Articles | Volume 7, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-345-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-345-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 Apr 2019
Research article |
| 15 Apr 2019
| 15 Apr 2019
Rainfall intensity bursts and the erosion of soils: an analysis highlighting the need for high temporal resolution rainfall data for research under current and future climates
David L. Dunkerley
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
School of Earth Atmosphere and Environment, Faculty of Science,
Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
Cited articles
Archer, D. R. and Fowler, H. J.: Characterising flash flood response to
intense rainfall and impacts using historical information and gauged data in
Britain, J. Flood Risk Manag., 11, 5121–5133, 2018.
Barbero, R., Fowler, H. J., Lenderink, G., and Blenkinsop, S.: Is the
intensification of precipitation extremes with global warming better detected
at hourly than daily resolutions?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 974–983,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071917, 2017.
Beranova, R., Kysely, J., and Hanel, M.: Characteristics of sub-daily
precipitation extremes in observed data and regional climate model
simulations, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 132, 515–527,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2102-0, 2018.
Blanco, H. and Lal, R.: Principles of Soil Conservation and Management,
Springer, 616 pp. ISBN 978-1-4020-8708-0, 2008.
Blenkinsop, S., Fowler, H. J., Barbero, R., Chan, S. C., Guerreiro, S. B.,
Kendon, E., Lenderink, G., Lewis, E., Li, X.-F., Westra, S., Alexander, L.,
Allan, R. P., Berg, P., Dunn, R. J. H., Ekström, M., Evans, J. P.,
Holland, G., Jones, R., Kjellström, E., Klein-Tank, A., Lettenmaier, D.,
Mishra, V., Prein, A. F., Sheffield, J., and Tye, M. R.: The INTENSE project:
using observations and models to understand the past, present and future of
sub-daily rainfall extremes, Adv. Sci. Res., 15, 117–126,
https://doi.org/10.5194/asr-15-117-2018, 2018.
Chan, S. C., Kendon, E. J., Roberts, N. M., Fowler, H. J., and Blenkinsop,
S.: The characteristics of summer sub-hourly rainfall over the southern UK in
a high-resolution convective permitting model, Environ. Res. Lett., 11,
094024, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/094024, 2016.
Cortés-Hernández, V. E., Zheng, F., Evans, J., Lambert, M., Sharma,
A., and Westra, S.: Evaluating regional climate models for simulating
sub-daily rainfall extremes, Clim. Dynam., 47, 1613–1628,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-015-2923-4, 2016.
Costa, A. C. and Soares, A.: Trends in extreme precipitation indices derived
from a daily rainfall database for the South of Portugal, Int. J. Climatol.,
29, 1956–1975, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1834, 2008.
de Waal, J. H., Chapman, A., and Kemp, J.: Extreme 1-day rainfall
distributions: Analysing change in the Western Cape, S. Afr. J. Sci., 113,
8 pp., https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2017/20160301, 2017.
Donat, M. G., Alexander, L. V., Yang, H., Durre, I., Vose, R., Dunn, R. J.
H., Willett, K. M., Aguilar, E., Brunet, M., Caesar, J., Hewitson, B., Jack,
C., Klein Tank, A. M. G., Kruger, A. C., Marengo, J., Peterson, T. C., Renom,
M., Oria Rojas, C., Rusticucci, M., Salinger, J., Elrayah, A. S., Sekele, S.
S., Srivastava, A. K. Trewin, B., Villarroel, C., Vincent, L. A., Zhai, P.,
Zhang, X., Kitching, S.: Updated analyses of temperature and precipitation
extreme indices since the beginning of the twentieth century: The HadEX2
dataset, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 2098–2118, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50150,
2013.
Dong, G., Weng, B., Qin, T., Yan, D., Wang, H., Gong, B., Bi, W., and Xing,
Z.: The Impact of the Construction of Sponge Cities on the Surface Runoff in
Watersheds, China, Adv. Meteorol., 2018, 6241892, https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6241892,
2018.
