to the beach. The beach-ridge elevation is negatively correlated with the progradation rate, which we relate to the variability in sediment supply to the coastal zone, reflecting decadal-scale precipitation changes within the river catchment.
Related subject area
Physical: Geomorphology (including all aspects of fluvial, coastal, aeolian, hillslope and glacial geomorphology)
Testing floc settling velocity models in rivers and freshwater wetlands
River suspended-sand flux computation with uncertainty estimation using water samples and high-resolution ADCP measurements
Barchan swarm dynamics from a Two-Flank Agent-Based Model
A landslide runout model for sediment transport, landscape evolution, and hazard assessment applications
Tracking slow-moving landslides with PlanetScope data: new perspectives on the satellite's perspective
Topographic metrics for unveiling fault segmentation and tectono-geomorphic evolution with insights into the impact of inherited topography, Ulsan Fault Zone, South Korea
Acceleration of coastal-retreat rates for high-Arctic rock cliffs on Brøggerhalvøya, Svalbard, over the past decade
The impact of bedrock meander cutoffs on 50 kyr scale incision rates, San Juan River, Utah
How water, temperature, and seismicity control the preconditioning of massive rock slope failure (Hochvogel)
Large structure simulation for landscape evolution models
Terrace formation linked to outburst floods at the Diexi palaeo-landslide dam, upper Minjiang River, eastern Tibetan Plateau
Width evolution of channel belts as a random walk
Pliocene shorelines and the epeirogenic motion of continental margins: a target dataset for dynamic topography models
Decadal-scale decay of landslide-derived fluvial suspended sediment after Typhoon Morakot
Role of the forcing sources in morphodynamic modelling of an embayed beach
Equilibrium distance from long-range dune interactions
A machine learning approach to the geomorphometric detection of ribbed moraines in Norway
Overdeepening or tunnel valley of the Aare glacier on the northern margin of the European Alps: Basins, riegels, and slot canyons
Stream hydrology controls on ice cliff evolution and survival on debris-covered glaciers
Time-varying drainage basin development and erosion on volcanic edifices
Geomorphic risk maps for river migration using probabilistic modeling – a framework
Evolution of submarine canyons and hanging-wall fans: insights from geomorphic experiments and morphodynamic models
Riverine sediment response to deforestation in the Amazon basin
Physical modeling of ice-sheet-induced salt movements using the example of northern Germany
Geometric constraints on tributary fluvial network junction angles
A new dunetracking tool to support input parameter selection and uncertainty analyses using a Monte Carlo approach
Downstream rounding rate of pebbles in the Himalaya
Automatic detection of instream large wood in videos using deep learning
Post-fire Variability in Sediment Transport by Ravel in the Diablo Range
Landscape response to tectonic deformation and cyclic climate change since ca. 800 ka in the southern Central Andes
Examination of Analytical Shear Stress Predictions for Coastal Dune Evolution
A physics-based model for fluvial valley width
Implications for the resilience of modern coastal systems derived from mesoscale barrier dynamics at Fire Island, New York
Quantifying the migration rate of drainage divides from high-resolution topographic data
Long-term monitoring (1953–2019) of geomorphologically active sections of Little Ice Age lateral moraines in the context of changing meteorological conditions
Coevolving edge rounding and shape of glacial erratics: the case of Shap granite, UK
A simple model for faceted topographies at normal faults based on an extended stream-power law
Dimensionless argument: a narrow grain size range near 2 mm plays a special role in river sediment transport and morphodynamics
Path length and sediment transport estimation from DEMs of difference: a signal processing approach
A numerical model for duricrust formation by water table fluctuations
Influence of cohesive clay on wave–current ripple dynamics captured in a 3D phase diagram
Statistical characterization of erosion and sediment transport mechanics in shallow tidal environments – Part 1: Erosion dynamics
Statistical characterization of erosion and sediment transport mechanics in shallow tidal environments – Part 2: Suspended sediment dynamics
Geomorphological and hydrological controls on sediment export in earthquake-affected catchments in the Nepal Himalaya
Optimization of passive acoustic bedload monitoring in rivers by signal inversion
Stochastic properties of coastal flooding events – Part 2: Probabilistic analysis
Field monitoring of pore water pressure in fully and partly saturated debris flows at Ohya landslide scar, Japan
Analysis of autogenic bifurcation processes resulting in river avulsion
Evidence of slow millennial cliff retreat rates using cosmogenic nuclides in coastal colluvium
Bedload transport fluctuations, flow conditions, and disequilibrium ratio at the Swiss Erlenbach stream: results from 27 years of high-resolution temporal measurements
Justin A. Nghiem, Gen K. Li, Joshua P. Harringmeyer, Gerard Salter, Cédric G. Fichot, Luca Cortese, and Michael P. Lamb
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1267–1294, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1267-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1267-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fine sediment grains in freshwater can cohere into faster-settling particles called flocs, but floc settling velocity theory has not been fully validated. Combining three data sources in novel ways in the Wax Lake Delta, we verified a semi-empirical model relying on turbulence and geochemical factors. For a physics-based model, we showed that the representative grain diameter within flocs relies on floc structure and that heterogeneous flow paths inside flocs increase floc settling velocity.
Jessica Marggraf, Guillaume Dramais, Jérôme Le Coz, Blaise Calmel, Benoît Camenen, David J. Topping, William Santini, Gilles Pierrefeu, and François Lauters
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1243–1266, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1243-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1243-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Suspended-sand fluxes in rivers vary with time and space, complicating their measurement. The proposed method captures the vertical and lateral variations of suspended-sand concentration throughout a river cross-section. It merges water samples taken at various positions throughout the cross-section with high-resolution acoustic velocity measurements. This is the first method that includes a fully applicable uncertainty estimation; it can easily be applied to any other study sites.
Dominic T. Robson and Andreas C. W. Baas
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1205–1226, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1205-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1205-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Barchans are fast-moving sand dunes which form large populations (swarms) on Earth and Mars. We show that a small range of model parameters produces swarms in which dune size does not vary downwind – something that is observed in nature but not when using earlier models. We also show how the shape of dunes and the spatial patterns they form are affected by wind direction. This work furthers our understanding of the interplay between environmental drivers, dune interactions, and swarm properties.
Jeffrey Keck, Erkan Istanbulluoglu, Benjamin Campforts, Gregory Tucker, and Alexander Horner-Devine
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1165–1191, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
MassWastingRunout (MWR) is a new landslide runout model designed for sediment transport, landscape evolution, and hazard assessment applications. MWR is written in Python and includes a calibration utility that automatically determines best-fit parameters for a site and empirical probability density functions of each parameter for probabilistic model implementation. MWR and Jupyter Notebook tutorials are available as part of the Landlab package at https://github.com/landlab/landlab.
Ariane Mueting and Bodo Bookhagen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1121–1143, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the use of optical PlanetScope data for offset tracking of the Earth's surface movement. We found that co-registration accuracy is locally degraded when outdated elevation models are used for orthorectification. To mitigate this bias, we propose to only correlate scenes acquired from common perspectives or base orthorectification on more up-to-date elevation models generated from PlanetScope data alone. This enables a more detailed analysis of landslide dynamics.
