Articles | Volume 7, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-147-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-147-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
31 Jan 2019
Research article |
| 31 Jan 2019
| 31 Jan 2019
Glacial limitation of tropical mountain height
Maxwell T. Cunningham
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, USA
Colin P. Stark
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, USA
Michael R. Kaplan
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, USA
Joerg M. Schaefer
Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, USA
Related authors
No articles found.
Caleb K. Walcott-George, Allie Balter-Kennedy, Jason P. Briner, Joerg M. Schaefer, and Nicolás E. Young
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2983, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2983, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the history and drivers of Greenland Ice Sheet change is important to forecast future ice sheet retreat. We combined geologic mapping and cosmogenic nuclide measurements to investigate how the Greenland Ice Sheet formed the landscape of Inglefield Land, northwest Greenland. We found that Inglefield Land was covered by warm- and cold-based ice during multiple glacial cycles and that much of Inglefield Land is an ancient landscape.
Allie Balter-Kennedy, Joerg M. Schaefer, Greg Balco, Meredith A. Kelly, Michael R. Kaplan, Roseanne Schwartz, Bryan Oakley, Nicolás E. Young, Jean Hanley, and Arianna M. Varuolo-Clarke
Clim. Past, 20, 2167–2190, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2167-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2167-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We date sedimentary deposits showing that the southeastern Laurentide Ice Sheet was at or near its southernmost extent from ~ 26 000 to 21 000 years ago, when sea levels were at their lowest, with climate records indicating glacial conditions. Slow deglaciation began ~ 22 000 years ago, shown by a rise in modeled local summer temperatures, but significant deglaciation in the region did not begin until ~ 18 000 years ago, when atmospheric CO2 began to rise, marking the end of the last ice age.
Benjamin A. Keisling, Joerg M. Schaefer, Robert M. DeConto, Jason P. Briner, Nicolás E. Young, Caleb K. Walcott, Gisela Winckler, Allie Balter-Kennedy, and Sridhar Anandakrishnan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2427, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2427, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how much the Greenland ice sheet melted in response to past warmth helps better predicting future sea-level change. Here we present a framework for using numerical ice-sheet model simulations to provide constraints on how much mass the ice sheet loses before different areas become ice-free. As observations from subglacial archives become more abundant, this framework can guide subglacial sampling efforts to gain the most robust information about past ice-sheet geometries.
Joseph P. Tulenko, Jason P. Briner, Nicolás E. Young, and Joerg M. Schaefer
Clim. Past, 20, 625–636, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-625-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-625-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We take advantage of a site in Alaska – where climate records are limited and a former alpine glacier deposited a dense sequence of moraines spanning the full deglaciation – to construct a proxy summer temperature record. Building on age constraints for moraines in the valley, we reconstruct paleo-glacier surfaces and estimate the summer temperatures (relative to the Little Ice Age) for each moraine. The record suggests that the influence of North Atlantic climate forcing extended to Alaska.
Brandon L. Graham, Jason P. Briner, Nicolás E. Young, Allie Balter-Kennedy, Michele Koppes, Joerg M. Schaefer, Kristin Poinar, and Elizabeth K. Thomas
The Cryosphere, 17, 4535–4547, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4535-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4535-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial erosion is a fundamental process operating on Earth's surface. Two processes of glacial erosion, abrasion and plucking, are poorly understood. We reconstructed rates of abrasion and quarrying in Greenland. We derive a total glacial erosion rate of 0.26 ± 0.16 mm per year. We also learned that erosion via these two processes is about equal. Because the site is similar to many other areas covered by continental ice sheets, these results may be applied to many places on Earth.
Adam C. Hawkins, Brian Menounos, Brent M. Goehring, Gerald Osborn, Ben M. Pelto, Christopher M. Darvill, and Joerg M. Schaefer
The Cryosphere, 17, 4381–4397, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4381-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-4381-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our study developed a record of glacier and climate change in the Mackenzie and Selwyn mountains of northwestern Canada over the past several hundred years. We estimate temperature change in this region using several methods and incorporate our glacier record with models of climate change to estimate how glacier volume in our study area has changed over time. Models of future glacier change show that our study area will become largely ice-free by the end of the 21st century.
Allie Balter-Kennedy, Joerg M. Schaefer, Roseanne Schwartz, Jennifer L. Lamp, Laura Penrose, Jennifer Middleton, Jean Hanley, Bouchaïb Tibari, Pierre-Henri Blard, Gisela Winckler, Alan J. Hidy, and Greg Balco
Geochronology, 5, 301–321, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-301-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-301-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmogenic nuclides like 10Be are rare isotopes created in rocks exposed at the Earth’s surface and can be used to understand glacier histories and landscape evolution. 10Be is usually measured in the mineral quartz. Here, we show that 10Be can be reliably measured in the mineral pyroxene. We use the measurements to determine exposure ages and understand landscape processes in rocks from Antarctica that do not have quartz, expanding the use of this method to new rock types.
Jason P. Briner, Caleb K. Walcott, Joerg M. Schaefer, Nicolás E. Young, Joseph A. MacGregor, Kristin Poinar, Benjamin A. Keisling, Sridhar Anandakrishnan, Mary R. Albert, Tanner Kuhl, and Grant Boeckmann
The Cryosphere, 16, 3933–3948, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3933-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3933-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The 7.4 m of sea level equivalent stored as Greenland ice is getting smaller every year. The uncertain trajectory of ice loss could be better understood with knowledge of the ice sheet's response to past climate change. Within the bedrock below the present-day ice sheet is an archive of past ice-sheet history. We analyze all available data from Greenland to create maps showing where on the ice sheet scientists can drill, using currently available drills, to obtain sub-ice materials.
Colin P. Stark and Gavin J. Stark
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 383–419, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-383-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-383-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Landscape erosion is generally considered to take place vertically downward. Here, by writing gradient-driven erosion in Hamiltonian form, we show this is not true. Instead, we find it takes place in two directions simultaneously: (i) normal to the surface and (ii) along rays pointing upstream and either up or down depending on how erosion rate scales with slope. The rays follow the shortest time paths that determine how long it takes for a landscape to respond to changes in external conditions.
Irene Schimmelpfennig, Joerg M. Schaefer, Jennifer Lamp, Vincent Godard, Roseanne Schwartz, Edouard Bard, Thibaut Tuna, Naki Akçar, Christian Schlüchter, Susan Zimmerman, and ASTER Team
Clim. Past, 18, 23–44, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-23-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-23-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Small mountain glaciers advance and recede as a response to summer temperature changes. Dating of glacial landforms with cosmogenic nuclides allowed us to reconstruct the advance and retreat history of an Alpine glacier throughout the past ~ 11 000 years, the Holocene. The results contribute knowledge to the debate of Holocene climate evolution, indicating that during most of this warm period, summer temperatures were similar to or warmer than in modern times.
Sandra M. Braumann, Joerg M. Schaefer, Stephanie M. Neuhuber, Christopher Lüthgens, Alan J. Hidy, and Markus Fiebig
Clim. Past, 17, 2451–2479, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2451-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-2451-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Glacier reconstructions provide insights into past climatic conditions and elucidate processes and feedbacks that modulate the climate system both in the past and present. We investigate the transition from the last glacial to the current interglacial and generate beryllium-10 moraine chronologies in glaciated catchments of the eastern European Alps. We find that rapid warming was superimposed by centennial-scale cold phases that appear to have influenced large parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
Andrew J. Christ, Paul R. Bierman, Jennifer L. Lamp, Joerg M. Schaefer, and Gisela Winckler
Geochronology, 3, 505–523, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-505-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-505-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmogenic nuclide surface exposure dating is commonly used to constrain the timing of past glacier extents. However, Antarctic exposure age datasets are often scattered and difficult to interpret. We compile new and existing exposure ages of a glacial deposit with independently known age constraints and identify surface processes that increase or reduce the likelihood of exposure age scatter. Then we present new data for a previously unmapped and undated older deposit from the same region.
