Articles | Volume 6, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-163-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-163-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
05 Mar 2018
Research article |
| 05 Mar 2018
| 05 Mar 2018
Topographical change caused by moderate and small floods in a gravel bed ephemeral river – a depth-averaged morphodynamic simulation approach
Department of Geographical and Historical Studies, University of
Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Yliopistokatu 2, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu,
Finland
Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku,
20014 Turku, Finland
Mikel Calle
National Museum of Natural Sciences, Spanish Research Council (CSIC),
Madrid, Calle de Serrano 117, 28006 Madrid, Spain
Gerardo Benito
National Museum of Natural Sciences, Spanish Research Council (CSIC),
Madrid, Calle de Serrano 117, 28006 Madrid, Spain
Antero Kukko
Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geospatial
Research Institute, National Land Survey of Finland, Kirkkonummi,
Geodeetinrinne 2, 02430 Masala, Finland
Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, Espoo,
Vaisalantie 8, P.O. Box 15800, 00076 Aalto, Finland
Harri Kaartinen
Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geospatial
Research Institute, National Land Survey of Finland, Kirkkonummi,
Geodeetinrinne 2, 02430 Masala, Finland
Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku,
20014 Turku, Finland
Juha Hyyppä
Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geospatial
Research Institute, National Land Survey of Finland, Kirkkonummi,
Geodeetinrinne 2, 02430 Masala, Finland
Hannu Hyyppä
Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, Espoo,
Vaisalantie 8, P.O. Box 15800, 00076 Aalto, Finland
Petteri Alho
Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geospatial
Research Institute, National Land Survey of Finland, Kirkkonummi,
Geodeetinrinne 2, 02430 Masala, Finland
Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku,
20014 Turku, Finland
Related authors
Reeta Vaahtera, Juha-Matti Välimäki, Tuure Takala, and Eliisa Lotsari
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1247, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1247, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
River ice cover has a significant effect on flow and related processes in a river and the effect can last for months yearly. This impact is dependent on the properties of the ice, particularly its underside. Our study introduces a new approach to studying the underside of river ice, which is typically challenging. The approach allows gaining more information and new insights on river ice and flow during winters which is especially important under environmental change.
Mariana Verdonen, Alexander Störmer, Eliisa Lotsari, Pasi Korpelainen, Benjamin Burkhard, Alfred Colpaert, and Timo Kumpula
The Cryosphere, 17, 1803–1819, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1803-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1803-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The study revealed a stable and even decreasing thickness of thaw depth in peat mounds with perennially frozen cores, despite overall rapid permafrost degradation within 14 years. This means that measuring the thickness of the thawed layer – a commonly used method – is alone insufficient to assess the permafrost conditions in subarctic peatlands. The study showed that climate change is the main driver of these permafrost features’ decay, but its effect depends on the peatland’s local conditions.
Reeta Vaahtera, Juha-Matti Välimäki, Tuure Takala, and Eliisa Lotsari
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1247, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1247, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
River ice cover has a significant effect on flow and related processes in a river and the effect can last for months yearly. This impact is dependent on the properties of the ice, particularly its underside. Our study introduces a new approach to studying the underside of river ice, which is typically challenging. The approach allows gaining more information and new insights on river ice and flow during winters which is especially important under environmental change.
Mariana Batista Campos, Leticia Ferrari Castanheiro, Dipal Shah, Yunsheng Wang, Antero Kukko, and Eetu Puttonen
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-1-2024, 43–50, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-2024-43-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-2024-43-2024, 2024
Shannon M. Hibbard, Gordon R. Osinski, Etienne Godin, Antero Kukko, Chimira Andres, Shawn Chartrand, Anna Grau Galofre, A. Mark Jellinek, and Wendy Boucher
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-227, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-227, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates a new landform found on Axel Heiberg Island in Nunavut, Canada. Vermicular Ridge Features (VRFs) are comprised of a series of ridges and troughs creating a unique brain-like pattern. We aim to identify how VRFs form and assess the past climate conditions necessary for their formation. We use surface elevation and subsurface data to infer a formation mechanism. We propose VRFs were formed from the burial and removal of glacier ice as the glaciers were retreating.
L. F. Castanheiro, A. M. G. Tommaselli, T. A. C. Garcia, M. B. Campos, and A. Kukko
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-1-W1-2023, 71–77, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W1-2023-71-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W1-2023-71-2023, 2023
T. Faitli, T. Hakala, H. Kaartinen, J. Hyyppä, and A. Kukko
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-1-W1-2023, 145–150, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W1-2023-145-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W1-2023-145-2023, 2023
Mariana Verdonen, Alexander Störmer, Eliisa Lotsari, Pasi Korpelainen, Benjamin Burkhard, Alfred Colpaert, and Timo Kumpula
The Cryosphere, 17, 1803–1819, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1803-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1803-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The study revealed a stable and even decreasing thickness of thaw depth in peat mounds with perennially frozen cores, despite overall rapid permafrost degradation within 14 years. This means that measuring the thickness of the thawed layer – a commonly used method – is alone insufficient to assess the permafrost conditions in subarctic peatlands. The study showed that climate change is the main driver of these permafrost features’ decay, but its effect depends on the peatland’s local conditions.
L. Zhu, E. Hattula, J. Raninen, and J. Hyyppä
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-4-W1-2022, 561–568, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W1-2022-561-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W1-2022-561-2022, 2022
P. Rönnholm, S. Wittke, M. Ingman, P. Putkiranta, H. Kauhanen, H. Kaartinen, and M. T. Vaaja
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B2-2022, 633–639, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-633-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-633-2022, 2022
C. Jiang, Y. Chen, B. Xu, J. Jia, H. Sun, Z. He, T. Wang, and J. Hyyppä
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVI-3-W1-2022, 61–66, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVI-3-W1-2022-61-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVI-3-W1-2022-61-2022, 2022
Gerardo Benito, Olegario Castillo, Juan A. Ballesteros-Cánovas, Maria Machado, and Mariano Barriendos
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 6107–6132, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6107-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6107-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is expected to increase the intensity of floods, but changes are difficult to project. We compiled historical and modern flood data of the Rio Duero (Spain) to evaluate flood hazards beyond decadal climate cycles. Historical floods were obtained from documentary sources, identifying 69 floods over 1250–1871 CE. Discharges were calculated from reported flood heights. Flood frequency using historical datasets showed the most robust results, guiding climate change adaptation.
Terhikki Manninen, Kati Anttila, Emmihenna Jääskeläinen, Aku Riihelä, Jouni Peltoniemi, Petri Räisänen, Panu Lahtinen, Niilo Siljamo, Laura Thölix, Outi Meinander, Anna Kontu, Hanne Suokanerva, Roberta Pirazzini, Juha Suomalainen, Teemu Hakala, Sanna Kaasalainen, Harri Kaartinen, Antero Kukko, Olivier Hautecoeur, and Jean-Louis Roujean
The Cryosphere, 15, 793–820, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-793-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-793-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The primary goal of this paper is to present a model of snow surface albedo (brightness) accounting for small-scale surface roughness effects. It can be combined with any volume scattering model. The results indicate that surface roughness may decrease the albedo by about 1–3 % in midwinter and even more than 10 % during the late melting season. The effect is largest for low solar zenith angle values and lower bulk snow albedo values.
