Articles | Volume 11, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-681-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-681-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
27 Jul 2023
Research article |
| 27 Jul 2023
| 27 Jul 2023
Development of a machine learning model for river bed load
Hossein Hosseiny
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
Jedidiah E. Dale
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
Colin B. Phillips
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State
University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
Haley A. Canham, Belize Lane, Colin B. Phillips, and Brendan P. Murphy
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 29, 27–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-27-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-29-27-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of watershed disturbances has proved challenging to disentangle from natural streamflow variability. This study evaluates the influence of time-varying hydrologic controls on rainfall–runoff in undisturbed and wildfire-disturbed watersheds using a novel time-series event separation method. Across watersheds, water year type and season influenced rainfall–runoff patterns. Accounting for these controls enabled clearer isolation of wildfire effects.
Claire C. Masteller, Joel P. L. Johnson, Dieter Rickenmann, and Jens M. Turowski
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3250, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3250, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a novel model that predicts the how gravel riverbeds may evolve in response to differences in the frequency and severity of flood events. We test our model using a 23-year long record of river flow and gravel transport from the Swiss Prealps. We find that our model reliably captures yearly patterns in gravel transport in this setting. Our new model is a major advance towards better predictions of river erosion that account for the flood history of a gravel bed river.
Marnie B. Bryant, Adrian A. Borsa, Claire C. Masteller, Roger J. Michaelides, Matthew R. Siegfried, Adam P. Young, and Eric J. Anderson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1656, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1656, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We measure shoreline change across a 7-km stretch of coastline on the Alaskan Beaufort Sea Coast between 2019–2022 using multispectral imagery from Planet and satellite altimetry from ICESat-2. We find that shoreline change rates are high and variable, and that different shoreline types show distinct patterns of change in shoreline position and topography. We discuss how the observed changes may be driven by both time-varying ocean and air conditions and spatial variations in morphology.
Related subject area
Physical: Geomorphology (including all aspects of fluvial, coastal, aeolian, hillslope and glacial geomorphology)
Automatic detection of floating instream large wood in videos using deep learning
Investigating uncertainty and parameter sensitivity in bedform analysis by using a Monte Carlo approach
Geomorphic imprint of high-mountain floods: insights from the 2022 hydrological extreme across the upper Indus River catchment in the northwestern Himalayas
A numerical model for duricrust formation by water table fluctuations
Width evolution of channel belts as a random walk
Evidence of slow millennial cliff retreat rates using cosmogenic nuclides in coastal colluvium
Equilibrium distance from long-range dune interactions
Examination of analytical shear stress predictions for coastal dune evolution
Post-fire evolution of ravel transport regimes in the Diablo Range, CA
Landscape response to tectonic deformation and cyclic climate change since ca. 800 ka in the southern central Andes
The Aare main overdeepening on the northern margin of the European Alps: basins, riegels, and slot canyons
A simple model for faceted topographies at normal faults based on an extended stream-power law
Testing floc settling velocity models in rivers and freshwater wetlands
River suspended-sand flux computation with uncertainty estimation using water samples and high-resolution ADCP measurements
Barchan swarm dynamics from a Two-Flank Agent-Based Model
A landslide runout model for sediment transport, landscape evolution, and hazard assessment applications
Tracking slow-moving landslides with PlanetScope data: new perspectives on the satellite's perspective
Topographic metrics for unveiling fault segmentation and tectono-geomorphic evolution with insights into the impact of inherited topography, Ulsan Fault Zone, South Korea
Acceleration of coastal-retreat rates for high-Arctic rock cliffs on Brøggerhalvøya, Svalbard, over the past decade
The impact of bedrock meander cutoffs on 50 kyr scale incision rates, San Juan River, Utah
How water, temperature, and seismicity control the preconditioning of massive rock slope failure (Hochvogel)
Large structure simulation for landscape evolution models
Surficial sediment remobilization by shear between sediment and water above tsunamigenic megathrust ruptures: experimental study
Terrace formation linked to outburst floods at the Diexi palaeo-landslide dam, upper Minjiang River, eastern Tibetan Plateau
Pliocene shorelines and the epeirogenic motion of continental margins: a target dataset for dynamic topography models
Decadal-scale decay of landslide-derived fluvial suspended sediment after Typhoon Morakot
Role of the forcing sources in morphodynamic modelling of an embayed beach
A machine learning approach to the geomorphometric detection of ribbed moraines in Norway
Stream hydrology controls on ice cliff evolution and survival on debris-covered glaciers
Time-varying drainage basin development and erosion on volcanic edifices
Geomorphic risk maps for river migration using probabilistic modeling – a framework
Evolution of submarine canyons and hanging-wall fans: insights from geomorphic experiments and morphodynamic models
Riverine sediment response to deforestation in the Amazon basin
Physical modeling of ice-sheet-induced salt movements using the example of northern Germany
Geometric constraints on tributary fluvial network junction angles
An evaluation of flow-routing algorithms for calculating contributing area on regular grids
Downstream rounding rate of pebbles in the Himalaya
Haloturbation in the northern Atacama Desert revealed by a hidden subsurface network of calcium sulphate wedges
A physics-based model for fluvial valley width
Sub-surface processes and heat fluxes at coarse-blocky Murtèl rock glacier (Engadine, eastern Swiss Alps)
Implications for the resilience of modern coastal systems derived from mesoscale barrier dynamics at Fire Island, New York
The Glacial Paleolandscapes of Southern Africa: the Legacy of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age
Quantifying the migration rate of drainage divides from high-resolution topographic data
Long-term monitoring (1953–2019) of geomorphologically active sections of Little Ice Age lateral moraines in the context of changing meteorological conditions
Coevolving edge rounding and shape of glacial erratics: the case of Shap granite, UK
Dimensionless argument: a narrow grain size range near 2 mm plays a special role in river sediment transport and morphodynamics
Path length and sediment transport estimation from DEMs of difference: a signal processing approach
Influence of cohesive clay on wave–current ripple dynamics captured in a 3D phase diagram
Statistical characterization of erosion and sediment transport mechanics in shallow tidal environments – Part 1: Erosion dynamics
Statistical characterization of erosion and sediment transport mechanics in shallow tidal environments – Part 2: Suspended sediment dynamics
Janbert Aarnink, Tom Beucler, Marceline Vuaridel, and Virginia Ruiz-Villanueva
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 167–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-167-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-167-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a novel convolutional-neural-network approach for detecting instream large wood in rivers, addressing the need for flexible monitoring methods across diverse data sources. Using a database of 15 228 fully labelled images, the model achieved a weighted mean average precision of 67 %. Fine-tuning parameters and sampling techniques can improve performance by over 10 % in some cases, offering valuable insights into ecosystem management.