Cho-Hee Lee, Yeong Bae Seong, John Weber, Sangmin Ha, Dong-Eun Kim, and Byung Yong Yu
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1091–1120, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1091-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1091-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Topographic metrics were used to understand changes due to tectonic activity. We evaluated the relative tectonic activity along the Ulsan Fault Zone (UFZ), one of the most active fault zones in South Korea. We divided the UFZ into five segments, based on the spatial variation in activity. We modeled the landscape evolution of the study area and interpreted tectono-geomorphic history during which the northern part of the UFZ experienced asymmetric uplift, while the southern part did not.
Juditha Aga, Livia Piermattei, Luc Girod, Kristoffer Aalstad, Trond Eiken, Andreas Kääb, and Sebastian Westermann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1049–1070, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1049-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1049-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal rock cliffs on Svalbard are considered to be fairly stable; however, long-term trends in coastal-retreat rates remain unknown. This study examines changes in the coastline position along Brøggerhalvøya, Svalbard, using aerial images from 1970, 1990, 2010, and 2021. Our analysis shows that coastal-retreat rates accelerate during the period 2010–2021, which coincides with increasing storminess and retreating sea ice.
Aaron T. Steelquist, Gustav B. Seixas, Mary L. Gillam, Sourav Saha, Seulgi Moon, and George E. Hilley
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1071–1089, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1071-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1071-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The rates at which rivers erode their bed can be used to interpret the geologic history of a region. However, these rates depend significantly on the time window over which you measure. We use multiple dating methods to determine an incision rate for the San Juan River and compare it to regional rates with longer timescales. We demonstrate how specific geologic events, such as cutoffs of bedrock meander bends, are likely to preserve material we can date but also bias the rates we measure.
Johannes Leinauer, Michael Dietze, Sibylle Knapp, Riccardo Scandroglio, Maximilian Jokel, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1027–1048, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1027-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1027-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Massive rock slope failures are a significant alpine hazard and change the Earth's surface. Therefore, we must understand what controls the preparation of such events. By correlating 4 years of slope displacements with meteorological and seismic data, we found that water from rain and snowmelt is the most important driver. Our approach is applicable to similar sites and indicates where future climatic changes, e.g. in rain intensity and frequency, may alter the preparation of slope failure.
Julien Coatléven and Benoit Chauveau
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 995–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-995-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-995-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this paper is to explain how to incorporate classical water flow routines into landscape evolution models while keeping numerical errors under control. The key idea is to adapt filtering strategies to eliminate anomalous numerical errors and mesh dependencies, as confirmed by convergence tests with analytic solutions. The emergence of complex geomorphic structures is now driven exclusively by nonlinear heterogeneous physical processes rather than by random numerical artifacts.
Jingjuan Li, John D. Jansen, Xuanmei Fan, Zhiyong Ding, Shugang Kang, and Marco Lovati
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 953–971, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-953-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-953-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigated the geomorphology, sedimentology, and chronology of Tuanjie (seven terraces) and Taiping (three terraces) terraces in Diexi, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Results highlight that two damming and three outburst events occurred in the area during the late Pleistocene, and the outburst floods have been a major factor in the formation of tectonically active mountainous river terraces. Tectonic activity and climatic changes play a minor role.
Jens Martin Turowski, Fergus McNab, Aaron Bufe, and Stefanie Tofelde
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2342, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2342, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Channel belts comprise the area that is affected by a river due to lateral migration and floods. As a landform, they affect local water resources, flood hazard, and often host unique ecological communities. Here, we develop a model describing the evolution of channel belt area over time. The model connects the behaviour of the river to the evolution of the channel belt over a timescale of centuries. A comparison to selected data from experiments and real river systems is favourable.
Andrew Hollyday, Maureen E. Raymo, Jacqueline Austermann, Fred Richards, Mark Hoggard, and Alessio Rovere
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 883–905, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sea level was significantly higher during the Pliocene epoch, around 3 million years ago. The present-day elevations of shorelines that formed in the past provide a data constraint on the extent of ice sheet melt and the global sea level response under warm Pliocene conditions. In this study, we identify 10 escarpments that formed from wave-cut erosion during Pliocene times and compare their elevations with model predictions of solid Earth deformation processes to estimate past sea level.
Gregory A. Ruetenik, Ken L. Ferrier, and Odin Marc
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 863–881, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-863-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-863-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial sediment fluxes increased dramatically in Taiwan during Typhoon Morakot in 2009, which produced some of the heaviest landsliding on record. We analyzed fluvial discharge and suspended sediment concentration data at 87 gauging stations across Taiwan to quantify fluvial sediment responses since Morakot. In basins heavily impacted by landsliding, rating curve coefficients sharply increased during Morakot and then declined exponentially with a characteristic decay time of <10 years.
Nil Carrion-Bertran, Albert Falqués, Francesca Ribas, Daniel Calvete, Rinse de Swart, Ruth Durán, Candela Marco-Peretó, Marta Marcos, Angel Amores, Tim Toomey, Àngels Fernández-Mora, and Jorge Guillén
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 819–839, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-819-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-819-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The sensitivity to the wave and sea-level forcing sources in predicting a 6-month embayed beach evolution is assessed using two different morphodynamic models. After a successful model calibration using in situ data, other sources are applied. The wave source choice is critical: hindcast data provide wrong results due to an angle bias, whilst the correct dynamics are recovered with the wave conditions from an offshore buoy. The use of different sea-level sources gives no significant differences.
Jean Vérité, Clément Narteau, Olivier Rozier, Jeanne Alkalla, Laurie Barrier, and Sylvain Courrech du Pont
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1634, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1634, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using a numerical model in 2D, we study how two identical dunes interact with each other when exposed to reversing winds. Depending on the distance between the dunes, they either repel or attract each other until they reach an equilibrium distance, which is controlled by the wind strength, wind reversal frequency and dune size. This process is controlled by the modification of wind flow over dunes of various shape, influencing the sediment transport downstream.
Thomas J. Barnes, Thomas V. Schuler, Simon Filhol, and Karianne S. Lilleøren
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 801–818, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-801-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-801-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we use machine learning to automatically outline landforms based on their characteristics. We test several methods to identify the most accurate and then proceed to develop the most accurate to improve its accuracy further. We manage to outline landforms with 65 %–75 % accuracy, at a resolution of 10 m, thanks to high-quality/high-resolution elevation data. We find that it is possible to run this method at a country scale to quickly produce landform inventories for future studies.
Fritz Schlunegger, Edi Kissling, Dimitri Tibo Bandou, Guilhem Amin Douillet, David Mair, Urs Marti, Regina Reber, Patrick Fabian Schläfli, and Michael Alfred Schwenk
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-683, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-683, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Overdeepenings are bedrock depressions filled with sediment. We combine the results of a gravity survey with drilling data to explore the morphology of such a depression beneath the city of Bern. We find that the target overdeepening comprises two basins >200 m deep. They are separated by a bedrock riegel that itself is cut by narrow canyons up to 150 m deep. We postulate that these structures formed underneath a glacier, where erosion by subglacial meltwater caused the formation of the canyons.
Eric Petersen, Regine Hock, and Michael G. Loso
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 727–745, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-727-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-727-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice cliffs are melt hot spots that increase melt rates on debris-covered glaciers which otherwise see a reduction in melt rates. In this study, we show how surface runoff streams contribute to the generation, evolution, and survival of ice cliffs by carving into the glacier and transporting rocky debris. On Kennicott Glacier, Alaska, 33 % of ice cliffs are actively influenced by streams, while nearly half are within 10 m of streams.
