Articles | Volume 13, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-495-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-495-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Review article
| 
24 Jun 2025
Review article |
| 24 Jun 2025
| 24 Jun 2025
The glacial paleolandscapes of Southern Africa: the legacy of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age
Pierre Dietrich
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Univ Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, 35000 Rennes, France
Institut für Geologie, Universität Bern, Baltzerstrasse 1+3, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
Department of Geology, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
François Guillocheau
Univ Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, 35000 Rennes, France
Guilhem A. Douillet
Institut für Geologie, Universität Bern, Baltzerstrasse 1+3, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
Neil P. Griffis
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Guillaume Baby
Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
Daniel P. Le Héron
Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
Laurie Barrier
Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7154, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
Maximilien Mathian
Institute of Applied and Exact Sciences (ISEA EA7484), University of New Caledonia, 145 Avenue James Cook, Nouville, Nouméa Cedex, BP R4 98851, New Caledonia
Isabel P. Montañez
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Cécile Robin
Univ Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, 35000 Rennes, France
Thomas Gyomlai
Univ Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR 6118, 35000 Rennes, France
Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS, UMR 7154, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
Christoph Kettler
Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
Axel Hofmann
Department of Geology, Auckland Park Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
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Caroline Fenske, Jean Braun, Cécile Robin, and François Guillocheau
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3134, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3134, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Earth Surface Dynamics (ESurf).
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Duricrusts have contributed valuable insight to the evolving field of regolith science over the past two centuries. These mineral-rich layers occur in diverse settings, from hilltops to valley floors, and are thought to form through two main processes. In 2025, we introduced the first numerical model for the hydrological hypothesis; now, we present a complementary model based on laterisation. This framework simulates both the development of duricrusts and their impact on landscape evolution.
Caroline Fenske, Jean Braun, François Guillocheau, and Cécile Robin
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 119–146, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-119-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-119-2025, 2025
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We have developed a new numerical model to represent the formation of duricrusts, which are hard mineral layers found in soils and at the surface of the Earth. We assume that the formation mechanism implies variations in the height of the water table and that the hardening rate is proportional to precipitation. The model allows us to quantify the potential feedbacks they generate on the surface topography and the thickness of the regolith/soil layer.
Jean Vérité, Clément Narteau, Olivier Rozier, Jeanne Alkalla, Laurie Barrier, and Sylvain Courrech du Pont
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 23–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-23-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-23-2025, 2025
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Using a numerical model in 2D, we study how two identical dunes interact with each other when exposed to reversing winds. Depending on the distance between the dunes, they either repel or attract each other until they reach an equilibrium distance, which is controlled by the wind strength, wind reversal frequency, and dune size. This process is controlled by the modification of wind flow over dunes of various shapes, influencing the sediment transport downstream.
Fritz Schlunegger, Edi Kissling, Dimitri Tibo Bandou, Guilhem Amin Douillet, David Mair, Urs Marti, Regina Reber, Patrick Schläfli, and Michael Alfred Schwenk
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1371–1389, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1371-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1371-2024, 2024
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Overdeepenings are bedrock depressions filled with sediment. We combine the results of a gravity survey with drilling data to explore the morphology of such a depression beneath the city of Bern. We find that the target overdeepening comprises two basins >200 m deep. They are separated by a bedrock riegel that itself is cut by narrow canyons up to 150 m deep. We postulate that these structures formed underneath a glacier, where erosion by subglacial meltwater caused the formation of the canyons.
Thomas Gyomlai, Philippe Yamato, and Gaston Godard
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 589–611, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-589-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-589-2023, 2023
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The La Picherais metagranite is a key example of undeformed high-pressure quartzofeldspathic rock from the Armorican Massif. Through petrological observations and thermodynamic modelling, this study determines that the metagranite was pressured above 1.7 GPa and the associated mafic lenses at ~ 2.1 GPa. This metagranite provides an opportunity to study the degree of transformation of quartzofeldspathic rocks at high pressure, which may have a significant impact on the dynamics of subduction.
Michael A. Schwenk, Patrick Schläfli, Dimitri Bandou, Natacha Gribenski, Guilhem A. Douillet, and Fritz Schlunegger
Sci. Dril., 30, 17–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-17-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-30-17-2022, 2022
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A scientific drilling was conducted into a bedrock trough (overdeepening) in Bern-Bümpliz (Switzerland) in an effort to advance the knowledge of the Quaternary prior to 150 000 years ago. We encountered a 208.5 m-thick succession of loose sediments (gravel, sand and mud) in the retrieved core and identified two major sedimentary sequences (A: lower, B: upper). The sedimentary suite records two glacial advances and the subsequent filling of a lake sometime between 300 000 and 200 000 years ago.
Jon D. Richey, Isabel P. Montañez, Yves Goddéris, Cindy V. Looy, Neil P. Griffis, and William A. DiMichele
Clim. Past, 16, 1759–1775, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1759-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1759-2020, 2020
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Our 40 Myr CO2 reconstruction substantially refines existing late Paleozoic CO2 estimates, provides the best resolved pre-Cenozoic CO2 record, and indicates a close temporal relationship to changes in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. The GEOCLIM model used in our study allows for insight into the relative influences of uplift of the Central Pangean Mountains, intensifying aridity, and increasing mafic-to-granite ratio of outcropping rocks on changes in pCO2 through the late Paleozoic.
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Short summary
At the evocation of icy landscapes, Africa is not the first place that comes to mind. The modern relief of Southern Africa is generally considered to be a result of uplift and counteracting erosion. We show that some of the modern relief of this region is due to fossil glacial landscapes – striated pavements, valleys, and fjords – tied to an ice age that occurred ca. 300 Myr ago. We focus on how these landscapes have escaped being erased for hundreds of millions of years.
At the evocation of icy landscapes, Africa is not the first place that comes to mind. The modern...