Nicolás E. Young, Alia J. Lesnek, Josh K. Cuzzone, Jason P. Briner, Jessica A. Badgeley, Alexandra Balter-Kennedy, Brandon L. Graham, Allison Cluett, Jennifer L. Lamp, Roseanne Schwartz, Thibaut Tuna, Edouard Bard, Marc W. Caffee, Susan R. H. Zimmerman, and Joerg M. Schaefer
Clim. Past, 17, 419–450, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-419-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-419-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Retreat of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) margin is exposing a bedrock landscape that holds clues regarding the timing and extent of past ice-sheet minima. We present cosmogenic nuclide measurements from recently deglaciated bedrock surfaces (the last few decades), combined with a refined chronology of southwestern Greenland deglaciation and model simulations of GrIS change. Results suggest that inland retreat of the southwestern GrIS margin was likely minimal in the middle to late Holocene.
Roberto Fernández, Gary Parker, and Colin P. Stark
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 949–968, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-949-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-949-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the case of a meandering bedrock river with loose sediment on the bed. In such rivers, the sediment hits and erodes the bed as it moves with the flow. We did experiments in a laboratory flume to identify the areas where the sediment moves and those where it deposits. We discovered that the size and location of those areas change with the amount of sediment in the channel and its curvature. The fluctuations of sediment cover over the bed drive the erosion potential.
Joshua M. Maurer, Summer B. Rupper, and Joerg M. Schaefer
The Cryosphere, 10, 2203–2215, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2203-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2203-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Here we utilize declassified spy satellite imagery to quantify ice volume loss of glaciers in the eastern Himalayas over approximately the last three decades. Clean-ice and debris-covered glaciers show similar magnitudes of ice loss, while calving glaciers are contributing a disproportionately large amount to total ice loss. Results highlight important physical processes affecting the ice mass budget and associated water resources in the Himalayas.
Shaun R. Eaves, Andrew N. Mackintosh, Brian M. Anderson, Alice M. Doughty, Dougal B. Townsend, Chris E. Conway, Gisela Winckler, Joerg M. Schaefer, Graham S. Leonard, and Andrew T. Calvert
Clim. Past, 12, 943–960, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-943-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-943-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Geological evidence for past changes in glacier length provides a useful source of information about pre-historic climate change. We have used glacier modelling to show that air temperature reductions of −5 to −7 °C, relative to present, are required to simulate the glacial extent in the North Island, New Zealand, during the last ice age (approx. 20000 years ago). Our results provide data to assess climate model simulations, with the aim of determining the drivers of past natural climate change.
C. Hibert, C. P. Stark, and G. Ekström
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 1265–1273, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1265-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1265-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
We carry out a study of the seismic signals generated by the devastating Oso-Steelhead landslides. We invert the long-period seismic signals generated by the first main event and obtain estimates of its trajectory, kinematics and mass. No distinct long-period surface waves were recorded for the second failure, which prevents inversion for its source parameters. However, from the comparison of the energy of the short-period waves generated by both events, we can estimate the volume of the second.
L. Zhang, G. Parker, C. P. Stark, T. Inoue, E. Viparelli, X. Fu, and N. Izumi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 3, 113–138, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-113-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-113-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
The saltation-abrasion model captures bedrock incision due stones striking bedrock. We present the Macro-Roughness-based Saltation-Abrasion-Alluviation (MRSAA) model, which tracks spatiotemporal variation of both bedload and alluvial thickness. It captures migrating waves of incision upstream and alluviation downstream. We apply it to incision problems not captured by saltation-abrasion, including the response to alluviation and stripping, and a simplified graben with uplift and subsidence.
Related subject area
Physical: Geomorphology (including all aspects of fluvial, coastal, aeolian, hillslope and glacial geomorphology)
An evaluation of flow-routing algorithms for calculating contributing area on regular grids
Geometric constraints on tributary fluvial network junction angles
Automatic detection of floating instream large wood in videos using deep learning
Investigating uncertainty and parameter sensitivity in bedform analysis by using a Monte Carlo approach
Geomorphic imprint of high-mountain floods: insights from the 2022 hydrological extreme across the upper Indus River catchment in the northwestern Himalayas
A numerical model for duricrust formation by water table fluctuations
Width evolution of channel belts as a random walk
Evidence of slow millennial cliff retreat rates using cosmogenic nuclides in coastal colluvium
Equilibrium distance from long-range dune interactions
Examination of analytical shear stress predictions for coastal dune evolution
Post-fire evolution of ravel transport regimes in the Diablo Range, CA
Landscape response to tectonic deformation and cyclic climate change since ca. 800 ka in the southern central Andes
The Aare main overdeepening on the northern margin of the European Alps: basins, riegels, and slot canyons
A simple model for faceted topographies at normal faults based on an extended stream-power law
Multiple Equilibrium Configurations in River-Dominated Deltas
Short Communications: Multiscale topographic complexity analysis with pyTopoComplexity
Testing floc settling velocity models in rivers and freshwater wetlands
River suspended-sand flux computation with uncertainty estimation using water samples and high-resolution ADCP measurements
Barchan swarm dynamics from a Two-Flank Agent-Based Model
A landslide runout model for sediment transport, landscape evolution, and hazard assessment applications
Tracking slow-moving landslides with PlanetScope data: new perspectives on the satellite's perspective
Topographic metrics for unveiling fault segmentation and tectono-geomorphic evolution with insights into the impact of inherited topography, Ulsan Fault Zone, South Korea
Acceleration of coastal-retreat rates for high-Arctic rock cliffs on Brøggerhalvøya, Svalbard, over the past decade
The impact of bedrock meander cutoffs on 50 kyr scale incision rates, San Juan River, Utah
How water, temperature, and seismicity control the preconditioning of massive rock slope failure (Hochvogel)
Large structure simulation for landscape evolution models
Investigating the celerity of propagation for small perturbations and dispersive sediment aggradation under a supercritical flow
Surficial sediment remobilization by shear between sediment and water above tsunamigenic megathrust ruptures: experimental study
Terrace formation linked to outburst floods at the Diexi palaeo-landslide dam, upper Minjiang River, eastern Tibetan Plateau
Influence of alluvial slope on avulsion in river deltas
Pliocene shorelines and the epeirogenic motion of continental margins: a target dataset for dynamic topography models
Decadal-scale decay of landslide-derived fluvial suspended sediment after Typhoon Morakot
Role of the forcing sources in morphodynamic modelling of an embayed beach
A machine learning approach to the geomorphometric detection of ribbed moraines in Norway
Stream hydrology controls on ice cliff evolution and survival on debris-covered glaciers
Time-varying drainage basin development and erosion on volcanic edifices
Geomorphic risk maps for river migration using probabilistic modeling – a framework
Evolution of submarine canyons and hanging-wall fans: insights from geomorphic experiments and morphodynamic models
Riverine sediment response to deforestation in the Amazon basin
Physical modeling of ice-sheet-induced salt movements using the example of northern Germany
Downstream rounding rate of pebbles in the Himalaya
Haloturbation in the northern Atacama Desert revealed by a hidden subsurface network of calcium sulphate wedges
A physics-based model for fluvial valley width
Sub-surface processes and heat fluxes at coarse-blocky Murtèl rock glacier (Engadine, eastern Swiss Alps)
Implications for the resilience of modern coastal systems derived from mesoscale barrier dynamics at Fire Island, New York
The Glacial Paleolandscapes of Southern Africa: the Legacy of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age
Quantifying the migration rate of drainage divides from high-resolution topographic data
Long-term monitoring (1953–2019) of geomorphologically active sections of Little Ice Age lateral moraines in the context of changing meteorological conditions
Coevolving edge rounding and shape of glacial erratics: the case of Shap granite, UK
Dimensionless argument: a narrow grain size range near 2 mm plays a special role in river sediment transport and morphodynamics
Alexander B. Prescott, Jon D. Pelletier, Satya Chataut, and Sriram Ananthanarayan
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 239–256, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-239-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-239-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Many Earth surface processes are controlled by the spatial pattern of surface water flow. We review commonly used methods for predicting such spatial patterns in digital landform models and document the pros and cons of commonly used methods. We propose a new method that is designed to minimize those limitations and show that it works well in a variety of test cases.