J.-P. Virtanen, A. Julin, H. Handolin, T. Rantanen, M. Maksimainen, J. Hyyppä, and H. Hyyppä
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIV-4-W1-2020, 159–165, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-4-W1-2020-159-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIV-4-W1-2020-159-2020, 2020
M. Campos, P. Litkey, Y. Wang, Y. Chen, H. Hyyti, J. Hyyppä, and E. Puttonen
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B1-2020, 27–31, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B1-2020-27-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B1-2020-27-2020, 2020
A. Kukko, H. Kaartinen, G. Osinski, and J. Hyyppä
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., V-2-2020, 749–756, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-2-2020-749-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-2-2020-749-2020, 2020
Anna Grau Galofre, A. Mark Jellinek, Gordon R. Osinski, Michael Zanetti, and Antero Kukko
The Cryosphere, 12, 1461–1478, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1461-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1461-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Water accumulated at the base of ice sheets is the main driver of glacier acceleration and loss of ice mass in Arctic regions. Previously glaciated landscapes sculpted by this water carry information about how ice sheets collapse and ultimately disappear. The search for these landscapes took us to the high Arctic, to explore channels that formed under kilometers of ice during the last ice age. In this work we describe how subglacial channels look and how they helped to drain an ice sheet.
N. Saarinen, M. Vastaranta, R. Näsi, T. Rosnell, T. Hakala, E. Honkavaara, M. A. Wulder, V. Luoma, A. M. G. Tommaselli, N. N. Imai, E. A. W. Ribeiro, R. B. Guimarães, M. Holopainen, and J. Hyyppä
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-3-W3, 171–175, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-3-W3-171-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-3-W3-171-2017, 2017
S. Junttila, M. Vastaranta, R. Linnakoski, J. Sugano, H. Kaartinen, A. Kukko, M. Holopainen, H. Hyyppä, and J. Hyyppä
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-3-W3, 81–85, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-3-W3-81-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-3-W3-81-2017, 2017
M. Katoh, S. Deng, Y. Takenaka, K. Cheung, K. Oono, M. Horisawa, J. Hyyppä, X. Yu, X. Liang, and Y. Wang
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-3-W3, 95–100, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-3-W3-95-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-3-W3-95-2017, 2017
L. Matikainen, K. Karila, J. Hyyppä, E. Puttonen, P. Litkey, and E. Ahokas
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-3-W3, 119–122, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-3-W3-119-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-3-W3-119-2017, 2017
G. Benito, R. Brázdil, J. Herget, and M. J. Machado
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 3517–3539, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3517-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3517-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Historical hydrology combines documentary data with hydrological methods to lengthen flow records to the past centuries. We describe the methodological evolution of historical hydrology under the influence of developments in hydraulics and statistics. Analysis of 45 case studies in Europe show that present flood magnitudes are not unusual in the context of the past, whereas flood frequency has decreased, although some rivers show a reactivation of rare floods over the last two decades.
M. J. Machado, B. A. Botero, J. López, F. Francés, A. Díez-Herrero, and G. Benito
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2561–2576, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2561-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-2561-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A flood frequency analysis using a 400-year historical flood record was carried out using a stationary model (based on maximum likelihood estimators) and a non-stationary model that incorporates external covariates (climatic and environmental). The stationary model was successful in providing an average discharge around which value flood quantiles estimated by non-stationary models fluctuate through time.
J. Svensson, A. Virkkula, O. Meinander, N. Kivekäs, H.-R. Hannula, O. Järvinen, J. I. Peltoniemi, M. Gritsevich, A. Heikkilä, A. Kontu, A.-P. Hyvärinen, K. Neitola, D. Brus, P. Dagsson-Waldhauserova, K. Anttila, T. Hakala, H. Kaartinen, M. Vehkamäki, G. de Leeuw, and H. Lihavainen
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-1227-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-1227-2015, 2015
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
Soot's (including black carbon and organics) negative effect on a natural snow pack is experimentally addressed in this paper through a series of experiments. Soot concentrations in the snow in the range of 200-200 000 ppb verify the negative effects on the albedo, the physical snow characteristics, as well as increasing the melt rate of the snow pack. Our experimental data generally agrees when compared with the Snow, Ice and Aerosol Radiation model.
G. Bussi, X. Rodríguez-Lloveras, F. Francés, G. Benito, Y. Sánchez-Moya, and A. Sopeña
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 3339–3354, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3339-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3339-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Physical: Geomorphology (including all aspects of fluvial, coastal, aeolian, hillslope and glacial geomorphology)
Role of the forcing sources in morphodynamic modelling of an embayed beach
A machine learning approach to the geomorphometric detection of ribbed moraines in Norway
Stream hydrology controls on ice cliff evolution and survival on debris-covered glaciers
Time-varying drainage basin development and erosion on volcanic edifices
Geomorphic risk maps for river migration using probabilistic modeling – a framework
Evolution of submarine canyons and hanging-wall fans: insights from geomorphic experiments and morphodynamic models
Riverine sediment response to deforestation in the Amazon basin
Physical modeling of ice-sheet-induced salt movements using the example of northern Germany
Downstream rounding rate of pebbles in the Himalaya
A physics-based model for fluvial valley width
Implications for the resilience of modern coastal systems derived from mesoscale barrier dynamics at Fire Island, New York
Quantifying the migration rate of drainage divides from high-resolution topographic data
Long-term monitoring (1953–2019) of geomorphologically active sections of Little Ice Age lateral moraines in the context of changing meteorological conditions
Coevolving edge rounding and shape of glacial erratics: the case of Shap granite, UK
Pliocene shorelines and the epeirogenic motion of continental margins: A target dataset for dynamic topography models
Dimensionless argument: a narrow grain size range near 2 mm plays a special role in river sediment transport and morphodynamics
Path length and sediment transport estimation from DEMs of difference: a signal processing approach
Influence of cohesive clay on wave–current ripple dynamics captured in a 3D phase diagram
Statistical characterization of erosion and sediment transport mechanics in shallow tidal environments – Part 1: Erosion dynamics
Statistical characterization of erosion and sediment transport mechanics in shallow tidal environments – Part 2: Suspended sediment dynamics
Geomorphological and hydrological controls on sediment export in earthquake-affected catchments in the Nepal Himalaya
Optimization of passive acoustic bedload monitoring in rivers by signal inversion
Stochastic properties of coastal flooding events – Part 2: Probabilistic analysis
Field monitoring of pore water pressure in fully and partly saturated debris flows at Ohya landslide scar, Japan
Analysis of autogenic bifurcation processes resulting in river avulsion
Bedload transport fluctuations, flow conditions, and disequilibrium ratio at the Swiss Erlenbach stream: results from 27 years of high-resolution temporal measurements
Stochastic properties of coastal flooding events – Part 1: convolutional-neural-network-based semantic segmentation for water detection
Coexistence of two dune scales in a lowland river
Alpine hillslope failure in the western US: insights from the Chaos Canyon landslide, Rocky Mountain National Park, USA
Using repeat UAV-based laser scanning and multispectral imagery to explore eco-geomorphic feedbacks along a river corridor
Numerical modelling of the evolution of a river reach with a complex morphology to help define future sustainable restoration decisions
Method to evaluate large-wood behavior in terms of the convection equation associated with sediment erosion and deposition
Effects of seasonal variations in vegetation and precipitation on catchment erosion rates along a climate and ecological gradient: insights from numerical modeling
On the use of convolutional deep learning to predict shoreline change
On the use of packing models for the prediction of fluvial sediment porosity
Automated riverbed composition analysis using deep learning on underwater images
Marsh-induced backwater: the influence of non-fluvial sedimentation on a delta's channel morphology and kinematics
Spatial and temporal variations in rockwall erosion rates derived from cosmogenic 10Be in medial moraines at five valley glaciers around Pigne d'Arolla, Switzerland