Julius Reich and Axel Winterscheid
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 191–217, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-191-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-191-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Analyzing the geometry and the dynamics of riverine bedforms (so-called dune tracking) is important for various fields of application and contributes to sound and efficient river and sediment management. We developed a workflow that enables a robust estimation of bedform characteristics and with which comprehensive sensitivity analyses can be carried out. Using a field dataset, we show that the setting of input parameters in bedform analyses can have a significant impact on the results.
Abhishek Kashyap, Kristen L. Cook, and Mukunda Dev Behera
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 147–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-147-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-147-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Short-lived, high-magnitude flood events across high mountain regions leave substantial geomorphic imprints, which are frequently triggered by excess precipitation, glacial lake outbursts, and natural dam breaches. These catastrophic floods highlight the importance of understanding the complex interaction between climatic, hydrological, and geological forces in bedrock catchments. Extreme floods can have long-term geomorphic consequences on river morphology and fluvial processes.
Caroline Fenske, Jean Braun, François Guillocheau, and Cécile Robin
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 119–146, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-119-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-119-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a new numerical model to represent the formation of duricrusts, which are hard mineral layers found in soils and at the surface of the Earth. We assume that the formation mechanism implies variations in the height of the water table and that the hardening rate is proportional to precipitation. The model allows us to quantify the potential feedbacks they generate on the surface topography and the thickness of the regolith/soil layer.
Jens M. Turowski, Fergus McNab, Aaron Bufe, and Stefanie Tofelde
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 97–117, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-97-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-97-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Channel belts comprise the area affected by a river due to lateral migration and floods. As a landform, they affect water resources and flood hazard, and they often host unique ecological communities. We develop a model describing the evolution of channel-belt area over time. The model connects the behaviour of the river to the evolution of the channel belt over a timescale of centuries. A comparison to selected data from experiments and real river systems verifies the random walk approach.
Rémi Bossis, Vincent Regard, Sébastien Carretier, and Sandrine Choy
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 71–79, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-71-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-71-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The erosion of rocky coasts occurs episodically through wave action and landslides, constituting a major natural hazard. Documenting the factors that control the coastal retreat rate over millennia is fundamental to evidencing any change in time. However, the known rates to date are essentially representative of the last few decades. Here, we present a new method using the concentration of an isotope, 10Be, in sediment eroded from the cliff to quantify its retreat rate averaged over millennia.
Jean Vérité, Clément Narteau, Olivier Rozier, Jeanne Alkalla, Laurie Barrier, and Sylvain Courrech du Pont
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 23–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-23-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-23-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Using a numerical model in 2D, we study how two identical dunes interact with each other when exposed to reversing winds. Depending on the distance between the dunes, they either repel or attract each other until they reach an equilibrium distance, which is controlled by the wind strength, wind reversal frequency, and dune size. This process is controlled by the modification of wind flow over dunes of various shapes, influencing the sediment transport downstream.
Orie Cecil, Nicholas Cohn, Matthew Farthing, Sourav Dutta, and Andrew Trautz
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-1-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-1-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Using computational fluid dynamics, we analyze the error trends of an analytical shear stress distribution model used to drive aeolian transport for coastal dunes, which are an important line of defense against storm-related flooding hazards. We find that compared to numerical simulations, the analytical model results in a net overprediction of the landward migration rate. Additionally, two data-driven approaches are proposed for reducing the error while maintaining computational efficiency.
Hayden L. Jacobson, Danica L. Roth, Gabriel Walton, Margaret Zimmer, and Kerri Johnson
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1415–1446, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1415-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1415-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Loose grains travel farther after a fire because no vegetation is left to stop them. This matters since loose grains at the base of a slope can turn into a debris flow if it rains. To find if grass growing back after a fire had different impacts on grains of different sizes on slopes of different steepness, we dropped thousands of natural grains and measured how far they went. Large grains went farther 7 months after the fire than 11 months after, and small grain movement didn’t change much.
Elizabeth N. Orr, Taylor F. Schildgen, Stefanie Tofelde, Hella Wittmann, and Ricardo N. Alonso
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1391–1413, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1391-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1391-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial terraces and alluvial fans in the Toro Basin, NW Argentina, record river evolution and global climate cycles over time. Landform dating reveals lower-frequency climate cycles (100 kyr) preserved downstream and higher-frequency cycles (21/40 kyr) upstream, supporting theoretical predications that longer rivers filter out higher-frequency climate signals. This finding improves our understanding of the spatial distribution of sedimentary paleoclimate records within landscapes.
Fritz Schlunegger, Edi Kissling, Dimitri Tibo Bandou, Guilhem Amin Douillet, David Mair, Urs Marti, Regina Reber, Patrick Schläfli, and Michael Alfred Schwenk
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1371–1389, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1371-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1371-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Overdeepenings are bedrock depressions filled with sediment. We combine the results of a gravity survey with drilling data to explore the morphology of such a depression beneath the city of Bern. We find that the target overdeepening comprises two basins >200 m deep. They are separated by a bedrock riegel that itself is cut by narrow canyons up to 150 m deep. We postulate that these structures formed underneath a glacier, where erosion by subglacial meltwater caused the formation of the canyons.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1315–1327, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1315-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1315-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Faceted topographies are impressive footprints of active tectonics in geomorphology. This paper investigates the evolution of faceted topographies at normal faults and their interaction with a river network theoretically and numerically. As a main result beyond several relations for the geometry of facets, the horizontal displacement associated with normal faults is crucial for the dissection of initially polygonal facets into triangular facets bounded by almost parallel rivers.
Justin A. Nghiem, Gen K. Li, Joshua P. Harringmeyer, Gerard Salter, Cédric G. Fichot, Luca Cortese, and Michael P. Lamb
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1267–1294, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1267-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1267-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fine sediment grains in freshwater can cohere into faster-settling particles called flocs, but floc settling velocity theory has not been fully validated. Combining three data sources in novel ways in the Wax Lake Delta, we verified a semi-empirical model relying on turbulence and geochemical factors. For a physics-based model, we showed that the representative grain diameter within flocs relies on floc structure and that heterogeneous flow paths inside flocs increase floc settling velocity.