Daniel O'Hara, Liran Goren, Roos M. J. van Wees, Benjamin Campforts, Pablo Grosse, Pierre Lahitte, Gabor Kereszturi, and Matthieu Kervyn
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 709–726, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-709-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-709-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how volcanic edifices develop drainage basins remains unexplored in landscape evolution. Using digital evolution models of volcanoes with varying ages, we quantify the geometries of their edifices and associated drainage basins through time. We find that these metrics correlate with edifice age and are thus useful indicators of a volcano’s history. We then develop a generalized model for how volcano basins develop and compare our results to basin evolution in other settings.
Brayden Noh, Omar Wani, Kieran B. J. Dunne, and Michael P. Lamb
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 691–708, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-691-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-691-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we propose a framework for generating risk maps that provide the probabilities of erosion due to river migration. This framework uses concepts from probability theory to learn the river migration model's parameter values from satellite data while taking into account parameter uncertainty. Our analysis shows that such geomorphic risk estimation is more reliable than models that do not explicitly consider various sources of variability and uncertainty.
Steven Y. J. Lai, David Amblas, Aaron Micallef, and Hervé Capart
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 621–640, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-621-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-621-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the creation of submarine canyons and hanging-wall fans on active faults, which can be defined by gravity-dominated breaching and underflow-dominated diffusion processes. The study reveals the self-similarity in canyon–fan long profiles, uncovers Hack’s scaling relationship and proposes a formula to estimate fan volume using canyon length. This is validated by global data from source-to-sink systems, providing insights into deep-water sedimentary processes.
Anuska Narayanan, Sagy Cohen, and John R. Gardner
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 581–599, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-581-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-581-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the profound impact of deforestation in the Amazon on sediment dynamics. Novel remote sensing data and statistical analyses reveal significant changes, especially in heavily deforested regions, with rapid effects within a year. In less disturbed areas, a 1- to 2-year lag occurs, influenced by natural sediment shifts and human activities. These findings highlight the need to understand the consequences of human activity for our planet's future.
Jacob Hardt, Tim P. Dooley, and Michael R. Hudec
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 559–579, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-559-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-559-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the reaction of salt structures on ice sheet transgressions. We used a series of sandbox models that enabled us to experiment with scaled-down versions of salt bodies from northern Germany. The strongest reactions occurred when large salt pillows were partly covered by the ice load. Subsurface salt structures may play an important role in the energy transition, e.g., as energy storage. Thus, it is important to understand all processes that affect their stability.
Jon D. Pelletier, Robert G. Hayes, Olivia Hoch, Brendan Fenerty, and Luke A. McGuire
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1153, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1153, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
On the gently sloping landscapes next to mountain fronts, junction angles tend to be lower (more acute), while in bedrock landscapes where the initial landscape or tectonic forcing is likely more spatially variable, junction angles tend to be larger (more obtuse). We demonstrate this using an analysis of ~20 million junction angles for the U.S.A., augmented by analyses of the Loess Plateau, China, and synthetic landscapes.
Julius Reich and Axel Winterscheid
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-579, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-579, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Analysing the geometry and the dynamics of riverine bedforms (so-called dunetracking) is important for various fields of application and contributes to a sound and efficient river and sediment management. We developed a new tool, which enables a robust estimation of bedform characteristics and with which comprehensive sensitivity analyses can be carried out. Using a test dataset, we show that the selection of input parameters of dunetracking tools can have a significant impact on the results.
Prakash Pokhrel, Mikael Attal, Hugh D. Sinclair, Simon M. Mudd, and Mark Naylor
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 515–536, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-515-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-515-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Pebbles become increasingly rounded during downstream transport in rivers due to abrasion. This study quantifies pebble roundness along the length of two Himalayan rivers. We demonstrate that roundness increases with downstream distance and that the rates are dependent on rock type. We apply this to reconstructing travel distances and hence the size of ancient Himalaya. Results show that the ancient river network was larger than the modern one, indicating that there has been river capture.
Janbert Aarnink, Tom Beucler, Marceline Vuaridel, and Virginia Ruiz-Villanueva
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-792, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-792, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a novel CNN approach for detecting instream large wood in rivers, addressing the need for flexible monitoring methods that can be used on a variety of data sources. Leveraging a database of 15,228 fully labeled images, our model achieved a 67 % weighted mean average precision. Fine-tuning parameters and sampling techniques offer potential for further performance enhancement of more than 10 % in certain cases, promising valuable insights for ecosystem management.
Hayden L. Jacobson, Danica L. Roth, Gabriel Walton, Margaret Zimmer, and Kerri Johnson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2694, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2694, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Loose grains travel farther after a fire because no vegetation is left to stop them. This matters since loose grains at the base of a slope can turn into a debris flow if it rains. To find if grass growing back after a fire had different impacts on grains of different sizes on slopes of different steepness, we dropped thousands of natural grains and measured how far they went. Large grains went farther 7 months after the fire than 11 months after, and small grain movement didn’t change much.
Elizabeth Orr, Taylor Schildgen, Stefanie Tofelde, Hella Wittmann, and Ricardo Alonso
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-784, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-784, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial terraces and alluvial fans in the Toro Basin, NW Argentina record river evolution and global climate cycles over time. Landform dating reveals lower-frequency climate cycles (100-kyr) preserved downstream and higher-frequency cycles (21/40-kyr) upstream, supporting theoretical predications that longer rivers filter out higher-frequency climate signals. This finding improves our understanding of the spatial distribution of sedimentary paleoclimate records within landscapes.
Orie Cecil, Nicholas Cohn, Matthew Farthing, Sourav Dutta, and Andrew Trautz
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-855, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-855, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using computational fluid dynamics, we analyze the error trends of an analytical shear stress distribution model used to drive aeolian transport for coastal dunes which are an important line of defense against storm related flooding hazards. We find that compared to numerical simulations, the analytical model results in a net overprediction of the landward migration rate. Additionally, two data-driven approaches are proposed for reducing the error while maintaining computational efficiency.
Jens Martin Turowski, Aaron Bufe, and Stefanie Tofelde
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 493–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-493-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-493-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial valleys are ubiquitous landforms, and understanding their formation and evolution affects a wide range of disciplines from archaeology and geology to fish biology. Here, we develop a model to predict the width of fluvial valleys for a wide range of geographic conditions. In the model, fluvial valley width is controlled by the two competing factors of lateral channel mobility and uplift. The model complies with available data and yields a broad range of quantitative predictions.
Daniel J. Ciarletta, Jennifer L. Miselis, Julie C. Bernier, and Arnell S. Forde
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 449–475, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-449-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-449-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed the evolution of Fire Island, a barrier island in New York, USA, to identify drivers of landscape change. Results reveal Fire Island was once divided into multiple inlet-separated islands with distinct features. Later, inlets closed, and Fire Island’s landscape became more uniform as human activities intensified. The island is now less mobile and less likely to resist and recover from storm impacts and sea level rise. This vulnerability may exist for other stabilized barriers.
Chao Zhou, Xibin Tan, Yiduo Liu, and Feng Shi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 433–448, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The drainage-divide stability provides new insights into both the river network evolution and the tectonic and/or climatic changes. Several methods have been proposed to determine the direction of drainage-divide migration. However, how to quantify the migration rate of drainage divides remains challenging. In this paper, we propose a new method to calculate the migration rate of drainage divides from high-resolution topographic data.