Dunkerley, D. L: Identifying individual rain events from pluviograph records:
a review with analysis of data from an Australian dryland site, Hydrol.
Process., 22, 5024–5036, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7122, 2008.
Dunkerley, D. L.: How do the rain rates of sub-event intervals such as the
maximum 5- and 15-min rates (I5 or I30) relate to the properties of
the enclosing rainfall event?, Hydrol. Process., 24, 2425–2439,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7650, 2010.
Dunkerley, D. L.: Effects of rainfall intensity fluctuations on infiltration
and runoff: rainfall simulation on dryland soils, Fowlers Gap, Australia,
Hydrol. Process., 26, 2211–2224, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8317, 2012.
Dunkerley, D. L.: Sub-daily rainfall events in an arid environment with
marked climate variability: Variation among wet and dry years at Fowlers Gap,
New South Wales, Australia, J. Arid Environ., 96, 23–30,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2013.04.002, 2013.
Dunkerley, D. L.: Intra-event intermittency of rainfall: an analysis of the
metrics of rain and no-rain periods, Hydrol. Process., 29, 3294–3305,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10454, 2015.
Dunkerley, D. L.: How is overland flow produced under intermittent rain? An
analysis using plot-scale rainfall simulation on dryland soils, J. Hydrol.,
556, 119–130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.11.003, 2018.
Einfalt, T., Johann, G., and Pfister, A.: On the spatial validity of heavy
point rainfall measurements, Water Sci. Technol., 37, 21–28, 1998.
Esposito, G., Matano, F., and Scepi, G.: Analysis of increasing flash flood
frequency in the densely urbanized coastline of the Campi Flegrei volcanic
area, Italy, Front. Earth Sci., 6, 63, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00063, 2018.
Ewane, E. B. and Lee, H. H.: Effects of vegetation cover on sediment particle
size distribution and transport processes in natural rainfall conditions on
post-fire hillslope plots in South Korea, Soil Res., 54, 937–948,
https://doi.org/10.1071/SR16117, 2016.
Faccini, F., Luino, F., Paliaga, G., Sacchini, A., Turconi, L., and de Jong,
C.: Role of rainfall intensity and urban sprawl in the 2014 flash flood in
Genoa City, Bisagno catchment (Liguria, Italy), Appl. Geogr., 98, 224–241,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.07.022, 2018.
Forestieri, A., Arnone, E., Blenkinsop, S., Candela, A., Fowler, H., and
Noto, L. V.: The impact of climate change on extreme precipitation in Sicily,
Italy, Hydrol. Process., 32, 332–348, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11421, 2018.
Formayer, H. and Fritz, A.: Temperature dependency of hourly precipitation
intensities – surface versus cloud layer temperature, Int. J. Climatol., 37,
1–10, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4678, 2017.
Fraser, G. W., Carter, J. O., McKeon, G. M., and Day, K. A.: A new empirical
model of sub-daily rainfall intensity and its application in a rangeland
biophysical model, Rangeland J., 33, 37–48, https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ10037, 2011.
Fu, Y., Li, G., and Zheng, T.: Impact of raindrop characteristics on the
selective detachment and transport of aggregate fragments in the Loess
Plateau of China, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 80, 1071–1077,
https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2016.03.0084, 2016.
Fujibe, F.: Annual Variation of Extreme Precipitation Intensity in Japan:
Assessment of the Validity of Clausius-Clapeyron Scaling in Seasonal Change,
SOLA, 12, 106–110, https://doi.org/10.2151/sola.2016-024, 2016.
Gao, B., Walter, M. T., Steenhuis, T. S., Parlange, J.-Y., Nakano, K., Rose,
C. W., and Hogarth, W. L.: Investigating ponding depth and soil detachability
for a mechanistic erosion model using a simple experiment, J. Hydrol., 277,
116–124, 2003.
Gao, Y., Xiao, L., Chen, D., Xu, J., and Zhang, H.: Comparison between past
and future extreme precipitations simulated by global and regional climate
models over the Tibetan Plateau, Int. J. Climatol., 38, 1285–1297,
https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5243, 2018.