Jessica Marggraf, Guillaume Dramais, Jérôme Le Coz, Blaise Calmel, Benoît Camenen, David J. Topping, William Santini, Gilles Pierrefeu, and François Lauters
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1243–1266, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1243-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1243-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Suspended-sand fluxes in rivers vary with time and space, complicating their measurement. The proposed method captures the vertical and lateral variations of suspended-sand concentration throughout a river cross-section. It merges water samples taken at various positions throughout the cross-section with high-resolution acoustic velocity measurements. This is the first method that includes a fully applicable uncertainty estimation; it can easily be applied to any other study sites.
Dominic T. Robson and Andreas C. W. Baas
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1205–1226, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1205-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1205-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Barchans are fast-moving sand dunes which form large populations (swarms) on Earth and Mars. We show that a small range of model parameters produces swarms in which dune size does not vary downwind – something that is observed in nature but not when using earlier models. We also show how the shape of dunes and the spatial patterns they form are affected by wind direction. This work furthers our understanding of the interplay between environmental drivers, dune interactions, and swarm properties.
Jeffrey Keck, Erkan Istanbulluoglu, Benjamin Campforts, Gregory Tucker, and Alexander Horner-Devine
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1165–1191, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
MassWastingRunout (MWR) is a new landslide runout model designed for sediment transport, landscape evolution, and hazard assessment applications. MWR is written in Python and includes a calibration utility that automatically determines best-fit parameters for a site and empirical probability density functions of each parameter for probabilistic model implementation. MWR and Jupyter Notebook tutorials are available as part of the Landlab package at https://github.com/landlab/landlab.
Ariane Mueting and Bodo Bookhagen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1121–1143, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the use of optical PlanetScope data for offset tracking of the Earth's surface movement. We found that co-registration accuracy is locally degraded when outdated elevation models are used for orthorectification. To mitigate this bias, we propose to only correlate scenes acquired from common perspectives or base orthorectification on more up-to-date elevation models generated from PlanetScope data alone. This enables a more detailed analysis of landslide dynamics.
Cho-Hee Lee, Yeong Bae Seong, John Weber, Sangmin Ha, Dong-Eun Kim, and Byung Yong Yu
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1091–1120, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1091-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1091-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Topographic metrics were used to understand changes due to tectonic activity. We evaluated the relative tectonic activity along the Ulsan Fault Zone (UFZ), one of the most active fault zones in South Korea. We divided the UFZ into five segments, based on the spatial variation in activity. We modeled the landscape evolution of the study area and interpreted tectono-geomorphic history during which the northern part of the UFZ experienced asymmetric uplift, while the southern part did not.
Juditha Aga, Livia Piermattei, Luc Girod, Kristoffer Aalstad, Trond Eiken, Andreas Kääb, and Sebastian Westermann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1049–1070, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1049-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1049-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal rock cliffs on Svalbard are considered to be fairly stable; however, long-term trends in coastal-retreat rates remain unknown. This study examines changes in the coastline position along Brøggerhalvøya, Svalbard, using aerial images from 1970, 1990, 2010, and 2021. Our analysis shows that coastal-retreat rates accelerate during the period 2010–2021, which coincides with increasing storminess and retreating sea ice.
Aaron T. Steelquist, Gustav B. Seixas, Mary L. Gillam, Sourav Saha, Seulgi Moon, and George E. Hilley
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1071–1089, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1071-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1071-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The rates at which rivers erode their bed can be used to interpret the geologic history of a region. However, these rates depend significantly on the time window over which you measure. We use multiple dating methods to determine an incision rate for the San Juan River and compare it to regional rates with longer timescales. We demonstrate how specific geologic events, such as cutoffs of bedrock meander bends, are likely to preserve material we can date but also bias the rates we measure.
Johannes Leinauer, Michael Dietze, Sibylle Knapp, Riccardo Scandroglio, Maximilian Jokel, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1027–1048, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1027-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1027-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Massive rock slope failures are a significant alpine hazard and change the Earth's surface. Therefore, we must understand what controls the preparation of such events. By correlating 4 years of slope displacements with meteorological and seismic data, we found that water from rain and snowmelt is the most important driver. Our approach is applicable to similar sites and indicates where future climatic changes, e.g. in rain intensity and frequency, may alter the preparation of slope failure.
Julien Coatléven and Benoit Chauveau
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 995–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-995-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-995-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this paper is to explain how to incorporate classical water flow routines into landscape evolution models while keeping numerical errors under control. The key idea is to adapt filtering strategies to eliminate anomalous numerical errors and mesh dependencies, as confirmed by convergence tests with analytic solutions. The emergence of complex geomorphic structures is now driven exclusively by nonlinear heterogeneous physical processes rather than by random numerical artifacts.
Chloé Seibert, Cecilia McHugh, Chris Paola, Leonardo Seeber, and James Tucker
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2011, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new mechanism of widespread surficial co-seismic sediment entrainment by seismic motions in subduction earthquakes. Our physical experiments show that shear from sediment-water relative velocities from long-period earthquake motions can mobilize synthetic fine marine sediment. High frequency vertical shaking can enhance this mobilization. According to our results, the largest tsunamigenic earthquakes that rupture to the trench may be distinguishable in the sedimentary record.
Jingjuan Li, John D. Jansen, Xuanmei Fan, Zhiyong Ding, Shugang Kang, and Marco Lovati
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 953–971, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-953-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-953-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigated the geomorphology, sedimentology, and chronology of Tuanjie (seven terraces) and Taiping (three terraces) terraces in Diexi, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Results highlight that two damming and three outburst events occurred in the area during the late Pleistocene, and the outburst floods have been a major factor in the formation of tectonically active mountainous river terraces. Tectonic activity and climatic changes play a minor role.
Andrew Hollyday, Maureen E. Raymo, Jacqueline Austermann, Fred Richards, Mark Hoggard, and Alessio Rovere
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 883–905, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sea level was significantly higher during the Pliocene epoch, around 3 million years ago. The present-day elevations of shorelines that formed in the past provide a data constraint on the extent of ice sheet melt and the global sea level response under warm Pliocene conditions. In this study, we identify 10 escarpments that formed from wave-cut erosion during Pliocene times and compare their elevations with model predictions of solid Earth deformation processes to estimate past sea level.