Jon D. Pelletier, Robert G. Hayes, Olivia Hoch, Brendan Fenerty, and Luke A. McGuire
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 219–238, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-219-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-219-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate that landscapes with more planar initial conditions tend to have lower mean junction angles. Geomorphic processes on alluvial piedmonts result in especially planar initial conditions, consistent with a correlation between junction angles and the presence/absence of Late Cenozoic alluvial deposits and the constraint imposed by the intersection of planar approximations to the topography upslope from tributary junctions. We caution against using junction angles to infer paleoclimate.
Janbert Aarnink, Tom Beucler, Marceline Vuaridel, and Virginia Ruiz-Villanueva
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 167–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-167-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-167-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a novel convolutional-neural-network approach for detecting instream large wood in rivers, addressing the need for flexible monitoring methods across diverse data sources. Using a database of 15 228 fully labelled images, the model achieved a weighted mean average precision of 67 %. Fine-tuning parameters and sampling techniques can improve performance by over 10 % in some cases, offering valuable insights into ecosystem management.
Julius Reich and Axel Winterscheid
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 191–217, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-191-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-191-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Analyzing the geometry and the dynamics of riverine bedforms (so-called dune tracking) is important for various fields of application and contributes to sound and efficient river and sediment management. We developed a workflow that enables a robust estimation of bedform characteristics and with which comprehensive sensitivity analyses can be carried out. Using a field dataset, we show that the setting of input parameters in bedform analyses can have a significant impact on the results.
Abhishek Kashyap, Kristen L. Cook, and Mukunda Dev Behera
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 147–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-147-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-147-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Short-lived, high-magnitude flood events across high mountain regions leave substantial geomorphic imprints, which are frequently triggered by excess precipitation, glacial lake outbursts, and natural dam breaches. These catastrophic floods highlight the importance of understanding the complex interaction between climatic, hydrological, and geological forces in bedrock catchments. Extreme floods can have long-term geomorphic consequences on river morphology and fluvial processes.
Caroline Fenske, Jean Braun, François Guillocheau, and Cécile Robin
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 119–146, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-119-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-119-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a new numerical model to represent the formation of duricrusts, which are hard mineral layers found in soils and at the surface of the Earth. We assume that the formation mechanism implies variations in the height of the water table and that the hardening rate is proportional to precipitation. The model allows us to quantify the potential feedbacks they generate on the surface topography and the thickness of the regolith/soil layer.
Jens M. Turowski, Fergus McNab, Aaron Bufe, and Stefanie Tofelde
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 97–117, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-97-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-97-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Channel belts comprise the area affected by a river due to lateral migration and floods. As a landform, they affect water resources and flood hazard, and they often host unique ecological communities. We develop a model describing the evolution of channel-belt area over time. The model connects the behaviour of the river to the evolution of the channel belt over a timescale of centuries. A comparison to selected data from experiments and real river systems verifies the random walk approach.
Rémi Bossis, Vincent Regard, Sébastien Carretier, and Sandrine Choy
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 71–79, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-71-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-71-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The erosion of rocky coasts occurs episodically through wave action and landslides, constituting a major natural hazard. Documenting the factors that control the coastal retreat rate over millennia is fundamental to evidencing any change in time. However, the known rates to date are essentially representative of the last few decades. Here, we present a new method using the concentration of an isotope, 10Be, in sediment eroded from the cliff to quantify its retreat rate averaged over millennia.
Jean Vérité, Clément Narteau, Olivier Rozier, Jeanne Alkalla, Laurie Barrier, and Sylvain Courrech du Pont
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 23–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-23-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-23-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Using a numerical model in 2D, we study how two identical dunes interact with each other when exposed to reversing winds. Depending on the distance between the dunes, they either repel or attract each other until they reach an equilibrium distance, which is controlled by the wind strength, wind reversal frequency, and dune size. This process is controlled by the modification of wind flow over dunes of various shapes, influencing the sediment transport downstream.
Orie Cecil, Nicholas Cohn, Matthew Farthing, Sourav Dutta, and Andrew Trautz
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-1-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-1-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Using computational fluid dynamics, we analyze the error trends of an analytical shear stress distribution model used to drive aeolian transport for coastal dunes, which are an important line of defense against storm-related flooding hazards. We find that compared to numerical simulations, the analytical model results in a net overprediction of the landward migration rate. Additionally, two data-driven approaches are proposed for reducing the error while maintaining computational efficiency.
Hayden L. Jacobson, Danica L. Roth, Gabriel Walton, Margaret Zimmer, and Kerri Johnson
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1415–1446, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1415-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1415-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Loose grains travel farther after a fire because no vegetation is left to stop them. This matters since loose grains at the base of a slope can turn into a debris flow if it rains. To find if grass growing back after a fire had different impacts on grains of different sizes on slopes of different steepness, we dropped thousands of natural grains and measured how far they went. Large grains went farther 7 months after the fire than 11 months after, and small grain movement didn’t change much.
Elizabeth N. Orr, Taylor F. Schildgen, Stefanie Tofelde, Hella Wittmann, and Ricardo N. Alonso
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1391–1413, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1391-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1391-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial terraces and alluvial fans in the Toro Basin, NW Argentina, record river evolution and global climate cycles over time. Landform dating reveals lower-frequency climate cycles (100 kyr) preserved downstream and higher-frequency cycles (21/40 kyr) upstream, supporting theoretical predications that longer rivers filter out higher-frequency climate signals. This finding improves our understanding of the spatial distribution of sedimentary paleoclimate records within landscapes.
Fritz Schlunegger, Edi Kissling, Dimitri Tibo Bandou, Guilhem Amin Douillet, David Mair, Urs Marti, Regina Reber, Patrick Schläfli, and Michael Alfred Schwenk
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1371–1389, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1371-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1371-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Overdeepenings are bedrock depressions filled with sediment. We combine the results of a gravity survey with drilling data to explore the morphology of such a depression beneath the city of Bern. We find that the target overdeepening comprises two basins >200 m deep. They are separated by a bedrock riegel that itself is cut by narrow canyons up to 150 m deep. We postulate that these structures formed underneath a glacier, where erosion by subglacial meltwater caused the formation of the canyons.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1315–1327, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1315-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1315-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Faceted topographies are impressive footprints of active tectonics in geomorphology. This paper investigates the evolution of faceted topographies at normal faults and their interaction with a river network theoretically and numerically. As a main result beyond several relations for the geometry of facets, the horizontal displacement associated with normal faults is crucial for the dissection of initially polygonal facets into triangular facets bounded by almost parallel rivers.