Garbrecht, J. D., Nearing, M. A., Steiner, J. L., Zhang, X. J., and Nichols,
M. H.: Can conservation trump impacts of climate change on soil erosion? An
assessment from winter wheat cropland in the Southern Great Plains of the
United States, Weather Clim. Extremes, 10, 32–39,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2015.06.002, 2015.
Ghahramani, A., Ishikawa, Y., and Gomi, T.: Slope length effect on sediment
and organic litter transport on a steep forested hillslope: upscaling from
plot to hillslope scale, Hydrological Research Letters, 5, 16–20,
https://doi.org/10.3178/HRL.5.16, 2011.
Giang, P. Q., Giang, L. T., and Toshiki, K.: Spatial and Temporal Responses
of Soil Erosion to Climate Change Impacts in a Transnational Watershed in
Southeast Asia, Climate, 5, 22, https://doi.org/10.3390/cli5010022, 2017.
Guerreiro S. B., Fowlers, H. J., Barbero, R., Westra, S., Lenderink, G.,
Blenkinsop, S., Lewis, E., and Li, X.-F.: Detection of continental-scale
intensification of hourly rainfall extremes, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 803–807,
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0245-3, 2018.
Harvey, B. J.: Human-caused climate change is now a key driver of forest fire
activity in the western United States, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113,
11649–11650, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1612926113, 2016.
Hatfield, J. L., Cruse, R. M., and Tomer, M. D.: Convergence of agricultural
intensification and climate change in the Midwestern United States:
implications for soil and water conservation, Mar. Freshwater Res., 64,
423–435, https://doi.org/10.1071/MF12164, 2013.
Hatzaki, M., Flocas, H. A., Oikonomou, C., and Giannakopoulos, C.: Future
changes in the relationship of precipitation intensity in Eastern
Mediterranean with large scale circulation, Adv. Geosci., 23, 31–36,
https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-23-31-2010, 2010.
Hubbert, K. R., Wohlgemuth, P. M., and Beyers, J. L.: Effects of hydromulch
on post-fire erosion and plant recovery in chaparral shrublands of southern
California, Int. J. Wildland Fire, 21, 155–167, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF10050, 2012.
Imeson, A. C.: Splash erosion, animal activity and sediment supply in a small
forested Luxembourg catchment, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 2, 153–160, 1977.
Jebari, S., Berndtsson, R., Olsson J., and Bahri, A.: Soil erosion estimation
based on rainfall disaggregation, J. Hydrol., 436–437, 102–110,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.03.001, 2012.
Karmakar, R., Das, I., Dutta, D., and Rakshit, A.: Potential Effects of
Climate Change on Soil Properties: A review, Science International, 4,
51–73, https://doi.org/10.17311/sciintl.2016.51.73, 2016.
Keggenhoff, I., Elizbarashvili, M., Amiri-Farahani, A., and King, L.: Trends
in daily temperature and precipitation extremes over Georgia, 1971–2010,
Weather and Climate Extremes, 4, 75–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2014.05.001,
2014.
Kianfar, B., Fatichi, S., Paschalis, A., Maurer, M., and Molnar, P.: Climate
change and uncertainty in high-resolution rainfall extremes, Hydrol. Earth
Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2016-536, in review, 2016.
Kiassari, E. M., Nikkami, D., Mahdian, M. H., and Pazira, E.: Investigating
rainfall erosivity indices in arid and semiarid climates of Iran, Turk. J.
Agric. For., 36, 365–378, https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1103-9, 2012.
Klik, A. and Eitzinger, J.: Impact of climate change on soil erosion and the
efficiency of soil conservation practices in Austria, J. Agr. Sci., 148,
529–541, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859610000158, 2010.
Li, Z., and Fang, H.: Impacts of climate change on water erosion: A review,
Earth-Sci. Rev., 163, 94–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.10.004, 2016.
Li, H., Ding, L., Ren, M., Li, C., and Wang, H.: Sponge City Construction in
China: A Survey of the Challenges and Opportunities, Water, 9, 594,
https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090594, 2017.