Building a bimodal landscape: bedrock lithology and bed thickness controls on the morphology of Last Chance Canyon, New Mexico, USA
Geotechnical controls on erodibility in fluvial impact erosion
Linear-stability analysis of plane beds under flows with suspended loads
Estimating surface water availability in high mountain rock slopes using a numerical energy balance model
Sediment source and sink identification using Sentinel-2 and a small network of turbidimeters on the Vjosa River
Spatiotemporal bedload transport patterns over two-dimensional bedforms
Ice-buttressing-controlled rock slope failure on a cirque headwall, Lake District, UK
The probabilistic nature of dune collisions in 2D
Shape still matters: rockfall interactions with trees and deadwood in a mountain forest uncover a new facet of rock shape dependency
Earthquake contributions to coastal cliff retreat
Morphologic and morphometric differences between gullies formed in different substrates on Mars: new insights into the gully formation processes
Testing the sensitivity of the CAESAR-Lisflood landscape evolution model to grid cell size
Nil Carrion-Bertran, Albert Falqués, Francesca Ribas, Daniel Calvete, Rinse de Swart, Ruth Durán, Candela Marco-Peretó, Marta Marcos, Angel Amores, Tim Toomey, Àngels Fernández-Mora, and Jorge Guillén
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 819–839, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-819-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-819-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The sensitivity to the wave and sea-level forcing sources in predicting a 6-month embayed beach evolution is assessed using two different morphodynamic models. After a successful model calibration using in situ data, other sources are applied. The wave source choice is critical: hindcast data provide wrong results due to an angle bias, whilst the correct dynamics are recovered with the wave conditions from an offshore buoy. The use of different sea-level sources gives no significant differences.
Thomas J. Barnes, Thomas V. Schuler, Simon Filhol, and Karianne S. Lilleøren
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 801–818, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-801-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-801-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we use machine learning to automatically outline landforms based on their characteristics. We test several methods to identify the most accurate and then proceed to develop the most accurate to improve its accuracy further. We manage to outline landforms with 65 %–75 % accuracy, at a resolution of 10 m, thanks to high-quality/high-resolution elevation data. We find that it is possible to run this method at a country scale to quickly produce landform inventories for future studies.
Eric Petersen, Regine Hock, and Michael G. Loso
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 727–745, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-727-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-727-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice cliffs are melt hot spots that increase melt rates on debris-covered glaciers which otherwise see a reduction in melt rates. In this study, we show how surface runoff streams contribute to the generation, evolution, and survival of ice cliffs by carving into the glacier and transporting rocky debris. On Kennicott Glacier, Alaska, 33 % of ice cliffs are actively influenced by streams, while nearly half are within 10 m of streams.
Daniel O'Hara, Liran Goren, Roos M. J. van Wees, Benjamin Campforts, Pablo Grosse, Pierre Lahitte, Gabor Kereszturi, and Matthieu Kervyn
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 709–726, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-709-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-709-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how volcanic edifices develop drainage basins remains unexplored in landscape evolution. Using digital evolution models of volcanoes with varying ages, we quantify the geometries of their edifices and associated drainage basins through time. We find that these metrics correlate with edifice age and are thus useful indicators of a volcano’s history. We then develop a generalized model for how volcano basins develop and compare our results to basin evolution in other settings.
Brayden Noh, Omar Wani, Kieran B. J. Dunne, and Michael P. Lamb
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 691–708, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-691-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-691-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we propose a framework for generating risk maps that provide the probabilities of erosion due to river migration. This framework uses concepts from probability theory to learn the river migration model's parameter values from satellite data while taking into account parameter uncertainty. Our analysis shows that such geomorphic risk estimation is more reliable than models that do not explicitly consider various sources of variability and uncertainty.
Steven Y. J. Lai, David Amblas, Aaron Micallef, and Hervé Capart
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 621–640, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-621-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-621-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the creation of submarine canyons and hanging-wall fans on active faults, which can be defined by gravity-dominated breaching and underflow-dominated diffusion processes. The study reveals the self-similarity in canyon–fan long profiles, uncovers Hack’s scaling relationship and proposes a formula to estimate fan volume using canyon length. This is validated by global data from source-to-sink systems, providing insights into deep-water sedimentary processes.
Anuska Narayanan, Sagy Cohen, and John R. Gardner
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 581–599, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-581-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-581-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the profound impact of deforestation in the Amazon on sediment dynamics. Novel remote sensing data and statistical analyses reveal significant changes, especially in heavily deforested regions, with rapid effects within a year. In less disturbed areas, a 1- to 2-year lag occurs, influenced by natural sediment shifts and human activities. These findings highlight the need to understand the consequences of human activity for our planet's future.
Jacob Hardt, Tim P. Dooley, and Michael R. Hudec
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 559–579, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-559-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-559-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the reaction of salt structures on ice sheet transgressions. We used a series of sandbox models that enabled us to experiment with scaled-down versions of salt bodies from northern Germany. The strongest reactions occurred when large salt pillows were partly covered by the ice load. Subsurface salt structures may play an important role in the energy transition, e.g., as energy storage. Thus, it is important to understand all processes that affect their stability.
Prakash Pokhrel, Mikael Attal, Hugh D. Sinclair, Simon M. Mudd, and Mark Naylor
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 515–536, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-515-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-515-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Pebbles become increasingly rounded during downstream transport in rivers due to abrasion. This study quantifies pebble roundness along the length of two Himalayan rivers. We demonstrate that roundness increases with downstream distance and that the rates are dependent on rock type. We apply this to reconstructing travel distances and hence the size of ancient Himalaya. Results show that the ancient river network was larger than the modern one, indicating that there has been river capture.
Jens Martin Turowski, Aaron Bufe, and Stefanie Tofelde
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 493–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-493-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-493-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial valleys are ubiquitous landforms, and understanding their formation and evolution affects a wide range of disciplines from archaeology and geology to fish biology. Here, we develop a model to predict the width of fluvial valleys for a wide range of geographic conditions. In the model, fluvial valley width is controlled by the two competing factors of lateral channel mobility and uplift. The model complies with available data and yields a broad range of quantitative predictions.
Daniel J. Ciarletta, Jennifer L. Miselis, Julie C. Bernier, and Arnell S. Forde
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 449–475, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-449-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-449-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed the evolution of Fire Island, a barrier island in New York, USA, to identify drivers of landscape change. Results reveal Fire Island was once divided into multiple inlet-separated islands with distinct features. Later, inlets closed, and Fire Island’s landscape became more uniform as human activities intensified. The island is now less mobile and less likely to resist and recover from storm impacts and sea level rise. This vulnerability may exist for other stabilized barriers.
