Borggaard, O. K.: Effects of surface area and mineralogy of iron oxides on their surface charge and anion-adsorption properties, Clay. Clay Miner., 31, 230–232, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1983.0310309, 1983.
Brantley, S. L. and Lebedeva, M. I.: Relating land surface, water table, and weathering fronts with a conceptual valve model for headwater catchments, Hydrol. Process., 35, e14010, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.14010, 2021.
Brantley, S. L. and Olsen, A. A.: Reaction Kinetics of Primary Rock-
Forming Minerals under Ambient Conditions, chap. 7.3, in: Treatise on Geochemistry
(Second Edition), edited by: Holland, H. D. and Turekian, K. K., Elsevier, Oxford,
69–113, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00503-9, 2014.
Brantley, S. L., Goldhaber, M. B., and
Ragnarsdottir, K. V.: Crossing Disciplines and Scales to
Understand the Critical Zone, Elements, 3, 307–314,
https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.3.5.307, 2007.
Brantley, S. L., Holleran, M. E., Jin, L., and Bazilevskaya, E.: Probing deep weathering in the Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory, Pennsylvania (USA): the hypothesis of nested chemical reaction fronts in the subsurface, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 38, 1280–1298, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3415, 2013a.
Brantley, S. L., Lebedeva, M., and Bazilevskaya, E.: Relating
Weathering Fronts for Acid Neutralization and Oxidation to
pCO2 and
pO2, in: Treatise on Geochemistry: Second Edition, vol. 6, Elsevier Inc.,
327–352, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.01317-6, 2013b.
Brimhall, G. H. and Dietrich, W. E.: Constitutive mass balance relations between chemical composition, volume, density, porosity, and strain in metasomatic hydrochemcal systems: Results on weathering and pedogenesis, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 51, 567–587, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90070-6, 1987.
Brunauer, S., Emmett, P. H., and Teller, E.: Adsorption of Gases in Multimolecular Layers, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 60, 309–319, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01269a023, 1938.
Burt, R.: Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Soil Survey Investigations Report, 42, 735, https://doi.org/10.1021/ol049448l, 2004.
Burt, R. and Staff, S. S. (Eds.): Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual, Soil Survey Investigations Report no. 42, Version 5, USDA – Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1003 pp., 2014.
Buss, H. L., Sak, P. B., Webb, S. M., and Brantley, S. L.: Weathering of the Rio Blanco quartz diorite, Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico: Coupling oxidation, dissolution, and fracturing, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 72, 4488–4507, 2008.
Carter, B. J. and Ciolkosz, E. J.: Sorting and thickness of waste mantle material on a sandstone spur in central Pennsylvania, Catena, 13, 241–256, https://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(86)90001-9, 1986.
Clarke, B. A. and Burbank, D. W.: Bedrock fracturing, threshold
hillslopes, and limits to the magnitude of bedrock landslides, Earth
Planet. Sc. Lett., 297, 577–586, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.07.011, 2010.
Dogan, M., Dogan, A. U., Yesilyurt, F. I., Alaygut, D., Buckner, I., and Wurster, D. E.: Baseline studies of The Clay Minerals Society special clays: specific surface area by the Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) method, Clay. Clay Miner., 55, 534–541, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2007.0550508, 2007.
Dunlop, D. J. and Ozdemir, O.: Magnetizations in Rocks and Minerals, in: Treatise on Geophysics: Geomagnetism, edited by: Kono, M., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 227–336, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044452748-6.00093-6, 2007.
Eberl, D. D.: User's Guide to RockJock – A Program for Determining Quantitative Mineralogy From Powder X-Ray Diffraction Data, U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-78, 1–47, 2003.
Eppinger, B. J., Hayes, J. L., Carr, B. J., Moon, S., Cosans, C. L., Holbrook, W. S., Harman, C. J., and Plante, Z. T.: Quantifying Depth-Dependent Seismic Anisotropy in the Critical Zone Enhanced by Weathering of a Piedmont Schist, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 126, e2021JF006289, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006289, 2021.