Li, J., Zhang, B., Mu, C., and Chen, L.: Simulation of the hydrological and
environmental effects of a sponge city based on MIKE FLOOD, Environ. Earth
Sci., 77, 32, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7236-6, 2018.
Luo, L. and Wang, Z.: Changes in hourly precipitation may explain the sharp
reduction of discharge in the middle reach of the Yellow River after 2000,
Front. Environ. Sci. En., 7, 756–768, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-013-0563-7, 2013.
Lupikasza, E. B.: Seasonal patterns and consistency of extreme precipitation
trends in Europe, December 1950 to February 2008, Clim. Res., 72, 217–237,
https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01467, 2017.
Miyata, S., Kosugi, K., Gomi, T., and Mizuyama, T.: Effects of forest floor
coverage on overland flow and soil erosion on hillslopes in Japanese cypress
plantation forests, Water Resour. Res., 45, W06402,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007270, 2009.
Mizugaki, S., Nanko, K., and Onda, Y.: The effect of slope angle on splash
detachment in an unmanaged Japanese cypress plantation forest, Hydrol.
Process., 24, 576–587https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7552, 2010.
Mondal, A., Khare, D., Kundu, S., Meena, P.K., Mishra, P.K., and Shukla, R.:
Impact of Climate Change on Future Soil Erosion in Different Slope, Land Use,
and Soil-Type Conditions in a Part of the Narmada River Basin, India, J.
Hydrol. Eng., 20, C5014003, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001065, 2015.
Monjo, R.: Measure of rainfall time structure using the dimensionless
n-index, Clim. Res., 67, 71–86, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01359, 2016.
Mullan, D., Favis-Mortlock, D., and Fealy, R.: Addressing key limitations
associated with modelling soil erosion under the impacts of future climate
change, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 156, 18–30,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.12.004, 2012.
Müller, H. and Haberlandt, U.: Temporal rainfall disaggregation using a
multiplicative cascade model for spatial application in urban hydrology, J.
Hydrol., 556, 847–864, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.01.031, 2018.
Muschinski, T. and Katz, J. I.: Trends in hourly rainfall statistics in the
United States under a warming climate, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 577–580,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1828, 2013.
Nandargi, S. and Mulye, S. S.: Relationships between Rainy Days, Mean Daily
Intensity, and Seasonal Rainfall over the Koyna Catchment during 1961–2005,
Sci. World J., 2012, 894313, https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/894313, 2012.
Nearing, M. A., Pruski, F. F., and O'Neal, M. R.: Expected climate change
impacts on soil erosion: a review, J. Soil Water Conserv., 59, 43–50, 2004.
Nunes, A. N., de Almeida, A. C., and Coelho, C. O. A.: Impacts of land use
and cover type on runoff and soil erosion in a marginal area of Portugal,
Appl. Geogr., 31, 687–699, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.12.006, 2011.
O'Gorman, P. A. and Schneider, T.: The physical basis for increases in
precipitation extremes in simulations of 21st-century climate change, P.
Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 14773–14777, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0907610106, 2009.
Panagos, P., Borrelli, P., Poesen, J., Ballabio, C., Lugato, E., Meusberger,
K., Montanarella, L., and Alewell, C.: The new assessment of soil loss by
water erosion in Europe, Environ. Sci. Policy, 54, 438–447,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.08.012, 2015.
Panziera, L., Gabella, M., Germann, U., and Martius, O.: A 12-year
radar-based climatology of daily and sub-daily extreme precipitation over
the Swiss Alps, Int. J. Climatol., 38, 3749–3769, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5528, 2018.
Papagiannaki, K., Lagouvardos, K., Kotroni, V., and Bezes, A.: Flash flood
occurrence and relation to the rainfall hazard in a highly urbanized area,
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 1859–1871,
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1859-2015, 2015.
Paschalis, A., Molnar, P., Fatichi, S., and Burlando, P.: On temporal
stochastic modeling of precipitation, nesting models across scales, Adv.