Lorenzo Durante, Nicoletta Tambroni, and Michele Bolla Pittaluga
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3552, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3552, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
River deltas are dynamic areas where rivers meet the sea. This study examines delta configurations to guide balanced development and environmental health. Using the Po River Delta, we developed a model to understand how different delta parts interact and maintain balance. Our findings show that deltas can reach varied states of balance, with some areas more prone to shift. These insights support predictions of delta changes and better management strategies.
Larry Syu-Heng Lai, Adam M. Booth, Alison R. Duvall, and Erich Herzig
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3415, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3415, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
pyTopoComplexity is an open-source tool that quantifies land surface complexity using advanced methods. Applied to a landslide-affected area in Washington, USA, it accurately analyzed landform features at various scales, enhancing our understanding of landform recovery after disturbances. By integrating with Landlab’s landscape evolution simulations, the software allows researchers to explore how different processes drive the evolution of surface complexity in response to natural forces.
Justin A. Nghiem, Gen K. Li, Joshua P. Harringmeyer, Gerard Salter, Cédric G. Fichot, Luca Cortese, and Michael P. Lamb
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1267–1294, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1267-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1267-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fine sediment grains in freshwater can cohere into faster-settling particles called flocs, but floc settling velocity theory has not been fully validated. Combining three data sources in novel ways in the Wax Lake Delta, we verified a semi-empirical model relying on turbulence and geochemical factors. For a physics-based model, we showed that the representative grain diameter within flocs relies on floc structure and that heterogeneous flow paths inside flocs increase floc settling velocity.
Jessica Marggraf, Guillaume Dramais, Jérôme Le Coz, Blaise Calmel, Benoît Camenen, David J. Topping, William Santini, Gilles Pierrefeu, and François Lauters
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1243–1266, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1243-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1243-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Suspended-sand fluxes in rivers vary with time and space, complicating their measurement. The proposed method captures the vertical and lateral variations of suspended-sand concentration throughout a river cross-section. It merges water samples taken at various positions throughout the cross-section with high-resolution acoustic velocity measurements. This is the first method that includes a fully applicable uncertainty estimation; it can easily be applied to any other study sites.
Dominic T. Robson and Andreas C. W. Baas
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1205–1226, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1205-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1205-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Barchans are fast-moving sand dunes which form large populations (swarms) on Earth and Mars. We show that a small range of model parameters produces swarms in which dune size does not vary downwind – something that is observed in nature but not when using earlier models. We also show how the shape of dunes and the spatial patterns they form are affected by wind direction. This work furthers our understanding of the interplay between environmental drivers, dune interactions, and swarm properties.
Jeffrey Keck, Erkan Istanbulluoglu, Benjamin Campforts, Gregory Tucker, and Alexander Horner-Devine
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1165–1191, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
MassWastingRunout (MWR) is a new landslide runout model designed for sediment transport, landscape evolution, and hazard assessment applications. MWR is written in Python and includes a calibration utility that automatically determines best-fit parameters for a site and empirical probability density functions of each parameter for probabilistic model implementation. MWR and Jupyter Notebook tutorials are available as part of the Landlab package at https://github.com/landlab/landlab.
Ariane Mueting and Bodo Bookhagen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1121–1143, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the use of optical PlanetScope data for offset tracking of the Earth's surface movement. We found that co-registration accuracy is locally degraded when outdated elevation models are used for orthorectification. To mitigate this bias, we propose to only correlate scenes acquired from common perspectives or base orthorectification on more up-to-date elevation models generated from PlanetScope data alone. This enables a more detailed analysis of landslide dynamics.
Cho-Hee Lee, Yeong Bae Seong, John Weber, Sangmin Ha, Dong-Eun Kim, and Byung Yong Yu
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1091–1120, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1091-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1091-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Topographic metrics were used to understand changes due to tectonic activity. We evaluated the relative tectonic activity along the Ulsan Fault Zone (UFZ), one of the most active fault zones in South Korea. We divided the UFZ into five segments, based on the spatial variation in activity. We modeled the landscape evolution of the study area and interpreted tectono-geomorphic history during which the northern part of the UFZ experienced asymmetric uplift, while the southern part did not.
Juditha Aga, Livia Piermattei, Luc Girod, Kristoffer Aalstad, Trond Eiken, Andreas Kääb, and Sebastian Westermann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1049–1070, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1049-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1049-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal rock cliffs on Svalbard are considered to be fairly stable; however, long-term trends in coastal-retreat rates remain unknown. This study examines changes in the coastline position along Brøggerhalvøya, Svalbard, using aerial images from 1970, 1990, 2010, and 2021. Our analysis shows that coastal-retreat rates accelerate during the period 2010–2021, which coincides with increasing storminess and retreating sea ice.
Aaron T. Steelquist, Gustav B. Seixas, Mary L. Gillam, Sourav Saha, Seulgi Moon, and George E. Hilley
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1071–1089, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1071-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1071-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The rates at which rivers erode their bed can be used to interpret the geologic history of a region. However, these rates depend significantly on the time window over which you measure. We use multiple dating methods to determine an incision rate for the San Juan River and compare it to regional rates with longer timescales. We demonstrate how specific geologic events, such as cutoffs of bedrock meander bends, are likely to preserve material we can date but also bias the rates we measure.
Johannes Leinauer, Michael Dietze, Sibylle Knapp, Riccardo Scandroglio, Maximilian Jokel, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1027–1048, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1027-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1027-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Massive rock slope failures are a significant alpine hazard and change the Earth's surface. Therefore, we must understand what controls the preparation of such events. By correlating 4 years of slope displacements with meteorological and seismic data, we found that water from rain and snowmelt is the most important driver. Our approach is applicable to similar sites and indicates where future climatic changes, e.g. in rain intensity and frequency, may alter the preparation of slope failure.
Julien Coatléven and Benoit Chauveau
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 995–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-995-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-995-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this paper is to explain how to incorporate classical water flow routines into landscape evolution models while keeping numerical errors under control. The key idea is to adapt filtering strategies to eliminate anomalous numerical errors and mesh dependencies, as confirmed by convergence tests with analytic solutions. The emergence of complex geomorphic structures is now driven exclusively by nonlinear heterogeneous physical processes rather than by random numerical artifacts.
Hasan Eslami, Erfan Poursoleymanzadeh, Mojtaba Hiteh, Keivan Tavakoli, Melika Yavari Nia, Ehsan Zadehali, Reihaneh Zarrabi, and Alessio Radice
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-414, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-414, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A channel may be aggraded by overloaded sediment. In this study we realize an aggradation experiment and determine the celerity at which an aggradation wave, due to sediment overloading, migrates. We also investigate the celerity of small perturbations, as quantified based on mathematical formulations. The celerities of the two kinds are correlated with each other. However, the celerity of small perturbations is larger than the other one, that is less than a few percent of the water velocity.
Chloé Seibert, Cecilia McHugh, Chris Paola, Leonardo Seeber, and James Tucker
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2011, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new mechanism of widespread surficial co-seismic sediment entrainment by seismic motions in subduction earthquakes. Our physical experiments show that shear from sediment-water relative velocities from long-period earthquake motions can mobilize synthetic fine marine sediment. High frequency vertical shaking can enhance this mobilization. According to our results, the largest tsunamigenic earthquakes that rupture to the trench may be distinguishable in the sedimentary record.