Essington, M.: Soil and Water Chemistry: An Integrative Approach, 1st edn., CRC Press, Boca Raton, 534 pp., https://doi.org/10.1201/b12397, 2003.
Eusterhues, K., Rumpel, C., and Kogel-Knabner, I.: Organo-mineral associations in sandy acid forest soils: importance of specific surface area, iron oxides and micropores, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 56, 753–763, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2005.00710.x, 2005.
Fisher, B.:
LP_Well01, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities [sample],
https://app.geosamples.org/sample/igsn/IESW10006, 2016a.
Fisher, B.:
LP_Well02, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities [sample],
https://app.geosamples.org/sample/igsn/IESW10007, 2016b.
Fisher, B.:
LP_Pit_For1, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities [sample],
https://app.geosamples.org/sample/igsn/IESW10001, 2016c.
Fisher, B.:
LP_Pit_For2, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities [sample],
https://app.geosamples.org/sample/igsn/IESW10002, 2016d.
Fisher, B.:
LP_Pit_For3, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities [sample],
https://app.geosamples.org/sample/igsn/IESW10003, 2016e.
Fisher, B.:
LP_Pit_For5,
University of Minnesota-Twin Cities [sample],
https://app.geosamples.org/sample/igsn/IESW10004, 2016f.
Fisher, B.:
LP_Pit_For6,
University of Minnesota-Twin Cities [sample],
https://app.geosamples.org/sample/igsn/IESW10005, 2016g.
Fisher, B.: Geomorphic controls on mineral weathering, elemental
transport, carbon cycling, and production of mineral surface area in a
schist bedrock weathering profile, Piedmont Pennsylvania, University of
Minnesota,
http://hdl.handle.net/11299/183377 (last access: 11 November 2016),
2016h.
Fisher, B. A., Rendahl, A. K., Aufdenkampe, A. K., and Yoo, K.: Quantifying weathering on variable rocks, an extension of geochemical mass balance: Critical zone and landscape evolution, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 42, 2457–2468, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4212, 2017.
Fisher, B. A., Aufdenkampe, A. K., Yoo, K., Aalto, R. E., and Marquard, J.: Soil carbon redistribution and organo-mineral associations after lateral soil movement and mixing in a first-order forest watershed, Geoderma, 319, 142–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.01.006, 2018.
Graham, R., Rossi, A., and Hubbert, R.: Rock to regolith conversion: Producing hospitable substrates for terrestrial ecosystems, GSA Today, 20, 4–9, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAT57A.1, 2010.
Gu, X., Rempe, D. M., Dietrich, W. E., West, A. J., Lin, T. C., Jin, L., and Brantley, S. L.: Chemical reactions, porosity, and microfracturing in shale during weathering: The effect of erosion rate, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 269, 63–100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.09.044, 2020.
Hasenmueller, E. A., Jin, L., Stinchcomb, G. E., Lin, H., Brantley, S. L., and Kaye, J. P.: Topographic controls on the depth distribution of soil
CO2 in a small temperate watershed, Appl. Geochem., 63, 58–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2015.07.005, 2015.
Holmgren, G.: A rapid citrate-dithionite extractable iron procedure, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 31, 210–211, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1967.03615995003100020020x, 1967.
Hunt, C. P., Singer, M. J., Kletetschka, G., TenPas, J., and Verosub, K. L.: Effect of citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite treatment on fine-grained magnetite and maghemite, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 130, 87–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(94)00256-X, 1995.
Jackson, M. and Hseung, Y.: Weathering sequence of clay-size minerals in soils and sediments: II. Chemical weathering of layer silicates, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 16, 3–6, 1952.
Jackson, M. L.: Interlaying of expansible layer sililcates in soils by chemical weathering, Clay. Clay Miner., 11, 29–46, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1962.0110104, 1963.
Jackson, M. L. and Barak, P.: Soil Chemical Analysis: Advanced Course, UW-Madison Libraries Parallel Press, 930 pp., ISBN 9781893311473, 2005.