Moritz Altmann, Madlene Pfeiffer, Florian Haas, Jakob Rom, Fabian Fleischer, Tobias Heckmann, Livia Piermattei, Michael Wimmer, Lukas Braun, Manuel Stark, Sarah Betz-Nutz, and Michael Becht
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 399–431, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-399-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-399-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show a long-term erosion monitoring of several sections on Little Ice Age lateral moraines with derived sediment yield from historical and current digital elevation modelling (DEM)-based differences. The first study period shows a clearly higher range of variability of sediment yield within the sites than the later periods. In most cases, a decreasing trend of geomorphic activity was observed.
Paul A. Carling
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 381–397, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-381-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-381-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Edge rounding in Shap granite glacial erratics is an irregular function of distance from the source outcrop in northern England, UK. Block shape is conservative, evolving according to block fracture mechanics – stochastic and silver ratio models – towards either of two attractor states. Progressive reduction in size occurs for blocks transported at the sole of the ice mass where the blocks are subject to compressive and tensile forces of the ice acting against a bedrock or till surface.
Stefan Hergarten
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-336, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-336, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Faceted topographies are impressing footprints of active tectonics in geomorphology. This paper investigates the evolution of faceted topographies at normal faults and its interaction with the river network theoretically and numerically. As a main result beyond several relations for the the geometry of facets, the horizontal displacement associated to normal faults is crucial for the dissection of initially polygonal facets into triangular facets bounded by almost parallel rivers.
Gary Parker, Chenge An, Michael P. Lamb, Marcelo H. Garcia, Elizabeth H. Dingle, and Jeremy G. Venditti
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 367–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-367-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-367-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
River morphology has traditionally been divided by the size 2 mm. We use dimensionless arguments to show that particles in the 1–5 mm range (i) are the finest range not easily suspended by alluvial flood flows, (ii) are transported preferentially over coarser gravel, and (iii), within limits, are also transported preferentially over sand. We show how fluid viscosity mediates the special status of sediment in this range.
Lindsay Marie Capito, Enrico Pandrin, Walter Bertoldi, Nicola Surian, and Simone Bizzi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 321–345, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-321-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-321-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose that the pattern of erosion and deposition from repeat topographic surveys can be a proxy for path length in gravel-bed rivers. With laboratory and field data, we applied tools from signal processing to quantify this periodicity and used these path length estimates to calculate sediment transport using the morphological method. Our results highlight the potential to expand the use of the morphological method using only remotely sensed data as well as its limitations.
Caroline Fenske, Jean Braun, François Guillocheau, and Cécile Robin
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-160, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-160, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a new numerical model to represent the formation of ferricretes which are iron-rich, hard layers found in soils and at the surface of the Earth. We assume that the formation mechanism implies variations in the height of the water table and that the hardening rate is proportional to precipitation. The model allows us to quantify the potential feedbacks they generate on the surface topography and the thickness of the regolith/soil layer.
Xuxu Wu, Jonathan Malarkey, Roberto Fernández, Jaco H. Baas, Ellen Pollard, and Daniel R. Parsons
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 231–247, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-231-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-231-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The seabed changes from flat to rippled in response to the frictional influence of waves and currents. This experimental study has shown that the speed of this change, the size of ripples that result and even whether ripples appear also depend on the amount of sticky mud present. This new classification on the basis of initial mud content should lead to improvements in models of seabed change in present environments by engineers and the interpretation of past environments by geologists.
Andrea D'Alpaos, Davide Tognin, Laura Tommasini, Luigi D'Alpaos, Andrea Rinaldo, and Luca Carniello
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 181–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-181-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-181-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sediment erosion induced by wind waves is one of the main drivers of the morphological evolution of shallow tidal environments. However, a reliable description of erosion events for the long-term morphodynamic modelling of tidal systems is still lacking. By statistically characterizing sediment erosion dynamics in the Venice Lagoon over the last 4 centuries, we set up a novel framework for a synthetic, yet reliable, description of erosion events in tidal systems.
Davide Tognin, Andrea D'Alpaos, Luigi D'Alpaos, Andrea Rinaldo, and Luca Carniello
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 201–218, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-201-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-201-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Reliable quantification of sediment transport processes is necessary to understand the fate of shallow tidal environments. Here we present a framework for the description of suspended sediment dynamics to quantify deposition in the long-term modelling of shallow tidal systems. This characterization, together with that of erosion events, allows one to set up synthetic, yet reliable, models for the long-term evolution of tidal landscapes.
Emma L. S. Graf, Hugh D. Sinclair, Mikaël Attal, Boris Gailleton, Basanta Raj Adhikari, and Bishnu Raj Baral
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 135–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-135-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-135-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using satellite images, we show that, unlike other examples of earthquake-affected rivers, the rivers of central Nepal experienced little increase in sedimentation following the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Instead, a catastrophic flood occurred in 2021 that buried towns and agricultural land under up to 10 m of sediment. We show that intense storms remobilised glacial sediment from high elevations causing much a greater impact than flushing of earthquake-induced landslides.
Mohamad Nasr, Adele Johannot, Thomas Geay, Sebastien Zanker, Jules Le Guern, and Alain Recking
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 117–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrophones are used to monitor sediment transport in the river by listening to the acoustic noise generated by particle impacts on the riverbed. However, this acoustic noise is modified by the river flow and can cause misleading information about sediment transport. This article proposes a model that corrects the measured acoustic signal. Testing the model showed that the corrected signal is better correlated with bedload flux in the river.
Byungho Kang, Rusty A. Feagin, Thomas Huff, and Orencio Durán Vinent
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 105–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-105-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-105-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a detailed characterization of the frequency, intensity and duration of flooding events at a site along the Texas coast. Our analysis demonstrates the suitability of relatively simple wave run-up models to estimate the frequency and intensity of coastal flooding. Our results validate and expand a probabilistic model of coastal flooding driven by wave run-up that can then be used in coastal risk management in response to sea level rise.
Shunsuke Oya, Fumitoshi Imaizumi, and Shoki Takayama
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 67–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-67-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-67-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The monitoring of pore water pressure in fully and partly saturated debris flows was performed at Ohya landslide scar, central Japan. The pore water pressure in some partly saturated flows greatly exceeded the hydrostatic pressure. The depth gradient of the pore water pressure in the lower part of the flow was generally higher than the upper part of the flow. We conclude that excess pore water pressure is present in many debris flow surges and is an important mechanism in debris flow behavior.
Gabriele Barile, Marco Redolfi, and Marco Tubino
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 87–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-87-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-87-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
River bifurcations often show the closure of one branch (avulsion), whose causes are still poorly understood. Our model shows that when one branch stops transporting sediments, the other considerably erodes and captures much more flow, resulting in a self-sustaining process. This phenomenon intensifies when increasing the length of the branches, eventually leading to branch closure. This work may help to understand when avulsions occur and thus to design sustainable river restoration projects.
Rémi Bossis, Vincent Regard, Sébastien Carretier, and Sandrine Choy
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3020, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-3020, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The erosion of rocky coasts occurs episodically through wave action and landslides, constituting a major natural hazard. Documenting the factors that control the coastal retreat rate over millennia is fundamental to evidencing any change in time. However, the known rates to date are essentially representative of the last few decades. Here, we present a new method using the concentration of an isotope, 10Be in sediment eroded from the cliff to quantify its retreat rate averaged over millennia.