Chao Zhou, Xibin Tan, Yiduo Liu, and Feng Shi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 433–448, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The drainage-divide stability provides new insights into both the river network evolution and the tectonic and/or climatic changes. Several methods have been proposed to determine the direction of drainage-divide migration. However, how to quantify the migration rate of drainage divides remains challenging. In this paper, we propose a new method to calculate the migration rate of drainage divides from high-resolution topographic data.
Moritz Altmann, Madlene Pfeiffer, Florian Haas, Jakob Rom, Fabian Fleischer, Tobias Heckmann, Livia Piermattei, Michael Wimmer, Lukas Braun, Manuel Stark, Sarah Betz-Nutz, and Michael Becht
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 399–431, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-399-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-399-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show a long-term erosion monitoring of several sections on Little Ice Age lateral moraines with derived sediment yield from historical and current digital elevation modelling (DEM)-based differences. The first study period shows a clearly higher range of variability of sediment yield within the sites than the later periods. In most cases, a decreasing trend of geomorphic activity was observed.
Paul A. Carling
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 381–397, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-381-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-381-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Edge rounding in Shap granite glacial erratics is an irregular function of distance from the source outcrop in northern England, UK. Block shape is conservative, evolving according to block fracture mechanics – stochastic and silver ratio models – towards either of two attractor states. Progressive reduction in size occurs for blocks transported at the sole of the ice mass where the blocks are subject to compressive and tensile forces of the ice acting against a bedrock or till surface.
Andrew Hollyday, Maureen E. Raymo, Jacqueline Austermann, Fred Richards, Mark Hoggard, and Alessio Rovere
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2099, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2099, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sea level was significantly higher during the Pliocene Epoch, around three million years ago. The present-day elevations of shorelines that formed in the past provide data constraint on the extent of ice sheet melt and the global sea level response under warm Pliocene conditions. In this study, we identify ten escarpments that formed from wavecut erosion during Pliocene times and compare their elevations with model predictions of solid Earth deformation processes to estimate past sea level.
Gary Parker, Chenge An, Michael P. Lamb, Marcelo H. Garcia, Elizabeth H. Dingle, and Jeremy G. Venditti
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 367–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-367-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-367-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
River morphology has traditionally been divided by the size 2 mm. We use dimensionless arguments to show that particles in the 1–5 mm range (i) are the finest range not easily suspended by alluvial flood flows, (ii) are transported preferentially over coarser gravel, and (iii), within limits, are also transported preferentially over sand. We show how fluid viscosity mediates the special status of sediment in this range.
Lindsay Marie Capito, Enrico Pandrin, Walter Bertoldi, Nicola Surian, and Simone Bizzi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 321–345, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-321-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-321-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose that the pattern of erosion and deposition from repeat topographic surveys can be a proxy for path length in gravel-bed rivers. With laboratory and field data, we applied tools from signal processing to quantify this periodicity and used these path length estimates to calculate sediment transport using the morphological method. Our results highlight the potential to expand the use of the morphological method using only remotely sensed data as well as its limitations.
Xuxu Wu, Jonathan Malarkey, Roberto Fernández, Jaco H. Baas, Ellen Pollard, and Daniel R. Parsons
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 231–247, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-231-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-231-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The seabed changes from flat to rippled in response to the frictional influence of waves and currents. This experimental study has shown that the speed of this change, the size of ripples that result and even whether ripples appear also depend on the amount of sticky mud present. This new classification on the basis of initial mud content should lead to improvements in models of seabed change in present environments by engineers and the interpretation of past environments by geologists.
Andrea D'Alpaos, Davide Tognin, Laura Tommasini, Luigi D'Alpaos, Andrea Rinaldo, and Luca Carniello
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 181–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-181-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-181-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sediment erosion induced by wind waves is one of the main drivers of the morphological evolution of shallow tidal environments. However, a reliable description of erosion events for the long-term morphodynamic modelling of tidal systems is still lacking. By statistically characterizing sediment erosion dynamics in the Venice Lagoon over the last 4 centuries, we set up a novel framework for a synthetic, yet reliable, description of erosion events in tidal systems.
Davide Tognin, Andrea D'Alpaos, Luigi D'Alpaos, Andrea Rinaldo, and Luca Carniello
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 201–218, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-201-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-201-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Reliable quantification of sediment transport processes is necessary to understand the fate of shallow tidal environments. Here we present a framework for the description of suspended sediment dynamics to quantify deposition in the long-term modelling of shallow tidal systems. This characterization, together with that of erosion events, allows one to set up synthetic, yet reliable, models for the long-term evolution of tidal landscapes.
Emma L. S. Graf, Hugh D. Sinclair, Mikaël Attal, Boris Gailleton, Basanta Raj Adhikari, and Bishnu Raj Baral
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 135–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-135-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-135-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using satellite images, we show that, unlike other examples of earthquake-affected rivers, the rivers of central Nepal experienced little increase in sedimentation following the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Instead, a catastrophic flood occurred in 2021 that buried towns and agricultural land under up to 10 m of sediment. We show that intense storms remobilised glacial sediment from high elevations causing much a greater impact than flushing of earthquake-induced landslides.
Mohamad Nasr, Adele Johannot, Thomas Geay, Sebastien Zanker, Jules Le Guern, and Alain Recking
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 117–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrophones are used to monitor sediment transport in the river by listening to the acoustic noise generated by particle impacts on the riverbed. However, this acoustic noise is modified by the river flow and can cause misleading information about sediment transport. This article proposes a model that corrects the measured acoustic signal. Testing the model showed that the corrected signal is better correlated with bedload flux in the river.
Byungho Kang, Rusty A. Feagin, Thomas Huff, and Orencio Durán Vinent
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 105–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-105-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-105-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a detailed characterization of the frequency, intensity and duration of flooding events at a site along the Texas coast. Our analysis demonstrates the suitability of relatively simple wave run-up models to estimate the frequency and intensity of coastal flooding. Our results validate and expand a probabilistic model of coastal flooding driven by wave run-up that can then be used in coastal risk management in response to sea level rise.
Shunsuke Oya, Fumitoshi Imaizumi, and Shoki Takayama
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 67–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-67-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-67-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The monitoring of pore water pressure in fully and partly saturated debris flows was performed at Ohya landslide scar, central Japan. The pore water pressure in some partly saturated flows greatly exceeded the hydrostatic pressure. The depth gradient of the pore water pressure in the lower part of the flow was generally higher than the upper part of the flow. We conclude that excess pore water pressure is present in many debris flow surges and is an important mechanism in debris flow behavior.
Gabriele Barile, Marco Redolfi, and Marco Tubino
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 87–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-87-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-87-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
River bifurcations often show the closure of one branch (avulsion), whose causes are still poorly understood. Our model shows that when one branch stops transporting sediments, the other considerably erodes and captures much more flow, resulting in a self-sustaining process. This phenomenon intensifies when increasing the length of the branches, eventually leading to branch closure. This work may help to understand when avulsions occur and thus to design sustainable river restoration projects.
Dieter Rickenmann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 11–34, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-11-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-11-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Field measurements of the bedload flux with a high temporal resolution in a steep mountain stream were used to analyse the transport fluctuations as a function of the flow conditions. The disequilibrium ratio, a proxy for the solid particle concentration in the flow, was found to influence the sediment transport behaviour, and above-average disequilibrium conditions – associated with a larger sediment availability on the streambed – substantially affect subsequent transport conditions.