Jackson, M. L., Tyler, S. A., Willis, A. L., Bourbeau, G. A., and Pennington, R. P.: Weathering Sequence of Clay-Size Minerals in Soils and Sediments. I. Fundamental Generalizations, J. Phys. Colloid Chem., 52, 1237–1260, https://doi.org/10.1021/j150463a015, 1948.
Jin, L., Rother, G., Cole, D. R., Mildner, D. F. R., Duffy, C. J., and Brantley, S. L.: Characterization of deep weathering and nanoporosity development in shale–A neutron study, Am. Mineral., 96, 498–512, https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2011.3598, 2011.
Jobbágy, E. G. and Jackson, R. B.: The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation, Ecol. Appl., 10, 423–436, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0423:TVDOSO]2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Keil, R. G. and Mayer, L. M.: Mineral Matrices and Organic Matter, Elsevier Ltd., 337–359, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.01024-X, 2014.
Keil, R. G., Mayer, L. M., Quay, P. D., Richey, J. E., and Hedges, J. I.: Loss of organic matter from riverine particles in deltas, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 61, 1507–1511, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00044-6, 1997.
Kim, H., Stinchcomb, G., and Brantley, S. L.: Feedbacks among
O2 and
CO2 in deep soil gas, oxidation of ferrous minerals, and fractures: A hypothesis for steady-state regolith thickness, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 460, 29–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.003, 2017.
Lesley, J. P.: The iron manufacturer's guide to the furnaces, forges and rolling mills of the United States: With maps and plates, Wiley, New York, 772 pp., ISBN 9780608414218, 1859.
Liptzin, D., Silver, W. L., and Detto, M.: Temporal dynamics in soil oxygen and greenhouse gases in two humid tropical forests, Ecosystems, 14, 171–182, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-010-9402-x, 2011.
Lowrie, W.: Fundamentals of Geophysics, Cambridge University Press, 354 pp., ISBN 9780521467285, 1997.
Macht, F., Eusterhues, K., Pronk, G. J., and Totsche, K. U.: Specific surface area of clay minerals: Comparison between atomic force microscopy measurements and bulk-gas (
N2) and -liquid (EGME) adsorption methods, Appl. Clay Sci., 53, 20–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2011.04.006, 2011.
Maher, K.: The dependence of chemical weathering rates on fluid residence time, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 294, 101–110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.03.010, 2010.
Maxbauer, D. P., Feinberg, J. M., Fox, D. L., and Clyde, W. C.: Magnetic minerals as recorders of weathering, diagenesis, and paleoclimate: A core–outcrop comparison of Paleocene–Eocene paleosols in the Bighorn Basin, WY, USA, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 452, 15–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.07.029, 2016.
Mayer, L. M. and Xing, B.: Organic Matter – Surface Area Relationships in Acid Soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 65, 567–571, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2001.651250x, 2001.
Merritts, D. J. and Rahnis, M. A.: Pleistocene Periglacial Processes and Landforms, Mid-Atlantic Region, Eastern United States, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-032320-102849, 2022.
Moore, D. M. and Reynolds, R. C.: X-ray diffraction and the identification and analysis of clay minerals, Oxford University Press, 378 pp., ISBN 9780195087130, 1997.
Muggeo, V. M. R.: segmented: An R package to Fit Regression Models with Broken-Line Relationships, R News, 8, 20–25, 2008.
NRCS: Soil Survey Manual, Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture Handbook, 18, 1–2, https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-195112000-00022, 1993.
Parsekian, A. D., Singha, K., Minsley, B. J., Holbrook, W. S., and Slater, L.: Multiscale geophysical imaging of the critical zone, Rev. Geophys., 53, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014RG000465, 2015.
Pawlik, Ł., Phillips, J. D., and Šamonil, P.: Roots, rock, and regolith: Biomechanical and biochemical weathering by trees and its impact on hillslopes – A critical literature review, Earth-Sci. Rev., 159, 142–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.06.002, 2016.
Pedrazas, M. A., Hahm, W. J., Huang, M. H., Dralle, D., Nelson, M. D., Breunig, R. E., Fauria, K. E., Bryk, A. B., Dietrich, W. E., and Rempe, D. M.: The Relationship Between Topography, Bedrock Weathering, and Water Storage Across a Sequence of Ridges and Valleys, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 126, e2020JF005848, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF005848, 2021.