Dieter Rickenmann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 11–34, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-11-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-11-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Field measurements of the bedload flux with a high temporal resolution in a steep mountain stream were used to analyse the transport fluctuations as a function of the flow conditions. The disequilibrium ratio, a proxy for the solid particle concentration in the flow, was found to influence the sediment transport behaviour, and above-average disequilibrium conditions – associated with a larger sediment availability on the streambed – substantially affect subsequent transport conditions.
Cited articles
Aber, J. S. and Ber, A.: Chapter 5 Composite ridges, in: Glaciotectonism,
Developments in Quaternary Sciences, vol. 6, edited by: Aber, J. S. and Ber,
A., Elsevier Ltd, the Netherlands, 59–82, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1571-0866(07)80073-X, 2007.
Aber, J. S., Croot, D. G., and Fenton, M. M.: Glaciotectonic Landforms and
Structures, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-6841-8,
1989.
Arfai, J., Franke, D., Lutz, R., Reinhardt, L., Kley, J., and Gaedicke, C.:
Rapid Quaternary subsidence in the northwestern German North Sea, Sci. Rep.-UK,
8, 11524, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29638-6, 2018.
Bakker, M. A. J.: The internal structure of Pleistocene push moraines. A
multidisciplinary approach with emphasis on ground-penetrating radar, Queen
Mary, University of London, 180 pp., 2004.
Bakker, M. A. J. and Van der Meer, J. J. M.: Structure of a Pleistocene push
moraine revealed by GPR: The eastern Veluwe Ridge, the Netherlands, Geol.
Soc. Spec. Publ., 211, 143–151, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.211.01.12, 2003.
Barlow, N. L. M., McClymont, E. L., Whitehouse, P. L., Stokes, C. R.,
Jamieson, S. S. R., Woodroffe, S. A., Bentley, M. J., Callard, S. L.,
Cofaigh, C., Evans, D. J. A., Horrocks, J. R., Lloyd, J. M., Long, A. J.,
Margold, M., Roberts, D. H., and Sanchez-Montes, M. L.: Lack of evidence for
a substantial sea-level fluctuation within the Last Interglacial, Nat. Geosci., 11, 627–634,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0195-4, 2018.
Batchelor, C. L., Margold, M., Krapp, M., Murton, D. K., Dalton, A. S.,
Gibbard, P. L., Stokes, C. R., Murton, J. B., and Manica, A.: The
configuration of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets through the Quaternary, Nat.
Commun., 10, 3713–3713, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11601-2, 2019.
Bateman, M. D., Evans, D. J. A., Buckland, P. C., Connell, E. R., Friend, R.
J., Hartmann, D., Moxon, H., Fairburn, W. A., Panagiotakopulu, E., and
Ashurst, R. A.: Last glacial dynamics of the Vale of York and North Sea
lobes of the British and Irish Ice Sheet, Proc. Geol. Assoc., 126,
712–730, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PGEOLA.2015.09.005, 2015.
Beets, C. and Beets, D. J.: A high resolution stable isotope record of the
penultimate deglaciation in lake sediments below the city of Amsterdam, The
Netherlands, Quat. Sci. Rev., 22, 195–207,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00089-6, 2003.
Beets, D. J., Beets, C. J., and Cleveringa, P.: Age and climate of the late
Saalian and early Eemian in the type-area, Amsterdam basin, The Netherlands,
Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 876–885, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.001, 2006.
Benn, D. and Evans, D. J. A.: Glaciers and Glaciation, 2nd edition,
Routledge, London, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203785010, 2010.
Boston, C. M., Evans, D. J. A., and Cofaigh, C. Ó.: Styles of till
deposition at the margin of the Last Glacial Maximum North Sea lobe of the
British–Irish Ice Sheet: an assessment based on geochemical properties of
glacigenic deposits in eastern England, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29,
3184–3211, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.QUASCIREV.2010.05.028, 2010.
Busschers, F. S., Kasse, C., van Balen, R. T., Vandenberghe, J., Cohen, K.
M., Weerts, H. J. T., Wallinga, J., Johns, C., Cleveringa, P., and Bunnik,
F. P. M.: Late Pleistocene evolution of the Rhine-Meuse system in the
southern North Sea basin: imprints of climate change, sea-level oscillation
and glacio-isostacy, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 3216–3248,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.07.013, 2007.
Busschers, F. S., Van Balen, R. T., Cohen, K. M., Kasse, C., Weerts, H. J.
T., Wallinga, J., and Bunnik, F. P. M.: Response of the Rhine-Meuse fluvial
system to Saalian ice-sheet dynamics, Boreas, 37, 377–398,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2008.00025.x, 2008.
Cameron, T. D. J., Laban, C., and Schüttenhelm, R. T. E.: Flemish Bight.
Sheet 52∘ N/02∘ E, Quaternary Geology, 1:250 000 series, Ordnance Survey, Southampton, UK, 1984.
Cameron, T. D. J., Crosby, A., Balson, P. S., Jeffery, D. H., Lott, G. K.,
Bulat, J., and Harrison, D. J.: United Kingdom Offshore Regional Report: The
Geology of the southern North Sea, London, 170 pp., 1992.
Caston, V. N. D.: The Quaternary Sediments of the North Sea, Elsevier
Oceanogr. Ser., 24, 195–196, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0422-9894(08)71349-7, 1979.
Clayton, L., Attig, J. W., and Mickelson, D. M.: Tunnel channels formed in
Wisconsin during the last glaciation, in: Glacial Processes Past and Present,
edited by: Mickelson, D. W. and Attig, J. W., Geological Society of America,
337, 69–82, 1999.
Cotterill, C. J., Phillips, E., James, L., Forsberg, C. F., Tjelta, T. I.,
Carter, G., and Dove, D.: The evolution of the Dogger Bank, North Sea: A
complex history of terrestrial, glacial and marine environmental change,
Quaternary Sci. Rev., 171, 136–153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.07.006, 2017.
De Gans, W., De Groot, T., and Zwaan, H.: The Amsterdam basin, a case study
of a glacial basin in The Netherlands, in: Tills and Glaciotectonics,
edited by: van der Meer, J. J. M., Bakelma, Rotterdam, the Netherlands,
205–216, 1987.
Dendy, S., Austermann, J., Creveling, J. R., and Mitrovica, J. X.:
Sensitivity of Last Interglacial sea-level high stands to ice sheet
configuration during Marine Isotope Stage 6, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 171, 234–244,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.06.013, 2017.
Dove, D., Evans, D. J. A., Lee, J. R., Roberts, D. H., Tappin, D. R.,
Mellett, C. L., Long, D., and Callard, S. L.: Phased occupation and retreat
of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet in the southern North Sea: geomorphic
and seismostratigraphic evidence of a dynamic ice lobe, Quaternary Sci. Rev.,
163, 114–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.QUASCIREV.2017.03.006, 2017.
Dutton, A., Carlson, A. E., Long, A. J., Milne, G. A., Clark, P. U.,
DeConto, R., Horton, B. P., Rahmstorf, S., and Raymo, M. E.: Sea-level rise
due to polar ice-sheet mass loss during past warm periods, Science, 349,
aaa4019, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa4019, 2015.
Eaton, S. J., Hodgson, D. M., Barlow, N. L. M., Mortimer, E. J., and
Mellett, C. L.: Palaeogeographic changes in response to glacial-interglacial
cycles, as recorded in Middle and Late Pleistocene seismic stratigraphy,
southern North Sea – White Rose Research Online, J. Quat. Sci., 35, 760–775,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.3230, 2020.