Jingjuan Li, John D. Jansen, Xuanmei Fan, Zhiyong Ding, Shugang Kang, and Marco Lovati
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 953–971, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-953-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-953-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigated the geomorphology, sedimentology, and chronology of Tuanjie (seven terraces) and Taiping (three terraces) terraces in Diexi, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Results highlight that two damming and three outburst events occurred in the area during the late Pleistocene, and the outburst floods have been a major factor in the formation of tectonically active mountainous river terraces. Tectonic activity and climatic changes play a minor role.
Octria A. Prasojo, Trevor B. Hoey, Amanda Owen, and Richard D. Williams
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2113, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2113, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Decades of delta avulsion (i.e. channel abrupt jump) study has not resolved what the main controls of delta avulsion are. Using computer model, integrated with field observation, analytical and laboratory-made delta, we found that the sediment load, itself is controlled by the steepness of river upstream of a delta, controls the timing of avulsion. We can now better understand the main cause of abrupt channel changes on deltas, a finding that aids flood risk management in river deltas.
Andrew Hollyday, Maureen E. Raymo, Jacqueline Austermann, Fred Richards, Mark Hoggard, and Alessio Rovere
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 883–905, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-883-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-883-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sea level was significantly higher during the Pliocene epoch, around 3 million years ago. The present-day elevations of shorelines that formed in the past provide a data constraint on the extent of ice sheet melt and the global sea level response under warm Pliocene conditions. In this study, we identify 10 escarpments that formed from wave-cut erosion during Pliocene times and compare their elevations with model predictions of solid Earth deformation processes to estimate past sea level.
Gregory A. Ruetenik, Ken L. Ferrier, and Odin Marc
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 863–881, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-863-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-863-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial sediment fluxes increased dramatically in Taiwan during Typhoon Morakot in 2009, which produced some of the heaviest landsliding on record. We analyzed fluvial discharge and suspended sediment concentration data at 87 gauging stations across Taiwan to quantify fluvial sediment responses since Morakot. In basins heavily impacted by landsliding, rating curve coefficients sharply increased during Morakot and then declined exponentially with a characteristic decay time of <10 years.
Nil Carrion-Bertran, Albert Falqués, Francesca Ribas, Daniel Calvete, Rinse de Swart, Ruth Durán, Candela Marco-Peretó, Marta Marcos, Angel Amores, Tim Toomey, Àngels Fernández-Mora, and Jorge Guillén
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 819–839, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-819-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-819-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The sensitivity to the wave and sea-level forcing sources in predicting a 6-month embayed beach evolution is assessed using two different morphodynamic models. After a successful model calibration using in situ data, other sources are applied. The wave source choice is critical: hindcast data provide wrong results due to an angle bias, whilst the correct dynamics are recovered with the wave conditions from an offshore buoy. The use of different sea-level sources gives no significant differences.
Thomas J. Barnes, Thomas V. Schuler, Simon Filhol, and Karianne S. Lilleøren
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 801–818, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-801-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-801-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we use machine learning to automatically outline landforms based on their characteristics. We test several methods to identify the most accurate and then proceed to develop the most accurate to improve its accuracy further. We manage to outline landforms with 65 %–75 % accuracy, at a resolution of 10 m, thanks to high-quality/high-resolution elevation data. We find that it is possible to run this method at a country scale to quickly produce landform inventories for future studies.
Eric Petersen, Regine Hock, and Michael G. Loso
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 727–745, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-727-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-727-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice cliffs are melt hot spots that increase melt rates on debris-covered glaciers which otherwise see a reduction in melt rates. In this study, we show how surface runoff streams contribute to the generation, evolution, and survival of ice cliffs by carving into the glacier and transporting rocky debris. On Kennicott Glacier, Alaska, 33 % of ice cliffs are actively influenced by streams, while nearly half are within 10 m of streams.
Daniel O'Hara, Liran Goren, Roos M. J. van Wees, Benjamin Campforts, Pablo Grosse, Pierre Lahitte, Gabor Kereszturi, and Matthieu Kervyn
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 709–726, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-709-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-709-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how volcanic edifices develop drainage basins remains unexplored in landscape evolution. Using digital evolution models of volcanoes with varying ages, we quantify the geometries of their edifices and associated drainage basins through time. We find that these metrics correlate with edifice age and are thus useful indicators of a volcano’s history. We then develop a generalized model for how volcano basins develop and compare our results to basin evolution in other settings.
Brayden Noh, Omar Wani, Kieran B. J. Dunne, and Michael P. Lamb
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 691–708, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-691-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-691-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we propose a framework for generating risk maps that provide the probabilities of erosion due to river migration. This framework uses concepts from probability theory to learn the river migration model's parameter values from satellite data while taking into account parameter uncertainty. Our analysis shows that such geomorphic risk estimation is more reliable than models that do not explicitly consider various sources of variability and uncertainty.
Steven Y. J. Lai, David Amblas, Aaron Micallef, and Hervé Capart
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 621–640, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-621-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-621-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the creation of submarine canyons and hanging-wall fans on active faults, which can be defined by gravity-dominated breaching and underflow-dominated diffusion processes. The study reveals the self-similarity in canyon–fan long profiles, uncovers Hack’s scaling relationship and proposes a formula to estimate fan volume using canyon length. This is validated by global data from source-to-sink systems, providing insights into deep-water sedimentary processes.
Anuska Narayanan, Sagy Cohen, and John R. Gardner
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 581–599, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-581-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-581-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the profound impact of deforestation in the Amazon on sediment dynamics. Novel remote sensing data and statistical analyses reveal significant changes, especially in heavily deforested regions, with rapid effects within a year. In less disturbed areas, a 1- to 2-year lag occurs, influenced by natural sediment shifts and human activities. These findings highlight the need to understand the consequences of human activity for our planet's future.
Jacob Hardt, Tim P. Dooley, and Michael R. Hudec
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 559–579, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-559-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-559-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the reaction of salt structures on ice sheet transgressions. We used a series of sandbox models that enabled us to experiment with scaled-down versions of salt bodies from northern Germany. The strongest reactions occurred when large salt pillows were partly covered by the ice load. Subsurface salt structures may play an important role in the energy transition, e.g., as energy storage. Thus, it is important to understand all processes that affect their stability.
Prakash Pokhrel, Mikael Attal, Hugh D. Sinclair, Simon M. Mudd, and Mark Naylor
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 515–536, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-515-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-515-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Pebbles become increasingly rounded during downstream transport in rivers due to abrasion. This study quantifies pebble roundness along the length of two Himalayan rivers. We demonstrate that roundness increases with downstream distance and that the rates are dependent on rock type. We apply this to reconstructing travel distances and hence the size of ancient Himalaya. Results show that the ancient river network was larger than the modern one, indicating that there has been river capture.
Aline Zinelabedin, Joel Mohren, Maria Wierzbicka-Wieczorek, Tibor Janos Dunai, Stefan Heinze, and Benedikt Ritter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-592, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-592, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In order to interpret the formation processes of subsurface salt wedges and polygonal patterned grounds from the northern Atacama Desert, we present a multi-methodological approach. Due to the high salt content of the wedges, we suggest that their formation is dominated by subsurface salt dynamics requiring moisture. We assume that the climatic conditions during the wedge growth were slightly wetter than today, offering the potential to use the wedges as palaeoclimate archives.
Jens Martin Turowski, Aaron Bufe, and Stefanie Tofelde
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 493–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-493-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-493-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial valleys are ubiquitous landforms, and understanding their formation and evolution affects a wide range of disciplines from archaeology and geology to fish biology. Here, we develop a model to predict the width of fluvial valleys for a wide range of geographic conditions. In the model, fluvial valley width is controlled by the two competing factors of lateral channel mobility and uplift. The model complies with available data and yields a broad range of quantitative predictions.