Water Resour., 63, 152–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2013.11.006, 2014.
Peleg, N., Marra, F., Fatichi, F., Molnar, P., Morin, E., Sharma, A., and
Burlando, P.: Intensification of Convective Rain Cells at Warmer Temperatures
Observed from High-Resolution Weather Radar Data, J. Hydrometeorol., 19,
715–726, https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-17-0158.1, 2018.
Pendergrass, A. G. and Deser, C.: Climatological characteristics of typical
daily precipitation, J. Climate, 30, 5985–6003,
https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0684.1, 2017.
Peters, O. and Christensen, K.: Rain: relaxations in the sky, Phys. Rev. E.,
66, 036120, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.66.036120, 2002.
Peralta-Hernández, A. R., Balling, R. C., and Barba-Martínez, L. R.:
Comparative analysis of indices of extreme rainfall events: Variations and
trends from southern México, Atmósfera, 22, 219–228, 2009.
Pohle, I., Niebisch, M., Müller, H., Schümberg, S., Zha, T., Maurer,
T., and Hinz, C.: Coupling Poisson rectangular pulse and multiplicative
microcanonical random cascade models to generate sub-daily precipitation
timeseries, J. Hydrol., 562, 50–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.04.063,
2018.
Polemio, M. and Lonigro, T.: Trends in climate, short-duration rainfall, and
damaging hydrogeological events (Apulia, Southern Italy), Nat. Hazards, 75,
515–540, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1333-y, 2015.
Prein, A. F., Rasmussen, R. M., Ikeda, K., Liu, C., Clark, M. P., and
Holland, G. J.: The future intensification of hourly precipitation extremes,
Nat. Clim. Change, 7, 48–53, https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE3168, 2016.
Rhodes, C. J.: Soil erosion, climate change and global food security:
challenges and strategies, Sci. Progress., 97, 97–153,
https://doi.org/10.3184/003685014X13994567941465, 2014.
Ruiz-Villanueva, V., Borga, M., Zoccatelli, D., Marchi, L., Gaume, E., and
Ehret, U.: Extreme flood response to short-duration convective rainfall in
South-West Germany, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16, 1543–1559,
https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1543-2012, 2012.
Schär, C., Ban, N., Fischer, E.M., Rajczak, J., Schmidli, J., Frei, C.,
Giorgi, F., Karl, T. R., Kendon, E. J., Klein Tank, A. M. G., O'Gorman, P.
A., Sillmann, J., Zhang, X., and Zwiers, F. W.: Percentile indices for
assessing changes in heavy precipitation events, Clim. Change, 137, 201–216,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1669-2, 2016.
Schleiss, M.: How intermittency affects the rate at which rainfall extremes
respond to changes in temperature, Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 955–968,
https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-955-2018, 2018.
Schroeer, K., Kirchengast, G., and O, S.: Strong Dependence of Extreme
Convective Precipitation Intensities on Gauge Network Density, Geophys. Res.
Lett., 45, 8253–8263, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077994, 2018.
Seginer, I., Morin, J., and Shachori, A.: Runoff and erosion studies in a
mountainous terra-rossa region, International Association of Scientific
Hydrology, Bulletin, 7, 79–92, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626666209493284, 1962.
Segura, C., Sun, G., McNulty, S., and Zhang, Y.: Potential impacts of climate
change on soil erosion vulnerability across the conterminous United States,
J. Soil Water Conserv., 69, 171–181, https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.69.2.171, 2014.
Sharratt, B. S., Tatarko, J., Abatzoglou, J. T., Fox, F. A., and Huggins, D.:
Implications of climate change on wind erosion of agricultural lands in the
Columbia plateau, Weather and Climate Extremes, 10, 20–31,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2015.06.001, 2015.
Soro, G. E., Noufé, D., Bi, T. A. G., and Shorohou, B.: Trend Analysis
for Extreme Rainfall at Sub-Daily and Daily Timescales in Cô te d'Ivoire,
Climate, 4, 37, https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4030037, 2016.