Ehlers, J.: Reconstructing the dynamics of the North-west European
Pleistocene ice sheets, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 9, 71–83,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(90)90005-U, 1990.
Ehlers, J. and Gibbard, P. L. (Eds.): Quaternary Glaciations – Extent and
Chronology. part I: Europe., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 488 pp., 2004.
Emery, A. R., Hodgson, D. M., Barlow, N. L. M., Carrivick, J. L., Cotterill,
C. J., and Phillips, E.: Left High and Dry: Deglaciation of Dogger Bank,
North Sea, Recorded in Proglacial Lake Evolution, Front. Earth Sci., 7,
1–27, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00234, 2019.
Evans, D. J. A. and Rea, B. R.: Geomorphology and sedimentology of surging
glaciers: a land-systems approach, Ann. Glaciol., 28, 75–82,
https://doi.org/10.3189/172756499781821823, 1999.
Evans, D. J. A. and Rea, B. R.: Surging glacier landsystem, in: Glacial
Landsystems, edited by: Evans, D. J. A., Arnold, London, 259–288, 2005.
Evans, D. J. A., Roberts, D. H., Bateman, M. D., Ely, J., Medialdea, A.,
Burke, M. J., Chiverrell, R. C., Clark, C. D., and Fabel, D.: A chronology
for North Sea Lobe advance and recession on the Lincolnshire and Norfolk
coasts during MIS 2 and 6, Proc. Geol. Assoc., 130, 523–540,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PGEOLA.2018.10.004, 2019.
Evans, D. J. A., Atkinson, N., and Phillips, E.: Glacial geomorphology of the
Neutral Hills Uplands, southeast Alberta, Canada: The process-form imprints
of dynamic ice streams and surging ice lobes, Geomorphology, 350, 106910,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOMORPH.2019.106910, 2020.
Evans, D. J. A., Phillips, E. R., and Atkinson, N.: Glacitectonic rafts and
their role in the generation of Quaternary subglacial bedforms and deposits,
Quaternary Res., 1–35, https://doi.org/10.1017/QUA.2021.11, 2021.
Fugro: Geophysical Site Investigation Survey. Hollandse Kust (zuid) Wind
Farm Development Zone Wind Farm Site I, Report No. GH176-R1, Netherlands Enterprise Agency, the Netherlands, 2016a.
Fugro: Geophysical Site Investigation Survey. Hollandse Kust (zuid) Wind
Farm Development Zone Wind Farm Site II, Report No. GH176-R2, Netherlands Enterprise Agency, the Netherlands, 2016b.
Fugro: Geophysical Site Investigation Survey. Hollandse Kust (zuid) Wind
Farm Development Zone Wind Farm Site III, Report No. GH176-R3, Netherlands Enterprise Agency, the Netherlands, 2016c.
Fugro: Geophysical Site Investigation Survey. Hollandse Kust (zuid) Wind
Farm Development Zone Wind Farm Site IV, Report No. GH176-R4, Netherlands Enterprise Agency, the Netherlands, 2016d.
Fugro: Geotechnical Report. Investigation Data. Geotechnical Borehole
Locations, Wind Farm Site I, Hollandse Kust (zuid) Wind Farm Zone, Dutch
Sector, North Sea, Report No. N6196/01, Issue 4, Netherlands Enterprise Agency, the Netherlands, 2016e.
Fugro: Geotechnical Report. Investigation Data. Geotechnical Borehole
Locations, Wind Farm Site II, Hollandse Kust (zuid) Wind Farm Zone, Dutch
Sector, North Sea, Report No. N6196/03, Issue 4, Netherlands Enterprise Agency, the Netherlands, 2016f.
Fugro: Geophysical Survey HKZ I to IV, Netherlands Enterprise Agency [data set], available at: https://offshorewind.rvo.nl/soilzh (last access: 31 October 2021), 2016g.
Fugro: Geotechnical Investigations HKZ I & II, Netherlands Enterprise Agency [data set], available at: https://offshorewind.rvo.nl/soilzh (last access: 31 October 2021), 2016h.
Fugro: Geophysical Site Investigation Survey. Hollandse Kust (noord) Wind
Farm Zone Survey 2017, Report No. GH216-R3, Netherlands Enterprise Agency, the Netherlands, 2017a.
Fugro: Geotechnical Report. Investigation Data. Geotechnical Borehole
Locations, Wind Farm Site III, Hollandse Kust (zuid) Wind Farm Zone, Dutch
Sector, North Sea, Report No. N6196/05, Issue 4, Netherlands Enterprise Agency, the Netherlands, 2017b.
Fugro: Geotechnical Report. Investigation Data. Geotechnical Borehole
Locations, Wind Farm Site IV, Hollandse Kust (zuid) Wind Farm Zone, Dutch
Sector, North Sea, Report No. N6196/07, Issue 3, Netherlands Enterprise Agency, the Netherlands, 2017c.
Fugro: Geological Ground Model. Wind farm Site III. Hollandse Kust (zuid)
Wind Farm Zone, Dutch Sector, North Sea, Report No. N6196/11, Issue 2, Netherlands Enterprise Agency, the Netherlands,
2017d.
Fugro: Geotechnical Investigations HKZ III & IV, Netherlands Enterprise Agency [data set], available at: https://offshorewind.rvo.nl/soilzh (last access: 31 October 2021), 2017e.
Fugro: Geophysical Survey HKN, Netherlands Enterprise Agency [data set], available at: https://offshorewind.rvo.nl/soilnh (last access: 31 October 2021), 2017f.
Fugro: Geotechnical Report. Investigation Data. Geotechnical Borehole
Locations Hollandse Kust (noord) Wind Farm Zone, Dutch Sector, North Sea,
Report No. P903749/02, Issue 6, Netherlands Enterprise Agency, the Netherlands, 2019a.
Fugro: Geotechnical Investigations HKN, Netherlands Enterprise Agency [data set], available at: https://offshorewind.rvo.nl/soilnh (last access: 31 October 2021), 2019b.
Gandy, N., Gregoire, L. J., Ely, J. C., Cornford, S. L., Clark, C. D., and
Hodgson, D. M.: Collapse of the last Eurasian Ice Sheet in the North Sea
modulated by combined processes of ice flow, surface melt, and marine ice
sheet instabilities, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth Surf., 126, e2020JF005755,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF005755, 2020.
Gibbard, P. L. and Clark, C. D.: Pleistocene Glaciation Limits in Great
Britain, Dev. Quat. Sci., 15, 75–93, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53447-7.00007-6,
2011.
Gibbard, P. L., Pasanen, A. H., West, R. G., Lunkka, J. P., Boreham, S.,
Cohen, K. M., and Rolfe, C.: Late Middle Pleistocene glaciation in East
Anglia, England, Boreas, 38, 504–528, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2009.00087.x,
2009.
Glennie, K. W. and Underhill, J. R.: Origin, Development and Evolution of
Structural Styles, in: Petroleum Geology of the North Sea; Basic Concepts
and Recent Advances: Fourth Edition, edited by: Glennie, K. W., Blackwell
Science Ltd, Oxford, UK, 42–84, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444313413.ch2, 2009.
Graham, A. G. C., Stoker, M. S., Lonergan, L., Bradwell, T., and Stewart, M.