Dominik Amschwand, Jonas Wicky, Martin Scherler, Martin Hoelzle, Bernhard Krummenacher, Anna Haberkorn, Christian Kienholz, and Hansueli Gubler
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-172, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-172, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glaciers are comparatively climate-resilient coarse-debris permafrost landforms. We estimate the energy budget of the seasonally thawing active layer (AL) of rock glacier Murtèl (Swiss Alps) based on a novel sub-surface sensor array. In the coarse-blocky AL during the thaw season, heat is transferred by thermal radiation and air convection. The ground heat flux is largely used to melt ground ice in the AL that protects to some degree the permafrost body beneath.
Daniel J. Ciarletta, Jennifer L. Miselis, Julie C. Bernier, and Arnell S. Forde
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 449–475, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-449-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-449-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed the evolution of Fire Island, a barrier island in New York, USA, to identify drivers of landscape change. Results reveal Fire Island was once divided into multiple inlet-separated islands with distinct features. Later, inlets closed, and Fire Island’s landscape became more uniform as human activities intensified. The island is now less mobile and less likely to resist and recover from storm impacts and sea level rise. This vulnerability may exist for other stabilized barriers.
Pierre Dietrich, François Guillocheau, Guilhem Amin Douillet, Neil Patrick Griffis, Guillaume Baby, Daniel Paul Le Heron, Laurie Barrier, Maximilien Mathian, Isabel Patricia Montañez, Cécile Robin, Thomas Gyomlai, Christoph Kettler, and Axel Hofmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-467, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-467, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
At the evocation of ‘icy landscapes’, Africa is not the first place that comes to mind. The modern relief of Southern Africa is generally considered as resulting from uplift and counteracting erosion. We show that many modern reliefs of this region are fossil glacial landscapes tied to an ice age that occurred 300 million years ago: striated pavements, valleys, fjords. We emphasise how these landscapes have escaped being erased for hundreds of millions of years, generally considered improbable.
Chao Zhou, Xibin Tan, Yiduo Liu, and Feng Shi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 433–448, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The drainage-divide stability provides new insights into both the river network evolution and the tectonic and/or climatic changes. Several methods have been proposed to determine the direction of drainage-divide migration. However, how to quantify the migration rate of drainage divides remains challenging. In this paper, we propose a new method to calculate the migration rate of drainage divides from high-resolution topographic data.
Moritz Altmann, Madlene Pfeiffer, Florian Haas, Jakob Rom, Fabian Fleischer, Tobias Heckmann, Livia Piermattei, Michael Wimmer, Lukas Braun, Manuel Stark, Sarah Betz-Nutz, and Michael Becht
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 399–431, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-399-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-399-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show a long-term erosion monitoring of several sections on Little Ice Age lateral moraines with derived sediment yield from historical and current digital elevation modelling (DEM)-based differences. The first study period shows a clearly higher range of variability of sediment yield within the sites than the later periods. In most cases, a decreasing trend of geomorphic activity was observed.
Paul A. Carling
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 381–397, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-381-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-381-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Edge rounding in Shap granite glacial erratics is an irregular function of distance from the source outcrop in northern England, UK. Block shape is conservative, evolving according to block fracture mechanics – stochastic and silver ratio models – towards either of two attractor states. Progressive reduction in size occurs for blocks transported at the sole of the ice mass where the blocks are subject to compressive and tensile forces of the ice acting against a bedrock or till surface.
Gary Parker, Chenge An, Michael P. Lamb, Marcelo H. Garcia, Elizabeth H. Dingle, and Jeremy G. Venditti
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 367–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-367-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-367-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
River morphology has traditionally been divided by the size 2 mm. We use dimensionless arguments to show that particles in the 1–5 mm range (i) are the finest range not easily suspended by alluvial flood flows, (ii) are transported preferentially over coarser gravel, and (iii), within limits, are also transported preferentially over sand. We show how fluid viscosity mediates the special status of sediment in this range.
Cited articles
Abbott, L. D., Silver, E. A., Anderson, R. S., Smith, R., Ingle, J. C.,
Kling, S. A., Haig, D., Small, E., Galewsky, J., and Sliter, W. S.:
Measurement of tectonic surface uplift rate in a young collisional mountain
belt, Nature, 385, 501–507, https://doi.org/10.1038/385501a0, 1997.
Allison, I. and Kruss, P.: Estimation of recent climate change in Irian Jaya
by numerical modeling of its tropical glaciers, Arctic Alpine Res., 9,
49–60, 1977.
Anderson, R. S., Molnar, P., and Kessler, M. A.: Features of glacial valley
profiles simply explained, J. Geophys. Res., 111, F01004,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000344, 2006.
Balco, G., Stone, J. O, Lifton, N. A., and Dunai, T. J.: A complete and
easily accessible means of calculating surface exposure ages or erosion rates
from 10Be and 26Al measurements, Quat. Geochronol., 3,
174–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2007.12.001, 2008.
Ballantyne, C. K.: Paraglacial geomorphology, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21,
1935–2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00005-7, 2002.
Ballantyne, C. K., Wilson, P., Schnabel, C., and Xu, S.: Lateglacial
rock-slope failures in northwest Ireland: age, causes and implications, J.
Quaternary Sci., 28, 789–802, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2675, 2013.
Barquero, J. and Ellenberg, L.: Geomorphologie der alpinen Stufe des Chirripo
in Costa Rica, Eiszeitalter u. Gegenwart, 36, 1–9, 1986.
Barrows, T. T., Hope, G. S., Prentice, M. L., Fifield, L. K., and Tims, S.
G.: Late Pleistocene glaciation of the Mt Giluwe volcano, Papua New Guinea,
Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 2676–2689, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.05.022,
2011.
Bergoeing, J. P.: La fotografía aérea y su aplicación a la
geomorfología de Costa Rica, Ministerio de Obras Publicas y Transportes,
Instituto Geografico Nacional, San José, Costa Rica, 1978.
Böse, M.: Traces of glaciation in the high mountains of Taiwan,
Developments in Quaternary Science, 2, 347–352,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1571-0866(04)80141-6, 2004.
Brocklehurst, S. H. and Whipple, K. X.: Hypsometry of glaciated landscapes,
Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 29, 907–926, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1083, 2004.
Broecker, W. S. and Denton, G. H.: The role of ocean atmosphere
reorganizations in glacial cycles, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 53, 2465–2501,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90123-3, 1989.
Brozović, N., Burbank, D. W., and Meigs, A. J.: Glacial buzzsaws,
topographic lightning rods and landscape development in the northwestern
Himalaya and Karakoram, EOS, 77, p. 252, 1996.
Brozović, N., Burbank, D. W., and Meigs, A. J.: Climatic limits on
landscape development in the northwestern Himalaya, Science, 276, 571–574,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5312.571, 1997.
Byrne, T. and Liu, C.-S.: Geology and geophysics of an arc-continent
collision, Taiwan, Geol. S. Am. S., 358, v–viii, 2002.
Cabot, T. D., Wood, W. A., and Notestein, F. B.: The Cabot Expedition to the
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta of Colombia, Geogr. Rev., 20, 587–621, 1939.
Carcaillet, J., Siame, L. L., Chu, H. T., Bourlès, D. L., Lu, W. C.,
Angelier, J., and Dussouillez, P.: First cosmic ray exposure dating (in situ
produced 10Be) of the late-Pleistocene and Holocene glaciation in
the Nanhutashan Mountains (Taiwan), Terra Nova, 19, 331–336,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2007.00756.x, 2007.