Gregory A. Ruetenik, Ken L. Ferrier, and Odin Marc
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 863–881, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-863-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-863-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial sediment fluxes increased dramatically in Taiwan during Typhoon Morakot in 2009, which produced some of the heaviest landsliding on record. We analyzed fluvial discharge and suspended sediment concentration data at 87 gauging stations across Taiwan to quantify fluvial sediment responses since Morakot. In basins heavily impacted by landsliding, rating curve coefficients sharply increased during Morakot and then declined exponentially with a characteristic decay time of <10 years.
Nil Carrion-Bertran, Albert Falqués, Francesca Ribas, Daniel Calvete, Rinse de Swart, Ruth Durán, Candela Marco-Peretó, Marta Marcos, Angel Amores, Tim Toomey, Àngels Fernández-Mora, and Jorge Guillén
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 819–839, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-819-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-819-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The sensitivity to the wave and sea-level forcing sources in predicting a 6-month embayed beach evolution is assessed using two different morphodynamic models. After a successful model calibration using in situ data, other sources are applied. The wave source choice is critical: hindcast data provide wrong results due to an angle bias, whilst the correct dynamics are recovered with the wave conditions from an offshore buoy. The use of different sea-level sources gives no significant differences.
Thomas J. Barnes, Thomas V. Schuler, Simon Filhol, and Karianne S. Lilleøren
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 801–818, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-801-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-801-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we use machine learning to automatically outline landforms based on their characteristics. We test several methods to identify the most accurate and then proceed to develop the most accurate to improve its accuracy further. We manage to outline landforms with 65 %–75 % accuracy, at a resolution of 10 m, thanks to high-quality/high-resolution elevation data. We find that it is possible to run this method at a country scale to quickly produce landform inventories for future studies.
Eric Petersen, Regine Hock, and Michael G. Loso
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 727–745, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-727-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-727-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice cliffs are melt hot spots that increase melt rates on debris-covered glaciers which otherwise see a reduction in melt rates. In this study, we show how surface runoff streams contribute to the generation, evolution, and survival of ice cliffs by carving into the glacier and transporting rocky debris. On Kennicott Glacier, Alaska, 33 % of ice cliffs are actively influenced by streams, while nearly half are within 10 m of streams.
Daniel O'Hara, Liran Goren, Roos M. J. van Wees, Benjamin Campforts, Pablo Grosse, Pierre Lahitte, Gabor Kereszturi, and Matthieu Kervyn
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 709–726, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-709-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-709-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how volcanic edifices develop drainage basins remains unexplored in landscape evolution. Using digital evolution models of volcanoes with varying ages, we quantify the geometries of their edifices and associated drainage basins through time. We find that these metrics correlate with edifice age and are thus useful indicators of a volcano’s history. We then develop a generalized model for how volcano basins develop and compare our results to basin evolution in other settings.
Brayden Noh, Omar Wani, Kieran B. J. Dunne, and Michael P. Lamb
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 691–708, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-691-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-691-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we propose a framework for generating risk maps that provide the probabilities of erosion due to river migration. This framework uses concepts from probability theory to learn the river migration model's parameter values from satellite data while taking into account parameter uncertainty. Our analysis shows that such geomorphic risk estimation is more reliable than models that do not explicitly consider various sources of variability and uncertainty.
Steven Y. J. Lai, David Amblas, Aaron Micallef, and Hervé Capart
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 621–640, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-621-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-621-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the creation of submarine canyons and hanging-wall fans on active faults, which can be defined by gravity-dominated breaching and underflow-dominated diffusion processes. The study reveals the self-similarity in canyon–fan long profiles, uncovers Hack’s scaling relationship and proposes a formula to estimate fan volume using canyon length. This is validated by global data from source-to-sink systems, providing insights into deep-water sedimentary processes.
Anuska Narayanan, Sagy Cohen, and John R. Gardner
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 581–599, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-581-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-581-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the profound impact of deforestation in the Amazon on sediment dynamics. Novel remote sensing data and statistical analyses reveal significant changes, especially in heavily deforested regions, with rapid effects within a year. In less disturbed areas, a 1- to 2-year lag occurs, influenced by natural sediment shifts and human activities. These findings highlight the need to understand the consequences of human activity for our planet's future.
Jacob Hardt, Tim P. Dooley, and Michael R. Hudec
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 559–579, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-559-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-559-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the reaction of salt structures on ice sheet transgressions. We used a series of sandbox models that enabled us to experiment with scaled-down versions of salt bodies from northern Germany. The strongest reactions occurred when large salt pillows were partly covered by the ice load. Subsurface salt structures may play an important role in the energy transition, e.g., as energy storage. Thus, it is important to understand all processes that affect their stability.
Jon D. Pelletier, Robert G. Hayes, Olivia Hoch, Brendan Fenerty, and Luke A. McGuire
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1153, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1153, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
On the gently sloping landscapes next to mountain fronts, junction angles tend to be lower (more acute), while in bedrock landscapes where the initial landscape or tectonic forcing is likely more spatially variable, junction angles tend to be larger (more obtuse). We demonstrate this using an analysis of ~20 million junction angles for the U.S.A., augmented by analyses of the Loess Plateau, China, and synthetic landscapes.
Alexander B. Prescott, Jon D. Pelletier, Satya Chataut, and Sriram Ananthanarayan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1138, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1138, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Many Earth surface processes are controlled by the spatial pattern of surface water flow. We review commonly used methods for predicting such spatial patterns in digital landform models and document the pros and cons of commonly used methods. We propose a new method that is designed to minimize those limitations and show that it works well in a variety of test cases.
Prakash Pokhrel, Mikael Attal, Hugh D. Sinclair, Simon M. Mudd, and Mark Naylor
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 515–536, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-515-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-515-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Pebbles become increasingly rounded during downstream transport in rivers due to abrasion. This study quantifies pebble roundness along the length of two Himalayan rivers. We demonstrate that roundness increases with downstream distance and that the rates are dependent on rock type. We apply this to reconstructing travel distances and hence the size of ancient Himalaya. Results show that the ancient river network was larger than the modern one, indicating that there has been river capture.