A.: The Pleistocene Glaciations of the North Sea Basin, Dev. Quat. Sci., 15,
261–278, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53447-7.00021-0, 2011.
Graham, A. G. C., Lonergan, L., and Stoker, M. S.: Seafloor glacial features
reveal the extent and decay of the last British Ice Sheet, east of Scotland,
J. Quaternary Sci., 24, 117–138, https://doi.org/10.1002/JQS.1218, 2009.
Hijma, M. P., Cohen, K. M., Roebroeks, W., Westerhoff, W. E., and Busschers,
F. S.: Pleistocene Rhine-Thames landscapes: geological background for
hominin occupation of the southern North Sea region, J. Quaternary Sci., 27,
17–39, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1549, 2012.
Huuse, M. and Lykke-Andersen, H.: Overdeepened Quaternary valleys in the
eastern Danish North Sea: Morphology and origin, Quat. Sci. Rev., 19,
1233–1253, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00103-1, 2000.
Joon, B., Laban, C., and Meer, J. J. M.: The Saalian glaciation in the North
Sea, Geol. en Mijnb., 69, 151–158, 1990.
Jørgensen, F. and Sandersen, P. B. E.: Buried and open tunnel valleys in
Denmark – erosion beneath multiple ice sheets, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25,
1339–1363, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.QUASCIREV.2005.11.006, 2006.
Kehew, A. E., Piotrowski, J. A., and Jørgensen, F.: Tunnel valleys:
Concepts and controversies – A review, Earth-Science Rev., 113, 33–58,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.02.002, 2012.
Kluiving, S. J., Rappol, M., and Wateren, D. van der: Till stratigraphy and
ice movements in eastern Overijssel, The Netherlands, Boreas, 20, 193–205,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1991.tb00150.x, 1991.
Knox, R. W. O. B., Bosch, J. H. A., Rasmussen, E. S., Heilmann-Clausen, C.,
Hiss, M., De Lugt, I. R., Kasińksi, J., King, C., Köthe, A., Słodkowska, B., Standke, G., and Vandenberghe, N.: Chapter 12 Cenozoic, in:
Petroleum Geologial Atlas of the Southern Permian basin Area, edited by:
Doornenbal, J. C. and Stevenson, A. G., EAGE Publications b.v., Houten,
211–223, 2010.
Kuhlmann, G.: High Resolution Stratigraphy and Paleoenvironmental Changes in
the Southern North Sea during the Neogene – an Integrated Study of Late
Cenozoic Marine Deposits from the Northern Part of the Dutch Offshore Area,
Utrecht University, 205 pp., 2004.
Laban, C.: The Pleistocene glaciations in the Dutch sector of the North Sea.
A synthesis of sedimentary and seismic data, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 194
pp., 1995.
Laban, C. and van der Meer, J. J. M.: Pleistocene glaciation in The
Netherlands, Dev. Quat. Sci., 15, 247–260,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53447-7.00020-9, 2011.
Lamb, R. M., Harding, R., Huuse, M., Stewart, M., and Brocklehurst, S. H.:
The early quaternary north sea basin, J. Geol. Soc. London., 175, 275–290,
https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2017-057, 2018.
Lauer, T. and Weiss, M.: Timing of the Saalian- A nd Elsterian glacial
cycles and the implications for Middle-Pleistocene hominin presence in
central Europe, Sci. Rep.-UK, 8, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-23541-w, 2018.
Lee, J. R., Busschers, F. S., and Sejrup, H. P.: Pre-Weichselian Quaternary
glaciations of the British Isles, The Netherlands, Norway and adjacent
marine areas south of 68∘ N: Implications for long-term ice sheet
development in northern Europe, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 44, 213–228,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.027, 2012.
Meinsen, J., Winsemann, J., Weitkamp, A., Landmeyer, N., Lenz, A., and
Dölling, M.: Middle Pleistocene (Saalian) lake outburst floods in the
Münsterland Embayment (NW Germany): Impacts and magnitudes, Quaternary Sci.
Rev., 30, 2597–2625, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.05.014, 2011.
Mellett, C. L., Hodgson, D. M., Plater, A. J., Mauz, B., Selby, I., and
Lang, A.: Denudation of the continental shelf between Britain and France at
the glacial–interglacial timescale, Geomorphology, 203, 79–96,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.03.030, 2013.
Mellett, C. L., Phillips, E., Lee, J. R., Cotterill, C. J., Tjelta, T. I.,
James, L., and Duffy, C.: Elsterian ice-sheet retreat in the southern North
Sea: antecedent controls on large-scale glaciotectonics and subglacial bed
conditions, Boreas, 49, 129–151, https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12410, 2020.
Mitchum, R. M. J.: Seismic Stratigraphy and Global Changes of Sea Level,
Part 11: Glossary of Terms used in Seismic Stratigraphy, in: Seismic
Stratigraphy – Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration, American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 26, edited by: Payton, C. E.,
American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 135–144, https://doi.org/10.1306/M26490C13, 1977.
Mitchum, R. M. J. and Vail, P. R.: Seismic Stratigraphy and Global Changes
of Sea Level, Part 7: Seismic Stratigraphic Interpretation Procedure, in:
Seismic Stratigraphy – Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration, American
Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 26, edited by: Payton, C. E.,
American Association of Petroleum Geologists,
135–144, https://doi.org/10.1306/M26490C9, 1977.
Mitchum, R. M. J., Vail, P. R., and Samgree, J. B.: Seismic Stratigraphy and
Global Changes of Sea Level, Part 6: Stratigraphic interpretation of seismic
reflections patterns in depositional sequences, in: Seismic Stratigraphy –
Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration, American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Memoir 26, edited by: Payton, C. E., American Association of
Petroleum Geologists, 117–133, https://doi.org/10.1306/M26490C8, 1977.
Moreau, J., Huuse, M., Janszen, A., Vegt, V. Der, Gibbard, P. L., and
Moscariello, A.: The glaciogenic unconformity of the southern North Sea,
Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 368, 99–110, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP368.5, 2012.
Ó Cofaigh, C.: Tunnel valley genesis, Prog. Phys. Geogr. Earth Environ.,
20, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1177/030913339602000101, 1996.
Oele, E.: The Quaternary geology of the southern area of the Dutch part of
the North Sea, Geol. en Mijnbouw/Netherlands J. Geosci., 50, 461–474,
1971.
Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Rosenbloom, N., Stone, E. J., Mckay, N. P., Lunt, D.
J., Brady, E. C., and Overpeck, J. T.: How warm was the last interglacial?
new model-data comparisons, Philos. T. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci.,
371, 20130097, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2013.0097, 2013.
Passchier, S., Laban, C., Mesdag, C. S., and Rijsdijk, K. F.: Subglacial bed
conditions during Late Pleistocene glaciations and their impact on ice
dynamics in the southern North Sea, Boreas, 39, 633–647,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2009.00138.x, 2010.
Peeters, J., Busschers, F. S., and Stouthamer, E.: Fluvial evolution of the
Rhine during the last interglacial-glacial cycle in the southern North Sea
basin: A review and look forward, Quaternary Int., 357, 176–188,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.03.024, 2015.