Byungho Kang, Rusty A. Feagin, Thomas Huff, and Orencio Durán Vinent
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal flooding can cause significant damage to coastal ecosystems, infrastructure, and communities and is expected to increase in frequency with the acceleration of sea level rise. In order to respond to it, it is crucial to measure and model their frequency and intensity. Here, we show deep-learning techniques can be successfully used to automatically detect flooding events from complex coastal imagery, opening the way to real-time monitoring and data acquisition for model development.
Judith Y. Zomer, Bart Vermeulen, and Antonius J. F. Hoitink
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1283–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1283-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1283-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary bedforms that are superimposed on large, primary dunes likely play a large role in fluvial systems. This study demonstrates that they can be omnipresent. Especially during peak flows, they grow large and can have steep slopes, likely affecting flood risk and sediment transport dynamics. Primary dune morphology determines whether they continuously or intermittently migrate. During discharge peaks, the secondary bedforms can become the dominant dune scale.
Matthew C. Morriss, Benjamin Lehmann, Benjamin Campforts, George Brencher, Brianna Rick, Leif S. Anderson, Alexander L. Handwerger, Irina Overeem, and Jeffrey Moore
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1251–1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1251-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we investigate the 28 June 2022 collapse of the Chaos Canyon landslide in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. We find that the landslide was moving prior to its collapse and took place at peak spring snowmelt; temperature modeling indicates the potential presence of permafrost. We hypothesize that this landslide could be part of the broader landscape evolution changes to alpine terrain caused by a warming climate, leading to thawing alpine permafrost.
Christopher Tomsett and Julian Leyland
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1223–1249, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1223-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1223-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation influences how rivers change through time, yet the way in which we analyse vegetation is limited. Current methods collect detailed data at the individual plant level or determine dominant vegetation types across larger areas. Herein, we use UAVs to collect detailed vegetation datasets for a 1 km length of river and link vegetation properties to channel evolution occurring within the study site, providing a new method for investigating the influence of vegetation on river systems.
Rabab Yassine, Ludovic Cassan, Hélène Roux, Olivier Frysou, and François Pérès
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1199–1221, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1199-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1199-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Predicting river morphology evolution is very complicated, especially for mountain rivers with complex morphologies such as the Lac des Gaves reach in France. A 2D hydromorphological model was developed to reproduce the channel's evolution and provide reliable volumetric predictions while revealing the challenge of choosing adapted sediment transport and friction laws. Our model can provide decision-makers with reliable predictions to design suitable restoration measures for this reach.
Daisuke Harada and Shinji Egashira
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1183–1197, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1183-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1183-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper proposes a method for describing large-wood behavior in terms of the convection equation and the storage equation, which are associated with active sediment erosion and deposition. Compared to the existing Lagrangian method, the proposed method can easily simulate the behavior of large wood in the flow field with active sediment transport. The method is applied to the flood disaster in the Akatani River in 2017, and the 2-D flood flow computations are successfully performed.
Hemanti Sharma and Todd A. Ehlers
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1161–1181, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1161-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1161-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonality in precipitation (P) and vegetation (V) influences catchment erosion (E), although which factor plays the dominant role is unclear. In this study, we performed a sensitivity analysis of E to P–V seasonality through numerical modeling. Our results suggest that P variations strongly influence seasonal variations in E, while the effect of seasonal V variations is secondary but significant. This is more pronounced in moderate and least pronounced in extreme environmental settings.
Eduardo Gomez-de la Peña, Giovanni Coco, Colin Whittaker, and Jennifer Montaño
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1145–1160, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1145-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1145-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Predicting how shorelines change over time is a major challenge in coastal research. We here have turned to deep learning (DL), a data-driven modelling approach, to predict the movement of shorelines using observations from a camera system in New Zealand. The DL models here implemented succeeded in capturing the variability and distribution of the observed shoreline data. Overall, these findings indicate that DL has the potential to enhance the accuracy of current shoreline change predictions.
Christoph Rettinger, Mina Tabesh, Ulrich Rüde, Stefan Vollmer, and Roy M. Frings
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1097–1115, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1097-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1097-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Packing models promise efficient and accurate porosity predictions of fluvial sediment deposits. In this study, three packing models were reviewed, calibrated, and validated. Only two of the models were able to handle the continuous and large grain size distributions typically encountered in rivers. We showed that an extension by a cohesion model is necessary and developed guidelines for successful predictions in different rivers.
Alexander A. Ermilov, Gergely Benkő, and Sándor Baranya
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1061–1095, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1061-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1061-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A novel, artificial-intelligence-based riverbed sediment analysis methodology is introduced that uses underwater images to identify the characteristic sediment classes. The main novelties of the procedure are as follows: underwater images are used, the method enables continuous mapping of the riverbed along the measurement vessel’s route contrary to conventional techniques, the method is cost-efficient, and the method works without scaling.
Kelly M. Sanks, John B. Shaw, Samuel M. Zapp, José Silvestre, Ripul Dutt, and Kyle M. Straub
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1035–1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1035-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1035-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
River deltas encompass many depositional environments (like channels and wetlands) that interact to produce coastal environments that change through time. The processes leading to sedimentation in wetlands are often neglected from physical delta models. We show that wetland sedimentation constrains flow to the channels, changes sedimentation rates, and produces channels more akin to field-scale deltas. These results have implications for the management of these vulnerable coastal landscapes.
Katharina Wetterauer and Dirk Scherler
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1013–1033, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1013-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1013-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In glacial landscapes, debris supply rates vary spatially and temporally. Rockwall erosion rates derived from cosmogenic 10Be concentrations in medial moraine debris at five Swiss glaciers around Pigne d'Arolla indicate an increase in erosion from the end of the Little Ice Age towards deglaciation but temporally more stable rates over the last ∼100 years. Rockwall erosion rates are higher where rockwalls are steep and north-facing, suggesting a potential slope and temperature control.
Sam Anderson, Nicole Gasparini, and Joel Johnson
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 995–1011, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-995-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-995-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured rock strength and amount of fracturing in the two different rock types, sandstones and carbonates, in Last Chance Canyon, New Mexico, USA. Where there is more carbonate bedrock, hills and channels steepen in Last Chance Canyon. This is because the carbonate-type bedrock tends to be more thickly bedded, is less fractured, and is stronger. The carbonate bedrock produces larger boulders than the sandstone bedrock, which can protect the more fractured sandstone bedrock from erosion.
Jens M. Turowski, Gunnar Pruß, Anne Voigtländer, Andreas Ludwig, Angela Landgraf, Florian Kober, and Audrey Bonnelye
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 979–994, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-979-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-979-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers can cut into rocks, and their strength modulates the river's erosion rates. Yet, which properties of the rock control its response to erosive action is poorly understood. Here, we describe parallel experiments to measure rock erosion rates under fluvial impact erosion and the rock's geotechnical properties such as fracture strength, elasticity, and density. Erosion rates vary over a factor of a million between different rock types. We use the data to improve current theory.
Koji Ohata, Hajime Naruse, and Norihiro Izumi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 961–977, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-961-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-961-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the influence of sediment transport modes on the formation of bedforms using theoretical analysis. The results of the theoretical analysis were verified with published data of plane beds obtained by fieldwork and laboratory experiments. We found that suspended sand particles can promote the formation of plane beds on a fine-grained bed, which suggests that the presence of suspended particles suppresses the development of dunes under submarine sediment-laden gravity currents.