Aline Zinelabedin, Joel Mohren, Maria Wierzbicka-Wieczorek, Tibor Janos Dunai, Stefan Heinze, and Benedikt Ritter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-592, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-592, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In order to interpret the formation processes of subsurface salt wedges and polygonal patterned grounds from the northern Atacama Desert, we present a multi-methodological approach. Due to the high salt content of the wedges, we suggest that their formation is dominated by subsurface salt dynamics requiring moisture. We assume that the climatic conditions during the wedge growth were slightly wetter than today, offering the potential to use the wedges as palaeoclimate archives.
Jens Martin Turowski, Aaron Bufe, and Stefanie Tofelde
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 493–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-493-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-493-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial valleys are ubiquitous landforms, and understanding their formation and evolution affects a wide range of disciplines from archaeology and geology to fish biology. Here, we develop a model to predict the width of fluvial valleys for a wide range of geographic conditions. In the model, fluvial valley width is controlled by the two competing factors of lateral channel mobility and uplift. The model complies with available data and yields a broad range of quantitative predictions.
Dominik Amschwand, Jonas Wicky, Martin Scherler, Martin Hoelzle, Bernhard Krummenacher, Anna Haberkorn, Christian Kienholz, and Hansueli Gubler
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-172, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-172, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glaciers are comparatively climate-resilient coarse-debris permafrost landforms. We estimate the energy budget of the seasonally thawing active layer (AL) of rock glacier Murtèl (Swiss Alps) based on a novel sub-surface sensor array. In the coarse-blocky AL during the thaw season, heat is transferred by thermal radiation and air convection. The ground heat flux is largely used to melt ground ice in the AL that protects to some degree the permafrost body beneath.
Daniel J. Ciarletta, Jennifer L. Miselis, Julie C. Bernier, and Arnell S. Forde
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 449–475, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-449-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-449-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed the evolution of Fire Island, a barrier island in New York, USA, to identify drivers of landscape change. Results reveal Fire Island was once divided into multiple inlet-separated islands with distinct features. Later, inlets closed, and Fire Island’s landscape became more uniform as human activities intensified. The island is now less mobile and less likely to resist and recover from storm impacts and sea level rise. This vulnerability may exist for other stabilized barriers.
Pierre Dietrich, François Guillocheau, Guilhem Amin Douillet, Neil Patrick Griffis, Guillaume Baby, Daniel Paul Le Heron, Laurie Barrier, Maximilien Mathian, Isabel Patricia Montañez, Cécile Robin, Thomas Gyomlai, Christoph Kettler, and Axel Hofmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-467, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-467, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
At the evocation of ‘icy landscapes’, Africa is not the first place that comes to mind. The modern relief of Southern Africa is generally considered as resulting from uplift and counteracting erosion. We show that many modern reliefs of this region are fossil glacial landscapes tied to an ice age that occurred 300 million years ago: striated pavements, valleys, fjords. We emphasise how these landscapes have escaped being erased for hundreds of millions of years, generally considered improbable.
Chao Zhou, Xibin Tan, Yiduo Liu, and Feng Shi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 433–448, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The drainage-divide stability provides new insights into both the river network evolution and the tectonic and/or climatic changes. Several methods have been proposed to determine the direction of drainage-divide migration. However, how to quantify the migration rate of drainage divides remains challenging. In this paper, we propose a new method to calculate the migration rate of drainage divides from high-resolution topographic data.
Moritz Altmann, Madlene Pfeiffer, Florian Haas, Jakob Rom, Fabian Fleischer, Tobias Heckmann, Livia Piermattei, Michael Wimmer, Lukas Braun, Manuel Stark, Sarah Betz-Nutz, and Michael Becht
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 399–431, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-399-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-399-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show a long-term erosion monitoring of several sections on Little Ice Age lateral moraines with derived sediment yield from historical and current digital elevation modelling (DEM)-based differences. The first study period shows a clearly higher range of variability of sediment yield within the sites than the later periods. In most cases, a decreasing trend of geomorphic activity was observed.
Paul A. Carling
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 381–397, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-381-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-381-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Edge rounding in Shap granite glacial erratics is an irregular function of distance from the source outcrop in northern England, UK. Block shape is conservative, evolving according to block fracture mechanics – stochastic and silver ratio models – towards either of two attractor states. Progressive reduction in size occurs for blocks transported at the sole of the ice mass where the blocks are subject to compressive and tensile forces of the ice acting against a bedrock or till surface.
Gary Parker, Chenge An, Michael P. Lamb, Marcelo H. Garcia, Elizabeth H. Dingle, and Jeremy G. Venditti
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 367–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-367-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-367-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
River morphology has traditionally been divided by the size 2 mm. We use dimensionless arguments to show that particles in the 1–5 mm range (i) are the finest range not easily suspended by alluvial flood flows, (ii) are transported preferentially over coarser gravel, and (iii), within limits, are also transported preferentially over sand. We show how fluid viscosity mediates the special status of sediment in this range.
Lindsay Marie Capito, Enrico Pandrin, Walter Bertoldi, Nicola Surian, and Simone Bizzi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 321–345, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-321-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-321-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose that the pattern of erosion and deposition from repeat topographic surveys can be a proxy for path length in gravel-bed rivers. With laboratory and field data, we applied tools from signal processing to quantify this periodicity and used these path length estimates to calculate sediment transport using the morphological method. Our results highlight the potential to expand the use of the morphological method using only remotely sensed data as well as its limitations.
Xuxu Wu, Jonathan Malarkey, Roberto Fernández, Jaco H. Baas, Ellen Pollard, and Daniel R. Parsons
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 231–247, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-231-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-231-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The seabed changes from flat to rippled in response to the frictional influence of waves and currents. This experimental study has shown that the speed of this change, the size of ripples that result and even whether ripples appear also depend on the amount of sticky mud present. This new classification on the basis of initial mud content should lead to improvements in models of seabed change in present environments by engineers and the interpretation of past environments by geologists.
Andrea D'Alpaos, Davide Tognin, Laura Tommasini, Luigi D'Alpaos, Andrea Rinaldo, and Luca Carniello
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 181–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-181-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-181-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sediment erosion induced by wind waves is one of the main drivers of the morphological evolution of shallow tidal environments. However, a reliable description of erosion events for the long-term morphodynamic modelling of tidal systems is still lacking. By statistically characterizing sediment erosion dynamics in the Venice Lagoon over the last 4 centuries, we set up a novel framework for a synthetic, yet reliable, description of erosion events in tidal systems.