Chu, H. T., Sonic, W. L., and Kuo, Y. C.: New evidences of Late Quaternary
glacial relicts in the Nanhutashan Area, Taiwan, The Symposium on Taiwan
Quaternary & Workshop of the Asia Paleoenvironmental Change Project,
Keelung, p. 18, 2000.
Cui, Z., Yang, C., Liu, G., Zhang, W., Wang, S., and Sung, Q.: The Quaternary
glaciation of Shesan Mountain in Taiwan and glacial classification in monsoon
areas, Quatern. Int., 97–98, 147–153, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00060-5,
2002.
Cunningham, M. T. and Stark, C. P.: PHtools (Version 1.0), Zenodo,
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2538233, 2019a.
Cunningham, M. T. and Stark, C. P.: PHdata (Version 1.0), Zenodo,
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2538223, 2019b.
Cunningham, M. T. and Stark, C. P.: PHanalysis (Version 1.0), Zenodo,
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2538230, 2019c.
Cunningham, M. T. and Stark, C. P.: PHdoc (Version 1.0), GitHub, available
at: https://mcunningham917.github.io/PHdoc, last access: 12 January
2019d.
Dadson, S. J., Hovius, N., Chen, H., Dade, W. B., Hsieh, M.-L., Willett, S.
D., Hu, J.-C., Horng, M.-J., Chen, M.-C., Stark, C. P., Lague, D., and Lin,
J.-C.: Links between erosion, runoff variability and seismicity in the Taiwan
orogen, Nature, 426, 648–651, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02150, 2003.
Dawson, G. M.: Report on the area of the Kamloops map-sheet, British
Columbia, Ottawa, Canada, v. 7, p. 12B, 1895.
Drummond, M. S., Bordelon, M., de Boer, J. Z., Defant, M. J., Bellon, H., and
Feigenson, M. D.: Igneous petrogenesis and tectonic setting of plutonic and
volcanic rocks of the Cordillera de Talamanca, Rica – Panama Central
American Arc, Am. J. Sci., 295, 875–919, 1995.
Egholm, D. L., Nielsen, S. B., Pedersen, V. K., and Lesemann, J.-E.: Glacial
effects limiting mountain height, Nature, 460, 884–887,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08263, 2009.
Farber, D. L., Hancock, G. S., Finkel, R. C., and Rodbell, D. T.: The age and
extent of tropical alpine glaciation in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, J.
Quaternary Sci., 20, 759–776, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.994, 2005.
Farr, T. G., Rosen, P. A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S.,
Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., Roth, L., Seal, D., Shaffer, S.,
Shimada, J., Umland, J., Werner, M., Oskin, M., Burbank, D., and Alsdorf, D.:
The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, Rev. Geophys., 45, RG2004,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000183, 2007.
Fox, M., Herman, F., Kissling, E., and Willett, S.D.: Rapid exhumation in the
Western Alps driven by slab detachment and glacial erosion, Geology, 43,
379–382, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36411.1, 2015.
Hall, A. M. and Kleman, J.: Glacial and periglacial buzzsaws: fitting
mechanism to metaphors, Quaternary Res., 81, 189–192,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2013.10.007, 2014.
Hastenrath, S.: On the Pleistocene glaciation of the Cordillera de
Talamanca, Costa Rica, Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde and
Glazialgeologie, 9, 105–121, 1973.
Hastenrath, S.: Past glaciation in the tropics: Quaternary Sci. Rev., 28,
790–798, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.12.004, 2009.
Hebenstreit, R.: Present and former equilibrium line altitudes in the
Taiwanese high mountain range, Quatern. Int., 147, 70–75,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2005.09.008, 2006.
Hebenstreit, R. and Böse, M.: Geomorphological evidence for a Late
Pleistocene glaciation in the high mountains of Taiwan dated with age
estimates by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), Z. Geomorphol., 130,
31-49, 2003.
Hebenstreit, R., Böse, M., and Murray, A.: Late Pleistocene and early
Holocene glaciations in Taiwanese mountains, Quatern. Int., 147, 76–88,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2005.09.009, 2006.
Hebenstreit, R., Ivy-Ochs, S., Kubik, P. W., Schlüchter, C., and
Böse, M.: Late glacial and early Holocene surface exposure ages of
glacial boulders in the Taiwanese high mountain range, Quaternary Sci. Rev.,
30, 298–311, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.11.002, 2011.
Herman, F., Seward, D., Valla, P. G., Carter, A., Kohn, B., Willett, S. D.,
and Ehlers, T. A.: Worldwide acceleration of mountain erosion under a cooling
climate, Nature, 504, 423–426, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12877, 2013.
Hovius, N., Stark, C. P., Tutton, M. A., and Abbott, L. D.: Landslide-driven
drainage network evolution in a pre-steady state mountain belt: Finisterre
Mountains, Papua New Guinea, Geology, 26, 1071–1074,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<1071:LDDNEI>2.3.CO;2, 1998.
Hsu, W.-H., Byrne, T. B., Ouimet, W., Lee, Y.-H., Chen, Y.-G., van Soest, M.,
and Hodges, K.: Pleistocene onset of rapid, punctuated exhumation in the
eastern Central Range of the Taiwan orogenic belt, Geology, 44, 719–722,
https://doi.org/10.1130/G37914.1, 2016.
Kano, T.: Some topographical observations about the mountains of Formosa,
Geogr. Rev. [Japan], 8, 505–520, 1932.
Kano, T.: Contribution to the Glacial Topography of the Tugitaka Mountains,
Formosa, Geogr. Rev. [Japan], 11, 244–263, 1935.
Kaser, G. and Osmaston, H.: Tropical glaciers, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, UK, 2002.
Kelly, M. A., Lowell, T. V., Applegate, P. J., Phillips, F. M., Schaefer, J.
M., Smith, C. A., Kim, H., Leonard, K. C., and Hudson, A. M.: A locally
calibrated, late glacial 10Be production rate from a low-latitude,
high-altitude site in the Peruvian Andes, Quat. Geochronol., 26, 70–85,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2013.10.007, 2013.
Lachniet, M. S. and Seltzer, G. O.: Late Quaternary glaciation of Costa Rica,
GSA Bulletin, 114, 547–558,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0547:LQGOCR>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Lal, D.: Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces: in situ nuclide production
rates and erosion models, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 104, 424–439, 1991.
Loeffler, E.: The Pleistocene glaciation of the Saruwaged Range, Territory of
New Guinea, Aust. Geogr., 11, 463–472, 1971.
MacGregor, K. R., Anderson, R. S., and Waddington, E. D.: Numerical modeling
of glacial erosion and headwall processes in alpine valleys, Geomorphology,
103, 189–204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.04.022, 2009.
Margirier, A., Audin L., Robert, X., Herman, F., Ganne, J., and Schwartz, S.:
Time and mode of exhumation of the Cordillera Blanca batholith (Peruvian
Andes), J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 121, 6235–6249, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013055,
2016.
Mark, B. G., Harrison, S. P., Spess, A., New, M., Evans, D. J. A., and
Helmens, K. F.: Tropical snowline changes at the last glacial maximum: A
global assessment, Quatern. Int., 138–139, 168–201,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2005.02.012, 2005.
McColl, S. T.: Paraglacial Rock-Slope Stability, Geomorphology, 153–154,
1–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.02.015, 2012.
Mitchell, S. G. and Humphries, E. E.: Glacial cirques and the relationship
between equilibrium line altitudes and mountain range height, Geology, 43,
35–38, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36180.1, 2015.
