We run many computer models that describe how landscapes evolve through time. We change how randomness (noise) is added to the models to explore how it affects the shapes and properties of the final landscape. We add different types of noise at the start, during, and at the end of models, aiming to mimic reality. The range of shapes and properties produced from different noises can be as large as ranges possibly caused by climate, but running many models can help with measuring this uncertainty.

We wish to understand how the history of flowing rock within Earth's interior impacts deflection of its surface. Observations exist to address this problem, and mathematics and different computing tools can be used to predict histories of flow. We explore how modeling choices impact calculated vertical deflections. The sensitivity of vertical motions at Earth's surface to deep flow is assessed, demonstrating how surface observations can enlighten flow histories.