Davide Tognin, Andrea D'Alpaos, Luigi D'Alpaos, Andrea Rinaldo, and Luca Carniello
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 201–218, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-201-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-201-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Reliable quantification of sediment transport processes is necessary to understand the fate of shallow tidal environments. Here we present a framework for the description of suspended sediment dynamics to quantify deposition in the long-term modelling of shallow tidal systems. This characterization, together with that of erosion events, allows one to set up synthetic, yet reliable, models for the long-term evolution of tidal landscapes.
Cited articles
Ancey, C.: Stochastic modeling in sediment dynamics: Exner equation for
planar bed incipient bed load transport conditions, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 115, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009jf001260, 2010.
Asheghi, R. and Hosseini, S. A.: Prediction of bed load sediments using
different artificial neural network models, Front. Struct. Civ. Eng., 14, 374–386, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-019-0600-0, 2020.
Ashida, K. and Michiue, M.: Hydraulic Resistance of Flow in an Alluvia Bed
and Bed Load Transport Rate, Proc. JSCE, 206, 59–69, https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej1969.1972.206_59 1972 (in Japanese).
Barry, J. J., Buffington, J. M., and King, J. G.: A general power equation
for predicting bed load transport rates in gravel bed rivers, Water Resour. Res., 40, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003190, 2004.
Barry, J. J., Buffington, J. M., Goodwin, P., King, J. G., and Emmett, W. W.: Performance of Bed-Load Transport Equations Relative to Geomorphic Significance: Predicting Effective Discharge and Its Transport Rate, Hydraul. Eng., 134, 601–615, 2008.
Beer, A. R. and Turowski, J. M.: From process to centuries: Upscaling field-calibrated models of fluvial bedrock erosion, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, 093415, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093415, 2021.
Bhattacharya, B., Price, R. K., and Solomatine, D. P.: Machine Learning
Approach To Modeling Sediment Transport, J. Hydraul. Eng., 133, 776–793, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:4(440), 2007.
Brownlie, W. R.: Compilation of alluvial channel data: Laboratory and field, W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources Report, 43B, California Institute of Technology, https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechKHR:KH-R-43B (last access: 25 Aprril 2022), 1981.
Buffington, J. M. and Montgomery, D. R.: A systematic analysis of eight
decades of incipient motion studies, with special reference to gravel-bedded
rivers, Water Resour. Res., 33, 1993–2029, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR03190, 1997.
Bui, V. H., Bui, M. D., and Rutschmann, P.: Combination of Discrete Element
Method and Artificial Neural Network for Predicting Porosity of Gravel-Bed
River, Water, 11, 1461, https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071461, 2019.
Bunte, K. and Abt, S. R.: Effect of sampling time on measured gravel bed load transport rates in a coarse-bedded stream, Water Resour. Res., 41, W11405, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003880, 2005.
Chollet, F.: Keras, Keras [code], https://keras.io/
(last access: 25 April 2022), 2015.
Church, M., Hassan, M. A., and Wolcott, J. F.: Stabilizing self-organized
structures in gravel-bed stream channels: Field and experimental observations, Water Resour. Res., 34, 3169–3179, https://doi.org/10.1029/98WR00484, 1998.
Cohen, S., Syvitski, J., Ashley, T., Lammers, R., Fekete, B., and Li, H.-Y.:
Spatial trends and drivers of bedload and suspended sediment fluxes in global rivers, Water Resour. Res., 58, 2021 031583, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR031583, 2022.
Deal, E., Venditti, J. G., Benavides, S. J., Bradley, R., Zhang, Q., Kamrin,
K., and Perron, J. T.: Grain shape effects in bed load sediment transport,
Nature, 613, 298–302, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05564-6, 2023.
Dietrich, W. E., Kirchner, J. W., Ikeda, H., and Iseya, F.: Sediment supply and the development of the coarse surface layer in gravel-bedded rivers, Nature, 340, 215–217, https://doi.org/10.1038/340215a0, 1989.
Dovoedo, Y. H. and Chakraborti, S.: Outlier detection for multivariate
skew-normal data: A comparative study, Stat. Comput. Simul., 83, 773–783, https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2011.636364, 2013.
Dunne, K. B. J. and Jerolmack, D. J.: What sets river width?, Sci. Adv., 6, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc1505, 2020.
East, A. E., Pess, G. R., Bountry, J. A., Magirl, C. S., Ritchie, A. C., and
Logan, J. B.: Large-scale dam removal on the Elwha River, Geomorphology, 228, 765–786, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.08.028, 2015.
Einstein, A. H.: The Bed-Load Function for Sediment Transportation in Open
Channel Flows, Technical Bulletin, Soil Conservation Series, US Dept. of Agriculture, https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/catalog/43419 (last access: 25 April 2022), 1950.
Einstein, H. A.: Bed load transport as a probability problem, in: Sedimentation: 746 Symposium to Honor Professor H. A. Einstein, 1972 (translation from 747 German of H. A. Einstein doctoral thesis), Originally presented to Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland, C1–C105, https://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:002054080 (last access: 25 April 2022), 1937.
Ferdowsi, B., Ortiz, C. P., Houssais, M., and Jerolmack, D. J.: River-bed
armouring as a granular segregation phenomenon, Nat. Commun., 8, 1363, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01681-3, 2017.
Furbish, D. J., Ball, A. E., and Schmeeckle, M. W.: A probabilistic description of the bed load sediment flux: 4. Fickian diffusion at low
transport rates, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 117, F03034, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JF002356, 2012.
Garcia, M. H. (Ed.): Sedimentation Engineering: Processes, Measurements,
Modeling, and Practice, ASCE, Reston, Virginia, https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784408148.ch02, 2007.
Geron, A.: Hands-on Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras & TensorFlow, in: 2nd Edn., O'Reilly, Sebastopol, Canada, 2019.
Gilbert, G. K.: The transportation of debris by running water, US Geological Survey Professional Paper 86, US Geological Survey, 263 pp., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp86, 1914.
Goldstein, E. B., Coco, G., and Plant, N. G.: Corresponding Author, Earth-Sci. Rev., 194, 97–108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.04.022, 2019.