Matan Ben-Asher, Florence Magnin, Sebastian Westermann, Josué Bock, Emmanuel Malet, Johan Berthet, Ludovic Ravanel, and Philip Deline
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 899–915, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-899-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-899-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Quantitative knowledge of water availability on high mountain rock slopes is very limited. We use a numerical model and field measurements to estimate the water balance at a steep rock wall site. We show that snowmelt is the main source of water at elevations >3600 m and that snowpack hydrology and sublimation are key factors. The new information presented here can be used to improve the understanding of thermal, hydrogeological, and mechanical processes on steep mountain rock slopes.
Jessica Droujko, Srividya Hariharan Sudha, Gabriel Singer, and Peter Molnar
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 881–897, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-881-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-881-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We combined data from satellite images with data measured from a kayak in order to understand the propagation of fine sediment in the Vjosa River. We were able to find some storm-activated and some permanent sources of sediment. We also estimated how much fine sediment is carried into the Adriatic Sea by the Vjosa River: approximately 2.5 Mt per year, which matches previous findings. With our work, we hope to show the potential of open-access satellite images.
Kate C. P. Leary, Leah Tevis, and Mark Schmeeckle
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 835–847, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-835-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-835-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Despite the importance of bedforms (e.g., ripples, dunes) to sediment transport, the details of sediment transport on a sub-bedform scale are poorly understood. This paper investigates sediment transport in the downstream and cross-stream directions over bedforms with straight crests. We find that the patterns of bedload transport are highly variable on the sub-bedform scale, which is important for our understanding of the evolution of bedforms with complex crest geometries.
Paul A. Carling, John D. Jansen, Teng Su, Jane Lund Andersen, and Mads Faurschou Knudsen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 817–833, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-817-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-817-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Many steep glaciated rock walls collapsed when the Ice Age ended. How ice supports a steep rock wall until the ice decays is poorly understood. A collapsed rock wall was surveyed in the field and numerically modelled. Cosmogenic exposure dates show it collapsed and became ice-free ca. 18 ka ago. The model showed that the rock wall failed very slowly because ice was buttressing the slope. Dating other collapsed rock walls can improve understanding of how and when the last Ice Age ended.
Paul A. Jarvis, Clement Narteau, Olivier Rozier, and Nathalie M. Vriend
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 803–815, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-803-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-803-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sand dune migration velocity is inversely proportional to dune size. Consequently, smaller, faster dunes can collide with larger, slower downstream dunes. Such collisions can result in either coalescence or ejection, whereby the dunes exchange mass but remain separate. Our numerical simulations show that the outcome depends probabilistically on the dune size ratio, which we describe through an empirical function. Our numerical predictions compare favourably against experimental observations.
Adrian Ringenbach, Peter Bebi, Perry Bartelt, Andreas Rigling, Marc Christen, Yves Bühler, Andreas Stoffel, and Andrin Caviezel
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 779–801, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-779-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-779-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Swiss researchers carried out repeated rockfall experiments with rocks up to human sizes in a steep mountain forest. This study focuses mainly on the effects of the rock shape and lying deadwood. In forested areas, cubic-shaped rocks showed a longer mean runout distance than platy-shaped rocks. Deadwood especially reduced the runouts of these cubic rocks. The findings enrich standard practices in modern rockfall hazard zoning assessments and strongly urge the incorporation of rock shape effects.
Colin K. Bloom, Corinne Singeisen, Timothy Stahl, Andrew Howell, and Chris Massey
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 757–778, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-757-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-757-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquakes can cause damaging coastal cliff retreat, but we have a limited understanding of how these infrequent events influence multidecadal retreat. This makes hazard planning a challenge. In this study, we use historic aerial images to measure coastal cliff-top retreat at a site in New Zealand. We find that earthquakes account for close to half of multidecadal retreat at this site, and our results have helped us to develop tools for estimating the influence of earthquakes at other sites.
Rishitosh K. Sinha, Dwijesh Ray, Tjalling De Haas, Susan J. Conway, and Axel Noblet
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 713–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-713-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-713-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our detailed investigation of Martian gullies formed in different substrates in 29 craters distributed between 30°–75° S latitude suggests that they can be differentiated from one another in terms of (1) morphology and length of alcoves and (2) mean gradient of the gully fans. The comparison between the Melton ratio, alcove length, and fan gradient of Martian and terrestrial gullies suggests that Martian gullies were likely formed by terrestrial debris-flow-like processes in the past.
Christopher J. Skinner and Thomas J. Coulthard
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 695–711, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-695-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-695-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Landscape evolution models allow us to simulate the way the Earth's surface is shaped and help us to understand relevant processes, in turn helping us to manage landscapes better. The models typically represent the land surface using a grid of square cells of equal size, averaging heights in those squares. This study shows that the size chosen by the modeller for these grid cells is important, with larger sizes making sediment output events larger but less frequent.
Cited articles
Acrement, G. J. and Schneider, V. R.: Guide for Selecting Manning's Roughness Coefficients for Natural Channels and Flood Plains, United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper, 2339, 1–38, 1984.
An, C., Fu, X., Wang, G., and Parker, G.: Effect of grain sorting on gravel bed river evolution subject to cycled hydrographs: Bed load sheets and breakdown of the hydrograph boundary layer, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 122, 1513–1533 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003994, 2017a.
An, C., Cui, Y., Fu, X., and Parker, G.: Gravel-bed river evolution in earthquake-prone regions subject to cycled hydrographs and repeated sediment pulses, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 42, 2426–2438, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4195, 2017b.
Bagnold, R. A.: An Approach to the Sediment Transport Problem from General Physics, Geological Survey Professional Paper 422-I, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1966.
Bagnold, R. A.: An empirical correlation of bedload transport rates in flumes and natural rivers, P. Roy. Soc Lond. A Mat., 372, 453–473, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1980.0122, 1980.
Barry, J. I., Buffington, J. M., and King J. G.: A general power equation for predicting bed load transport rates in gravel bed rivers, Water Resour. Res., 40, W10401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003190, 2004.
Benito, G., Thorndycraft, V. R., Rico, M. T., Sánchez-Moya, Y., Sopeña, A., Botero, B. A., Machado, M. J., Davis, M., and Pérez-González, A.: Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium, Quaternary Res., 75, 471–482, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2011.01.004, 2011.
Billi, P.: Flash flood sediment transport in a steep sand-bed ephemeral stream, Int. J. Sediment Res., 26, 193–209, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-6279(11)60086-3, 2011.
Bunte, K. and Abt, S. R.: Sampling surface and subsurface particle-size distributions in wadable gravel- and cobble-bed streams for analyses in sediment transport, hydraulics, and streambed monitoring, Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-74, Fort Collins, CO, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 1–428, 2001.
Calle, M., Lotsari, E., Kukko, A., Alho, P., Kaartinen, H., Rodriguez-Lloveras, X., and Benito, G.: Morphodynamics of an ephemeral gravel-bed stream combining mobile laser scanner, hydraulic simulations and geomorphological indicators, Z. Geomorphol. Supp., 59, 33–57, https://doi.org/10.1127/zfg_suppl/2015/S-59196, 2015.