Sun, H., Wang, G., Li, X., Chen, J., Su, B., and Jiang, T.: Regional
Frequency Analysis of Observed Sub-Daily Rainfall Maxima over Eastern China,
Adv. Atmos. Sci., 34, 209–225, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-016-6086-y, 2017.
Taguas, E. V., Peña, A., Ayuso, J. L., Pérez, R., Yuan, Y., and
Giráldez, J. V.: Rainfall variability and hydrological and erosive
response of an olive tree microcatchment under no-tillage with a spontaneous
grass cover in Spain, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 35, 750–760,
https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1893, 2010.
Timmons, D. R., Mutchler, C. K., and Sherstad, E. M.: Use of Fluoresceine to
Measure the Composition of Waterdrop splash, Water Resour. Res., 7,
1020–1023, 1971.
Tokay, A. and Short, D. A.: Evidence from tropical raindrop spectra of the
origin of rain from stratiform versus convective clouds, J. Appl. Meteorol.,
35, 355–371, 1996.
van Bellen, S., Garneau, M., and Bergeron, Y.: Impact of climate change on
forest fire severity and consequences for carbon stocks in boreal forest
stands of Quebec, Canada: a synthesis, Fire Ecol., 6, 16–44,
https://doi.org/10.4996/fireecology.0603016, 2010.
Wagenbrenner, J. W. and Robichaud, P. R.: Post-fire bedload sediment delivery
across spatial scales in the interior western United States, Earth Surf.
Proc. Land., 39, 865–876, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3488, 2014.
Wang, J. C., Gong, X. N., and Ma, S. G.: Modification of Green-Ampt
Infiltration Model Considering Entrapped Air Pressure, Electronic Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering (EJGE), 19, 1801–1811, 2014.
Wasko, C. and Sharma, A.: Steeper temporal distribution of rain intensity at
higher temperatures within Australian storms, Nat. Geosci., 8, 527–529,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2456, 2015.
Xia, L., Hoermann, G., Ma, L., and Yang, L.: Reducing nitrogen and phosphorus
losses from arable slope land with contour hedgerows and perennial alfalfa
mulching in Three Gorges Area, China, Catena, 110, 86–94,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2013.05.009, 2013.
Yilmaz, A. G. and Perera, B. J. C.: Spatiotemporal Trend Analysis of Extreme
Rainfall Events in Victoria, Australia, Water Resour. Manag., 29, 4665–4480,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-015-1070-3, 2015.
Yu, L., Zhong, S., Heilman, W. E., and Bian, X.: A comparison of the effects
of El Niño and El Niño Modoki on subdaily extreme precipitation
occurrences across the contiguous United States, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos.,
122, 7401–7415, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD026683, 2017.
Zhang, X., Alexander, L., Hegerl, G. C., Jones, P., Tank, A. K., Peterson, T.
C., Trewin, B., and Zwiers, F. W.: Indices for monitoring changes in extremes
based on daily temperature and precipitation data, WIREs Clim. Change, 2,
851–870, https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.147, 2011.
Zhou, Q., Zhou, X., Luo, Y., and Cai, M.: The Effects of Litter Layer and
Topsoil on Surface Runoff during Simulated Rainfall in Guizhou Province,
China: A Plot Scale Case Study, Water, 10, 915, https://doi.org/10.3390/w10070915,
2018.
Zimmermann, B., Zimmermann, A., Turner, B. L., Francke, T., and Elsenbeer,
H.: Connectivity of overland flow by drainage network expansion in a rain
forest catchment, Water Resour. Res., 50, 1457–1473,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2012WR012660, 2014.
Short summary
Soil erosion, especially in vulnerable conditions such as post-fire landscapes or tilled agricultural soils, is greatly affected by the occurrence of bursts of intense rainfall. These are often set within longer periods of less intense rain. This paper documents the nature of the intensity bursts at two Australian locations and shows that high-resolution rainfall records are required in order to make estimates of the intensity. Hourly rainfall data are not suitable for this task.
Soil erosion, especially in vulnerable conditions such as post-fire landscapes or tilled...