Gomez, B. and Church, M.: An assessment of bed load sediment transport formulae for gravel bed rivers, Water Resour. Res., 25, 1161–1186,
https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i006p01161, 1989.
Gomez, B. and Soar, P. J.: Bedload transport: beyond intractability, Roy. Soc. Open Sci., 9, 211932, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.211932, 2022.
Gomez, B., Soar, P. J., and Downs, P. W.: Good vibrations: Big data impact
bedload research, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 47, 129–142, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5304, 2022.
Han, H. and Morrison, R. R.: Data-driven approaches for runoff prediction using distributed data, Stoch. Env. Res. Risk A., 36, 2153–2171, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-01993-3, 2022.
Hassani, A., Azapagic, A., and Shokri, N.: Global predictions of primary
soil salinization under changing climate in the 21st century, Nat. Commun., 12, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26907-3, 2021.
Haykin, S.: Kalman Filters, in: Kalman Filtering and Neural Networks, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1002/0471221546.ch1, 2001.
Haykin, S.: Neural Networks and Learning Machines, Third Edition, Pearson Education, Inc., McMaster University, Hamilton, ISBN 0131471392, 2009.
Hinton, D., Hotchkiss, R., and Ames, D. P.: Comprehensive and Quality-Controlled Bedload Transport Database, J. Hydraul. Eng., 143, 06016024, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001221, 2017.
Hosseiny, H.: A Deep Learning Model for Predicting River Flood Depth and
Extent, Environ. Model. Softw., 145, 105186, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105186, 2021.
Hosseiny, H., Nazari, F., Smith, V., and Nataraj, C.: A Framework for Modeling Flood Depth Using a Hybrid of Hydraulics and Machine Learning, Sci. Rep., 10, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-65232-5, 2020.
Hosseiny, H., Masteller, C. C., Dale, J. E., and Phillips, C. B.: Development of a machine learning model for river bedload – Data, Model, and Scripts (Version 1), Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7641313, 2023.
Houssais, M., Ortiz, C. P., Durian, D. J., and Jerolmack, D. J.: Onset of
sediment transport is a continuous transition driven by fluid shear and
granular creep, Nat. Commun. 6, 6527, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7527, 2015.
Hsu, K., Gupta, H. V., and Sorooshian, S.: Artificial Neural Network Modeling of the Rainfall-Runoff Process, Water Resour. Res., 31, 2517–2530,
https://doi.org/10.1029/95WR01955, 1995a.
Kennedy, D., Lakonishok, J., and Shaw, W. H.: Accommodating Outliers and
Nonlinearity in Decision Models, J. Account. Audit. Financ., 7, 161–190, https://doi.org/10.1177/0148558X9200700205, 1992.
King, J. G., Emmett, W. W., Whiting, P. J., Kenworthy, R. P., and Barry, J.
J.: Sediment Transport Data and Related Information for Selected Coarse-Bed
Streams and Rivers in Idaho, Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-131. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 26 pp., https://doi.org/10.2737/RMRS-GTR-131 2004.
Kitsikoudis, V., Sidiropoulos, E., and Hrissanthou, V.: Assessment of sediment transport approaches for sand-bed rivers by means of machine learning, Hydrolog. Sci. J., 60, 1566–1586, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.909599, 2015.
Lai, C. Y., Kingslake, J., Wearing, M. G., Chen, P. H. C., Gentine, P., and
Li, H.: Vulnerability of Antarctica's ice shelves to meltwater-driven
fracture, Nature, 584, 574–578, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2627-8, 2020.
Lajeunesse, E., Malverti, L., and Charru, F.: Bed load transport in turbulent flow at the grain scale: Experiments and modeling, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 115, F04001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001628, 2010.
Lammers, R. W. and Bledsoe, B. P.: Parsimonious sediment transport equations
based on Bagnold's stream power approach, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 43, 242–258, 2018.
Leopold, L. B., Bagnold, R. A., Wolman, M. G., and Brush Jr., L. M.: Flow
resistance in sinuous or irregular channels, in: Geological Survey Professional Paper, Geological Survey, Washington, DC, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp282D, 1960.
Li, H.-Y., Tan, Z., Ma, H., Zhu, Z., Abeshu, G. W., Zhu, S., Cohen, S., Zhou, T., Xu, D., and Leung, L. R.: A new large-scale suspended sediment model and its application over the United States, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 26, 665–688, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-665-2022, 2022.
Marquis, G. A. and Roy, A. G.: Using multiple bed load measurements: Toward
the identification of bed dilation and contraction in gravel-bed rivers, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 117, F01014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002120, 2012.
Masteller, C. C. and Finnegan, N. J.: Interplay between grain protrusion and
sediment entrainment in an experimental flume, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 122, 274–289, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003943, 2017.
Masteller, C. C., Finnegan, N. J., Turowski, J. M., Yager, E. M., and Rickenmann, D.: History-Dependent Threshold for Motion Revealed by Continuous Bedload Transport Measurements in a Steep Mountain Stream, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 2583–2591, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081325, 2019.
Meyer-Peter, E. and Müller, R.: Formulas for Bed-Load transport, in: appendix 2, IAHSR 2nd meeting, Stockholm, https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:4fda9b61-be28-4703-ab06-43cdc2a21bd7?collection=research (last access: 25 April 2022), 1948.
Monsalve, A. and Yager, E. M.: Bed Surface Adjustments to Spatially Variable
Flow in Low Relative Submergence Regimes: Bed Surface Adjustments in LRS,
Water Resour. Res., 53, 9350–9367, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020845, 2017.
Monsalve, A., Yager, E. M., Turowski, J. M., and Rickenmann, D.: A probabilistic formulation of bed load transport to include spatial variability of flow and surface grain size distributions, Water Resour. Res.,
52, 3579–3598, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017694, 2016.
Mueller, E. R., Pitlick, J., and Nelson, J. M.: Variation in the reference
Shields stress for bed load transport in gravel-bed streams and rivers, Water Resour. Res., 41, W04006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003692, 2005.
Paintal, A. S.: A Stochastic Model Of Bed Load Transport, J. Hydraul. Res., 9, 527–554, https://doi.org/10.1080/00221687109500371, 1971.
Parker, G.: Self-formed straight rivers with equilibrium banks and mobile
bed. Part 2, The gravel river, J. Fluid Mech., 89, 127–146,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112078002505, 1978.