Cao, Z., Hu, P., and Pender, G.: Reconciled bedload sediment transport rates in ephemeral and perennial rivers, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 35, 1655–1665, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.2005, 2010.
Casas, A., Lane, S. N., Yu, D., and Benito, G.: A method for parameterising roughness and topographic sub-grid scale effects in hydraulic modelling from LiDAR data, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, 1567–1579, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1567-2010, 2010a.
Casas, M. A, Lane, S. N., Hardy, R. J., Benito, G., and Whiting, P. J.: Reconstruction of subgrid-scale topographic variability and its effect upon the spatial structure of three-dimensional river flow, Water Resour. Res., 46, W03519, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR007756, 2010b.
Chow, V. T.: Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, USA, 1959.
Croke, J., Fryirs, K., and Thompson, C.: Channel–floodplain connectivity during an extreme flood event: implications for sediment erosion, deposition, and delivery, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 38, 1444–1456, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3430, 2013
Deltares: Delft3D-FLOW, Simulation of Multi-dimensional Hydrodynamic Flows and Transport Phenomena, Including Sediments, User Manual: Hydro-Morphodynamics, Delft, the Netherlands, 2011.
Dietrich, W. E. and Smith, J. D.: Influence of the point bar on flow through curved channels, Water Resour. Res., 19, 1173–1192, 1983.
Engelund, F. and Hansen, E.: A Monograph on Sediment Transport in Alluvial Streams, Technical University of Denmark, Teknisk Forlag, Copenhagen, 1967.
Euler, T., Herget, J., Schlömer, O., and Benito, G.: Hydromorphological processes at submerged solitary boulder obstacles in streams, Catena, 157, 250–267, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2017.05.028, 2017.
Ferguson, R. I.: Understanding braiding processes in gravel-bed rivers: progress and unsolved problems, in: Braided Rivers, Geological Society Special Publication No. 75, edited by: Best, J. L. and Bristow, CS, 73–87, 1993.
Gendaszek, A. S., Magirl, C. S., Czuba, C. R., and Konrad, C. P.: The timing of scour and fill in a gravel-bedded river measured with buried accelerometers, J. Hydrol., 495, 186–196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.05.012, 2013.
Graf, W. L.: Transport and deposition of plutonium-contaminated sediments by fluvial processes, Los Alamos Canyon, New Mexico, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 108, 1342–1355, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1342:TADOPC>2.3.CO;2, 1996.
Greenbaum, N. and Bergman, N.: Formation and evacuation of a large gravel-bar deposited during a major flood in a Mediterranean ephemeral stream, Nahal Me'arot, NW Israel, Geomorphology, 77, 169–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.01.016, 2006.
Grodek, T., Jacoby, Y., Morin, E., and Katz, O.: Effectiveness of exceptional rainstorms on a small Mediterranean basin, Geomorphology, 159/160, 156–168, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.03.016, 2012
Hassan, M. A., Marren, P. M., and Schwartz, U.: Bar structure in an arid ephemeral stream, Sediment. Geol., 221, 57–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.07.012, 2009.
Hauer, C. and Habersack, H.: Morphodynamics of a 1000-year flood in the Kamp River, Austria, and impacts on floodplain morphology, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 34, 654–682, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1763, 2009.
Hjulström, F.: Studies of the Morphological Activity of Rivers as Illustrated by the River Fyris – Inaugural Dissertation, Almqvist & Wiksells, 1935.
Hooke, J.: Morphological impacts of flow events of varying magnitude on ephemeral channels in a semiarid region, Geomorphology, 252, 128–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.07.014, 2016a.
Hooke, J.: Geomorphological impacts of an extreme flood in SE Spain, Geomorphology, 263, 19–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.03.021, 2016b.
Hooke, J. M. and Mant, J. M.: Geomorphological impacts of a flood event on ephemeral channels in SE Spain, Geomorphology, 34, 163–180, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00005-2, 2000.
Hooke, J. M., Brookes, C. J., Duane, W., and Mant, J. M.: A simulation model of morphological, vegetation and sediment changes in ephemeral streams, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 30, 845–866, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1195, 2005.
Ikeda, S.: Incipient Motion of Sand Particles on Side Slopes, J. Hydr. Eng. Div.-ASCE, 108, 95–114, 1982.
Kaitna, R., Chiari, M., Kerschbaumer, M., Kapeller, H., Zlatic-Jugovic, J., Hengl, M., and Huebl, J.: Physical and numerical modelling of a bedload deposition area for an Alpine torrent, Nat. Hazard. Earth Sys., 11, 1589–1597, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1589-2011, 2011.
Kasvi, E., Alho, P., Lotsari, E., Wang, Y., Kukko, A., Hyyppä, H., and Hyyppä, J.: Two-dimensional and three-dimensional computational models in hydrodynamic and morphodynamic reconstructions of a river bend: sensitivity and functionality, Hydrol. Process., 29, 1604–1629, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10277, 2014.
Kasvi, E., Vaaja, M., Kaartinen, H., Kukko, A., Jaakkola, A., Flener, C., Hyyppä, H., Hyyppä, J., and Alho, P.: Sub-bend scale flow–sediment interaction of meander bends – A combined approach of field observations, close-range remote sensing and computational modelling, Geomorphology, 238, 119–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.01.039, 2015.
Kukko, A., Kaartinen, H., and Zanetti, M.: Backpack Personal Laser Scanning System for Grain-Scale Topographic Mapping, 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, The Woodlands, TX, USA, 2015.
Li, Z., Cao, Z., Liu, H., and Pender, G.: Graded and uniform bed load sediment transport in a degrading channel, Int. J. Sediment Res., 31, 376–385, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2016.01.004, 2016.
Limerinos, J. T.: Determination of the Manning coefficient from measured bed roughness in natural channels, Geological survey water-supply paper, 1898-B, US Department of the Interior, prepared in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1970.
Lisle, T. E. and Madej, M. A.: Spatial variation in armouring in a channel with high sediment supply, in: Dynamics of Gravel-bed Rivers, edited by: Billi, P., Hey, R. D., Thorne, C. R., and Tacconi, P., John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, 277–293, 1992.
Long, A. J.: Hydrograph separation for karst watersheds using a two-domain rainfall–discharge model, J. Hydrol., 364, 249–256, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.11.001, 2009
Lotsari, E., Wainwright, D., Corner, G. D., Alho, P., and Käyhkö, J.: Surveyed and modelled one-year morphodynamics in the braided lower Tana River, Hydrol. Process., 28, 2685–2716, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9750, 2014a.
Lotsari, E., Vaaja, M., Flener, C., Kaartinen, H., Kukko, A., Kasvi, E., Hyyppä, H., Hyyppä, J., and Alho, P.: Annual bank and point bar morphodynamics of a meandering river determined by high-accuracy multitemporal laser scanning and flow data, Water Resour. Res., 50, 5532–5559, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR014106, 2014b.
Lotsari, E., Thorndycraft, V., and Alho, P.: Prospects and challenges of simulating river channel response to future climate change, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 39, 483–513, https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133315578944, 2015.