Peeters, J., Busschers, F. S., Stouthamer, E., Bosch, J. H. A., Van den
Berg, M. W., Wallinga, J., Versendaal, A. J., Bunnik, F. P. M., and
Middelkoop, H.: Sedimentary architecture and chronostratigraphy of a late
Quaternary incised-valley fill: A case study of the late Middle and Late
Pleistocene Rhine system in the Netherlands, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 131, 211–236,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.015, 2016.
Phillips, E., Cotterill, C., Johnson, K., Crombie, K., James, L., Carr, S.,
and Ruiter, A.: Large-scale glacitectonic deformation in response to active
ice sheet retreat across Dogger Bank (southern central North Sea) during the
Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 179, 24–47,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.11.001, 2018.
Rappol, M., Haldorsen, S., Jørgensen, P. M., van der Meer, J., and
Stoltenberg, H.: Composition and origin of petrographically-stratified thick
till in the northern Netherlands and a Saalian glaciation model for the
North Sea Basin, Meded. – Werkgr. voor Tert. en Kwartaire Geol., 26, 31–64,
1989.
Rijsdijk, K. F., Passchier, S., Weerts, H. J. T. T., Laban, C., van Leeuwen,
R. J. W. W., and Ebbing, J. H. J. J.: Revised Upper Cenozoic stratigraphy of
the Dutch sector of the North Sea Basin: towards an integrated
lithostratigraphic, seismostratigraphic and allostratigraphic approach,
Netherlands J. Geosci. – Geol. en Mijnb., 84, 129–146,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016774600023015, 2005.
Rohling, E. J., Hibbert, F. D., Williams, F. H., Grant, K. M., Marino, G.,
Foster, G. L., Hennekam, R., de Lange, G. J., Roberts, A. P., Yu, J.,
Webster, J. M., and Yokoyama, Y.: Differences between the last two glacial
maxima and implications for ice-sheet, δ18O, and sea-level
reconstructions, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 176, 1–28,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.09.009, 2017.
Stewart, F. S. and Stoker, M. S.: Problems associated with seismic facies
analysis of diamicton-dominated, shelf glacigenic sequences, Geo-Marine
Lett., 103, 151–156, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02085930, 1990.
Stokes, C. R., Tarasov, L., Blomdin, R., Cronin, T. M., Fisher, T. G.,
Gyllencreutz, R., Hättestrand, C., Heyman, J., Hindmarsh, R. C. A.,
Hughes, A. L. C., Jakobsson, M., Kirchner, N., Livingstone, S. J., Margold,
M., Murton, J. B., Noormets, R., Peltier, W. R., Peteet, D. M., Piper, D. J.
W., Preusser, F., Renssen, H., Roberts, D. H., Roche, D. M., Saint-Ange, F.,
Stroeven, A. P., and Teller, J. T.: On the reconstruction of palaeo-ice
sheets: Recent advances and future challenges, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 125, 15–49,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.07.016, 2015.
StrataData: Geochronology of boreholes from Hollandse Kust (zuid) Wind Farm
Zone, Dutch Sector, North Sea, Report No: 08/17 (final version), Ottershaw,
2017.
StrataData: Geochronology of boreholes from Hollandse Kust (noord) Wind Farm
Zone, Dutch Sector, North Sea, Report No: 10/18 (final version), Ottershaw,
2019.
TNO-GSN: Stratigraphic Nomenclature of the Netherlands, TNO-Geological
Survey of the Netherlands, available at:
http://www.dinoloket.nl/en/stratigraphic-nomenclature/, last access: 1 June 2021.
Toucanne, S., Zaragosi, S., Bourillet, J. F., Cremer, M., Eynaud, F., Van
Vliet-Lanoë, B., Penaud, A., Fontanier, C., Turon, J. L., Cortijo, E.,
and Gibbard, P. L.: Timing of massive “Fleuve Manche” discharges over the
last 350 kyr: insights into the European ice-sheet oscillations and the
European drainage network from MIS 10 to 2, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 28, 1238–1256,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.01.006, 2009.
Van Balen, R. T., Houtgast, R. F., and Cloetingh, S. A. P. L.: Neotectonics
of the Netherlands: A review, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24, 439–454,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.01.011, 2005.
Van den Berg, M. W. and Beets, D.: Saalian glacial deposits and morphology
in the Netherlands., in: Tills and Glaciotectonics, edited by: van der Meer, J. J.
M. and A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 235–251, 1987.
van der Vegt, P., Janszen, A., and Moscariello, A.: Tunnel valleys: Current
knowledge and future perspectives, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 368, 75–97,
https://doi.org/10.1144/SP368.13, 2012.
Van der Wateren, D. F. M.: A model of glacial tectonics, applied to the
ice-pushed ridges in the central Netherlands, Bull. Geol. Soc. Denmark, 34,
55–74, 1985.
Van der Wateren, D. F. M.: Structural geology and sedimentology of push
moraines, Meded. Rijks Geol. D., 54, 1–169, 1995.
Van der Wateren, D. F. M.: Processes of glaciotectonism, in: Modern and Past
Glacial Environments, edited by: Menzies, J., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford,
UK, 417–443, https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-075064226-2/50017-9, 2002.
Van der Wateren, D. F. M.: Ice-marginal terrestrial landsystems: southern
Scandinavian ice sheet margin., in: Glacial Landsystems, edited by: Evans,
D. J. A., Routledge, London, 166–203, 2003.
van Leeuwen, R. J. W., Beets, D. J., Bosch, J. H. A., Burger, A. W.,
Cleveringa, P., van Harten, D., Herngreen, G. F. W., Kruk, R. W., Langereis,
C. G., Meijer, T., Pouwer, R., and de Wolf, H.: Stratigraphy and integrated
facies analysis of the Saalian and Eemian sediments in the
Amsterdam-Terminal borehole, the Netherlands, Netherlands J. Geosci., 79,
161–196, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016774600023647, 2000.
Vaughan-Hirsch, D. P. and Phillips, E. R.: Mid-Pleistocene thin-skinned
glaciotectonic thrusting of the Aberdeen Ground Formation, Central Graben
region, central North Sea, J. Quaternary Sci., 32, 196–212,
https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2836, 2017.
Zagwijn, W. H.: Pollen-analytical studies of Holsteinian and Saalian beds in
the Northern Netherlands, Meded. Rijks Geol. D., 24, 139–156, 1973.
Zagwijn, W. H.: Sea-level changes in the Netherlands during the Eemian,
Geol. en Mijnb., 62, 437–450, 1983.
Zagwijn, W. H.: An analysis of Eemian climate in western and central Europe,
Quaternary Sci. Rev., 15, 451–469, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(96)00011-X, 1996.
Zanella, E. and Coward, M. P.: Structural framework., in: The Millenium
Atlas: Petroleum Geology of the Central and Northern North Sea, edited by:
Evans, D., Graham, C., Armour, A., and Bathurst, P., The Geological Society
of London, London, 45–59, 2003.
Ziegler, P. A.: Cenozoic rift system of Western and Central Europe: an
overview, Geol. en Mijnb., 73, 99–127, 1994.
Short summary
Reconstructing the growth and decay of past ice sheets is critical to understand relationships between global climate and sea-level change. We take advantage of large wind-farm datasets in the southern North Sea to investigate buried landscapes left by ice sheet advance and retreat occurring about 160 000 years ago. We demonstrate the utility of offshore wind-farm data in refining palaeo-ice sheet margin limits and providing insight into the processes influencing marginal ice sheet dynamics.
Reconstructing the growth and decay of past ice sheets is critical to understand relationships...