Parker, G.: Surface-based bedload transport relation for gravel rivers, J. Hydraul. Res., 28, 417–436, https://doi.org/10.1080/00221689009499058, 1990.
Parker, G. and Klingeman, P. C.: On why gravel bed streams are paved, Water
Resour. Res., 18, 1409–1423, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR018i005p01409, 1982.
Phillips, C. B. and Jerolmack, D. J.: Dynamics and mechanics of bed-load tracer particles, Earth Surf. Dynam., 2, 513–530, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-513-2014, 2014.
Phillips, C. B. and Jerolmack, D. J.: Self-organization of river channels as
a critical filter on climate signals, Science, 352, 694–697, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad3348, 2016.
Phillips, C. B. and Jerolmack, D. J.: Bankfull Transport Capacity and the
Threshold of Motion in Coarse-Grained Rivers, Water Resour. Res., 55,
11316–11330, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025455, 2019.
Phillips, C. B., Hill, K. M., Paola, C., Singer, M. B., and Jerolmack, D. J.: Effect of Flood Hydrograph Duration, Magnitude, and Shape on Bed Load Transport Dynamics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 8264–8271, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078976, 2018.
Phillips, C. B., Masteller, C. C., Slater, L. J., Dunne, K. B. J., Francalanci, S., Lanzoni, S., Merritts, D. J., Lajeunesse, E., and Jerolmack, D. J.: Threshold constraints on the size, shape and stability of alluvial rivers, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 3, 406–419, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00282-z, 2022.
Recking, A.: A comparison between flume and field bed load data and consequences for surface-based bed load transport prediction, Water Resour. Res., 46, W03518, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008007, 2010.
Recking, A.: Influence of sediment supply on mountain streams bedload transport, Geomorphology, 175–176, 139–150, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.07.005, 2012.
Recking, A.: An analaysis of nonlinearity effects on bed load transport
prediction, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 1264–1281, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrf.20090, 2013a.
Recking, A.: Simple Method for Calculating Reach-Averaged Bed-Load Transport, J. Hydraul. Eng., 139, 70–75, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000653, 2013b.
Recking, A.: BedloadWeb, https://en.bedloadweb.com/ (last access: 25 April 2022), 2019.
Recking, A., Liébault, F., Peteuil, C., and Jolimet, T.: Testing bedload
transport equations with consideration of time scales, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 37, 774–789, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3213, 2012.
Rickenmann, D.: Hyperconcentrated Flow and Sediment, Hydraul. Eng., 117, 1419–1439, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1991)117:11(1419), 1991.
Rickenmann, D.: Variability of Bed Load Transport During Six Summers of
Continuous Measurements in Two Austrian Mountain Streams (Fischbach and Ruetz, Water Resour. Res., 54, 107–131, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021376, 2018.
Rickenmann, D. and McArdell, B. W.: Continuous measurement of sediment transport in the Erlenbach stream using piezoelectric bedload impact sensors, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 32, 1362–1378, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1478, 2007.
Saravanan, K. and Sasithra, S.: Review on Classification Based on Artificial
Neural Networks, Int. J. Ambient Syst. Appl., 2, 11–18, https://doi.org/10.5121/ijasa.2014.2402, 2014.
Singer, M. B.: Transient response in longitudinal grain size to reduced
gravel supply in a large river, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L18403, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044381, 2010.
Singh, A., Fienberg, K., Jerolmack, D. J., Marr, J., and Foufoula-Georgiou,
E.: Experimental evidence for statistical scaling and intermittency in sediment transport rates, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 114, F01025, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JF000963, 2009.
Slater, L. J. and Singer, M. B.: Imprint of climate and climate change in alluvial riverbeds: Continental United States, 1950–2011, Geology, 41, 595–598, https://doi.org/10.1130/G34070.1, 2013.
Tan, Z., Leung, L. R., Li, H.-Y., and Cohen, S.: Representing global soil erosion and sediment flux in Earth System Models, J. Adv. Model. Earth Sy., 14, e2021MS002756, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021MS002756, 2022.
Warrick, J. A., Bountry, J. A., East, A. E., Magirl, C. S., Randle, T. J.,
and Gelfenbaum, G.: Large-scale dam removal on the Elwha River, sediment
budget and synthesis, Geomorphology, 246, 729–750, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.01.010, 2015.
Wilcock, P. R.: Two-Fraction Model of Initial Sediment Motion in Gravel-Bed
Rivers, Science, 280, 410–412, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5362.410, 1998.
Wilcock, P. R.: Toward a practical method for estimating sediment-transport
rates in gravel-bed rivers, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 26, 1395–1408, 2001.
Wilcock, P. R. and Crowe, J. C.: Surface-based Transport Model for Mixed-Size Sediment Surface-based Transport Model for Mixed-Size Sediment, J. Hydraul. Eng., 129, 120–128, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2003)129:2(120), 2003.
Wilcock, P. R. and McArdell, B. W.: Partial transport of a sand/gravel sediment, Water Resour. Res., 33, 235–245, https://doi.org/10.1029/96WR02672, 1997.
Willmott, C. J. and Matsuura, K.: Advantages of the mean absolute error (MAE) over the root mean square error (RMSE) in assessing average model performance, Clim. Res., 30, 79–82, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr030079, 2005.
Wong, M. and Parker, G.: Reanalysis and Correction of Bed-Load Relation of
Meyer-Peter and Müller Using Their Own Database, J. Hydraul. Eng., 132, 1159–1168, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2006)132:11(1159), 2006.
Zhao, T. and Nepf, H. M.: Turbulence Dictates Bedload Transport in Vegetated
Channels Without Dependence on Stem Diameter and Arrangement, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2021GL095316, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095316, 2021.
Zhou, X., Wu, W., Qin, Y., and Fu, X.: Geoinformation-based landslide
susceptibility mapping in subtropical area, Sci. Rep., 11, 24325, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03743-5, 2021.
Short summary
It is of great importance to engineers and geomorphologists to predict the rate of bed load in rivers. In this contribution, we used a large dataset of measured data and developed an artificial neural network (ANN), a machine learning algorithm, for bed load prediction. The ANN model predicted the bed load flux close to measured values and better than the ones obtained from four standard bed load models with varying degrees of complexity.
It is of great importance to engineers and geomorphologists to predict the rate of bed load in...