Pope, G. A.: Regolith and Weathering
(Rock Decay) in the Critical Zone, chap. 4, in: Developments in Earth
Surface Processes, vol. 19, edited by: Giardino, J. R. and
Houser, C., Elsevier, 113–145, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63369-9.00004-5, 2015.
Poppe, L. J., Paskevich, V. F., Hathaway, J. C., and Blackwood, D. S.: A laboratory manual for X-ray powder diffraction, Open-File Report, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0141, 2001.
Rempe, D. M. and Dietrich, W. E.: A bottom-up control on fresh-bedrock topography under landscapes,
P. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 6576–6581,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1404763111, 2014.
Richardson, D. C., Newbold, J. D., Aufdenkampe, A. K., Taylor, P. G., and Kaplan, L. A.: Measuring heterotrophic respiration rates of suspended particulate organic carbon from stream ecosystems, Limnol. Oceanogr.-Meth., 11, 247–261, 2013.
Riebe, C. S., Hahm, W. J., and Brantley, S. L.: Controls on deep critical zone architecture: a historical review and four testable hypotheses, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 42, 128–156, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4052, 2017.
Righi, D., Petit, S., and Bouchet, A.: Characterization of
Hydroxy-Interlayered Vermiculite and Illite/Smectite Interstratified
Minerals from the Weathering of Chlorite in a Cryorthod, Clays Clay
Miner., 41, 484–495, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410409, 1993.
Ross, G. J. and Kodama, H.: Experimental alteration of a chlorite into a regularly interstratified chlorite-vermiculite by chemical oxidation, Clay. Clay Miner., 24, 183–190, 1976.
Schoeneberger, P. J., Wysocki, D. A., Benham, E. C., and Soil Survey Staff: Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils, Version 3.0. Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, NE, ISBN 9780160915420, 2012.
Shang, C. and Zelazny, L. W.: Selective dissolution techniques for mineral analysis of soils and sediments, Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 5. Mineralogical Methods, SSSA Book Series, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.5.c3, 2008.
Shields, D. and Benson, B.: Catalyst for Conservation: the Brandywine Conservancy's success in saving King Ranch lands in Pennsylvania, 1st edn., Pemcor Printing, LLC, USA, 112 pp., ISBN 9780979587252, 2011.
Stinchcomb, G. E., Kim, H., Hasenmueller, E. A., Sullivan, P. L., Sak, P. B., and Brantley, S. L.: Relating soil gas to weathering using rock and regolith geochemistry, Am. J. Sci., 318, 727–763, https://doi.org/10.2475/07.2018.01, 2018.
Thomas, J. and Bohor, B. F.: Surface area of vermiculite with nitrogen and carbon dioxide as adsorbates, Clay. Clay Miner., 17, 205–209, https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1969.0170403, 1969.
Thompson, A., Rancourt, D. G., Chadwick, O. A., and Chorover, J.: Iron solid-phase differentiation along a redox gradient in basaltic soils, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 75, 119–133, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.10.005, 2011.
White, A. F. and Buss, H. L.: Natural Weathering Rates of Silicate Minerals, in: Treatise on Geochemistry, edited by: Turekian, K. K. and Holland, H. D., Elsevier, 115–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.00504-0, 2014.
White, A. F., Blum, A. E., Schulz, M. S., Bullen, T. D., Harden, J. W., and Peterson, M. L.: Chemical weathering rates of a soil chronosequence on granitic alluvium: I. Quantification of mineralogical and surface area changes and calculation of primary silicate reaction rates, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 60, 2533–2550, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00106-8, 1996.
Wilson, M. A., Indorante, S. J., Lee, B. D., Follmer, L. R., Williams, D. R., Fitch, B. C., McCauley, W. M., Bathgate, J. D., and Kabrick, J. M.: Soil Geochemistry of Loess Landscapes, Shawnee Hills, Southern Illinois, United States, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 77, 1269–1283, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2013.02.0051, 2013.