Lloyd, C. E. M., Freer, J. E., Johnes, P. J., and Collins, A. L.: Using hysteresis analysis of high-resolution water quality monitoring data, including uncertainty, to infer controls on nutrient and sediment transfer in catchments, Sci. Total Environ., 543, 388–404, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.028, 2016
Lucía, A., Recking, A., Martín-Duque, J. F., Storz-Peretz, Y., and Laronne, J. B.: Continuous monitoring of bedload discharge in a small, steep sandy channel, J. Hydrol., 497, 37–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.05.034, 2013.
Meyer-Peter, E. and Müller, R.: Formula for bed load transport, Proceedings of the 2nd Meeting, Int. Assoc. Hydraulic Structures Res. (IAHR), Stockholm, Sweden, 39–64, 1948.
Milan, D. J., Heritage, G. L., and Hetherington, D.: Application of a 3D laser scanner in the assessment of erosion and deposition volumes and channel change in a proglacial river, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 32, 1657–1674, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1592, 2007.
Müller, E. R. and Pitlick, J.: Sediment supply and channel morphology in mountain river systems: 1. Relative importance of lithology, topography, and climate, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 2325–2342, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002843, 2013.
Nardi, L. and Rinaldi, M.: Spatio-temporal patterns of channel changes in response to a major flood event: the case of the Magra River (central–northern Italy), Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 40, 326–339, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3636, 2015.
Parker, G.: Surface-based bedload transport relation for gravel rivers, J. Hydraul. Res., 28, 417–436, https://doi.org/10.1080/00221689009499058, 1990.
Pelletier, J. D., Mayer, L., Pearthree, P. A., House, P. K., Demsey, K. A., Klawon, J. E., and Vincent, K. R.: An integrated approach to flood hazard assessment on alluvial fans using numerical modeling, field mapping, and remote sensing, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 117, 1167–1180, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25544.1, 2005.
Petersen, M. S.: Impacts of Flash Floods, in: Coping With Flash Floods, edited by: Gruntfest, E. and Handmer, J., NATO Science Series (Series 2. Environmental Security), vol. 77, Springer, Dordrecht, 2001.
Pitlick, J.: Response and recovery of a subalpine stream following a catastrophic flood, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 105, 657–670, 1993.
Reid, I., Frostick, L. E., and Layman, J. T.: The incidence and nature of bedload transport during flood flows in coarse-grained alluvial channels, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 10, 33–44, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290100107, 1985.
Reid, I., Powell, D. M., and Laronne, J. B.: Prediction of bed-load transport by desert flash floods, J. Hydraul. Eng., 122, 170–173, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:3(170), 1996.
Rodriguez-Lloveras, X., Bussi, G., Francés, F., Rodriguez-Caballero, E., Solé-Benet, A., Calle, M., and Benito, G.: Patterns of runoff and sediment production in response to land-use changes in an ungauged Mediterranean catchment, J. Hydrol., 531, 1054–1066, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.11.014, 2015.
Sanyal, J.: Predicting possible effects of dams on downstream river bed changes of a Himalayan river with morphodynamic modelling, Quatern. Int., 453, 48–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2017.03.063, 2017.
Schuurman, F., Marra, W. A., and Kleinhans, M. G.: Physics-based modeling of large braided sand-bed rivers: bar pattern formation, dynamics and sensitivity, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 2509–2527, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013jf002896, 2013.
Segura-Beltrán, F. and Sanchis-Ibor, C.: Assessment of channel changes in a Mediterranean ephemeral stream since the early twentieth century, The Rambla de Cervera, eastern Spain, Geomorphology, 201, 199–214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.06.021, 2013.
Singh, U., Crosato, A., Giri, S., and Hicks, M.: Sediment heterogeneity and mobility in the morphodynamic modelling of gravel-bed braided rivers, Adv. Water Resour., 104, 127–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.02.005, 2017.
Thompson, C. and Croke, J.: Geomorphic effects, flood power, and channel competence of a catastrophic flood in confined and unconfined reaches of the upper Lockyer valley, southeast Queensland, Australia, Geomorphology, 197, 156–169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.05.006, 2013.
Tooth, S.: Process, form and change in dryland rivers: a review of recent research, Earth-Sci. Rev., 51, 67–107, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00014-3, 2000.
Vaaja, M., Hyyppä, J., Kukko, A., Kaartinen, H., Hyyppä, H., and Alho, P.: Mapping Topography Changes and Elevation Accuracies Using a Mobile Laser Scanner, Remote Sens., 3, 587–600, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs3030587, 2011.
van Rijn, L. C.: Principles of Sediment Transport in Rivers, Estuaries and Coastal Seas, 1993 Edn., Aqua Publications, the Netherlands, 1993.
Verhaar, P. M., Biron, P. M., Ferguson, R. I., and Hoey, T. B.: A modified morphodynamic model for investigating the response of rivers to short-term climate change, Geomorphology, 101, 674–682, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.03.010, 2008.
Viparelli, E., Gaeuman, D., Wilcock, P., and Parker, G.: A model to predict the evolution of a gravel bed river under an imposed cyclic hydrograph and its application to the Trinity River, Water Resour. Res., 47, W02533, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009164, 2011.
Walling, D. E.: Suspended sediment and solute yields from a small catchment prior to urbanisation, in: Fluvial Processes in Instrumented Watersheds, edited by: Gregory, K. J. and Walling, D. E., Special Publication 6, Institute of British Geographers, 169–192, 1974.
Wang, Y., Liang, X., Flener, C., Kukko, A., Kaartinen, H., Kurkela, M., Vaaja, M., Hyyppä, H., and Alho, P.: 3D Modeling of Coarse Fluvial Sediments Based on Mobile Laser Scanning Data, Remote Sens., 5, 4571–4592, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5094571, 2013.
Wheaton, J., Brasington, J., Darby, S. E., Kasprak, A., Sear, D., and Vericat, D.: Morphodynamic signatures of braiding mechanisms as expressed through change in sediment storage in a gravel-bed river, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 759–779, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrf.20060, 2013.
Williams, R. D., Brasington, J., Hicks, M., Measures, R., Rennie, C. D., and Vericat, D.: Hydraulic validation of two-dimensional simulations of braided river flow with spatially continuous ADCP data, Water Resour. Res., 49, 5183–5205, https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20391, 2013.
Williams, R. D., Rennie, C. D., Brasington, J., Hicks, D. M., and Vericat, D.: Linking the spatial distribution of bed load transport to morphological change during high-flow events in a shallow braided river, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 120, 604–622, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JF003346, 2015.
Williams, R. D., Brasington, J., and Hicks D. M.: Numerical Modelling of Braided River Morphodynamics: Review and Future Challenges, Geography Compass, 10, 102–127, https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12260, 2016a.
Williams, R. D., Measures, R., Hicks, D. M., and Brasington J.: Assessment of a numerical model to reproduce event-scale erosion and deposition distributions in a braided river, Water Resour. Res., 52, 6621–6642, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018491, 2016b.
Wolman, M. G.: A method of sampling coarse river-bed material, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 35, 951–956, 1954.
Short summary
This paper analyses the timing of topographical changes of a gravel bed ephemeral river channel during consecutive and moderate- and low-magnitude floods by applying a morphodynamic model calibrated with pre- and post-event surveys using RTK-GPS and mobile laser scanning. The channel acted as a braided river during lower flows but as a meandering river during higher flows. The channel changes can be greater during the long-lasting receding phase than during the rising phase of the floods.
This paper analyses the timing of topographical changes of a gravel bed ephemeral river channel...