Mitchell, S. G. and Montgomery, D. R.: Influence of a glacial buzzsaw on the
height and morphology of the Cascade Range in central Washington State, USA,
Quaternary Res., 65, 96–107, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.08.018, 2006.
Molnar, P. and England, P.: Late Cenozoic uplift of mountain ranges and
global climate change: chicken or egg?, Nature, 346, 29–34,
https://doi.org/10.1038/346029a0, 1990.
Montgomery, D. R., Balco, G., and Willett, S. D.: Climate, tectonics, and the
morphology of the Andes, Geology, 29, 579–582,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0579:CTATMO>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Morell, K. D., Kirby, E., Fisher, D. M., and van Soest, M.: Geomorphic and
exhumational response of the Central American Volcanic Arc to Cocos Ridge
subduction, J. Geophys. Res., 117, B04409, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008969, 2012.
Ono, Y., Shulmeister, J., Lehmkuhl, F., Asahi, K., and Aoki, T.: Timings and
causes of glacial advances across the PEP-II transect (East-Asia to
Antarctica) during the last glaciation cycle, Quatern. Int., 118–119,
55–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00130-7, 2004.
Ono, Y., Aoki, T., Hasegawa, H., and Dali, L.: Mountain glaciation in Japan
and Taiwan at the global Last Glacial Maximum, Quatern. Int., 138–139,
79–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2005.02.007, 2005.
Orvis, K. H. and Horn, S. P.: Quaternary glaciers and climate on Cerro
Chirripó, Costa Rica, Quaternary Res., 54, 24–37,
https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2142, 2000.
Oskin, M. and Burbank, D. W.: Alpine landscape evolution dominated by cirque
retreat, Geology, 33, 933–936, https://doi.org/10.1130/G21957.1, 2005.
Ouimet, W. B., Byrne, T. B., Huang, C., Bierman, P. R., Lee, Y.-H., Hsu,
W.-H., Hsieh, M.-L., and Soest, M. C. V.: Extreme landscape disequilibrium
and slow erosion during rapid mountain building, American Geophysical Union
Fall Meeting, 14–18 December, 2015, San Francisco, CA, USA, abs. T32B–02,
2015.
Panzer, W.: Eiszeitspuren auf Formosa, Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde,
23, 81–91, 1935.
Pedersen, V. K. and Egholm, D. L.: Glaciations in response to climate
variations preconditioned by evolving topography, Nature, 493, 206–210,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11786, 2013.
Penck, A.: Glacial features in the surface of the Alps, Geology, 13, 1–19,
1905.
Porter, S. C.: Present and past glaciation threshold in the Cascade Range,
Washington, U.S.A.: topographic and climatic controls and paleoclimatic
implications, J. Glaciol., 18, 101–116, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022143000021559, 1977.
Porter, S. C.: Some geological implications of average quaternary glacial
conditions, Quaternary Res., 32, 245–261, https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(89)90092-6,
1989.
Prentice, M. L., Hope, G. S., Maryunani, K., and Peterson, J. A.: An
evaluation of snowline data across New Guinea during the last major
glaciation, and area-based glacier snowlines in the Mt. Jaya region of Papua,
Indonesia, during the Last Glacial Maximum, Quatern. Int., 138–139, 93–117,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2005.02.008, 2005.
Ring, U.: Extreme uplift of the Rwenzori Mountains in the East African Rift,
Uganda: Structural framework and possible role of glaciations, Tectonics, 27,
TC4018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007TC002176, 2008.
Schaefer, J. M., Denton, G. H., Kaplan, M., Putnam, A., Finkel, R. C.,
Barrell, D. J. A., Andersen, B. G., Schwartz, R., Mackintosh, A., Chinn, T.,
and Schlüchter, C.: High-frequency Holocene glacier fluctuations in New
Zealand differ from the northern signature, Science, 324, 622–625,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1169312, 2009.
Schildgen, T. F., van der Beek, P. A., Sinclair, H. D., and Thiede, R. C.:
Spatial correlation bias in late-Cenozoic erosion histories derived from
thermochronology, Nature, 559, 89–93, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0260-6, 2018.
Schubert, C.: The glaciers of the Sierra Nevada de Mérida (Venezuela): a
photographic comparison of recent deglaciation, Erdkunde, 46, 58–64, 1992.
Schwanghart, W. and Kuhn, N. J.: TopoToolbox: A set of Matlab functions for
topographic analysis, Environ. Model. Softw., 25, 770–781,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.12.002, 2010.
Schwanghart, W. and Scherler, D.: Short Communication: TopoToolbox 2 –
MATLAB-based software for topographic analysis and modeling in Earth surface
sciences, Earth Surf. Dynam., 2, 1–7,
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-1-2014, 2014.
Shimizu, C.: Glacial Landforms around Cerro Chirripó in Cordillera de
Talamanca, Costa Rica, J. Geogr. [Japan], 101, 601–621, 1992.
Siame, L. L., Chu, H. T., Carcaillet, J., Bourlès, D. L., Braucher, R.,
Lu, W. C., Angelier, J., and Dussouliez, P.: Glacial retreat history of
Nanhuta Shan (northeast Taiwan) from preserved glacial features: the cosmic
ray exposure perspective, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 2185–2200,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.04.016, 2007.
Stolar, D. B., Willett, S. D., and Montgomery, D. R.: Characterization of
topographic steady state in Taiwan, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 261, 421–431,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.07.045, 2007.
Stone, J. O.: Air pressure and cosmogenic isotope production, J. Geophys.
Res.-Sol. Ea., 105, 23753–23759, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900181, 2000.
Strahler, A. N.: Hypsometric (area–altitude) analysis of erosional
topography, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 63, 1117–1142, 1952.
Suppe, J.: Mechanics of mountain building and metamorphism in Taiwan, Memoir
of the Geological Society of China, 4, 67–89, 1981.
Thomson, S. N., Brandon, M. T., Tomkin, J. H., Reiners, P. W., Vásquez,
C., and Wilson, N. J.: Glaciation as a destructive and constructive control
on mountain building, Nature, 467, 313–316, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09365, 2010.
Valla, P. G., Shuster, D. L., and van der Beek, P. A.: Significant increase
in relief of the European Alps during mid-Pleistocene glaciations, Nat.
Geosci., 4, 688–689, https://doi.org/10.1038/NGEO1242, 2011.
Van der Beek, P, Van Melle, J., Guillot, S, Pêcher, A., Reiners, P. W.,
Nicolescu, S., and Latif, M.: Eocene Tibetan Plateau remnants preserved in
the northwest Himalaya, Nat. Geosci., 2, 364–368, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo503, 2009.
Ward, D. J., Anderson, R. S., and Haeussler, P. J.: Scaling the Teflon Peaks:
Rock type and the generation of extreme relief in the glaciated western
Alaska Range, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 117, F01031,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002068, 2012.
Weyl, R.: Vestigios de una glaciación del Pleistoceno en la Cordillera de
Talamanca, Instituto Geografico de Costa Rica, Costa Rica, Informe
Trimestral, 9–32, 1955.
Willett, S. D. and Brandon, M. T.: On steady state in mountain belts, GSA
Bulletin, 30, 175–178,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0175:OSSIMB>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Willett, S. D., Hovius, N., Brandon, M. T., and Fisher, D. M.: Tectonics,
climate and landscape evolution, GSA Special Paper, 398,
https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2398(00), 2006.
Willett, S. D., McCoy, S. W., Perron, J. T., Goren, L., and Chen, C. Y.:
Dynamic reorganization of river Basins, Science, 343, 1118–1125,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248765, 2014.
Wood, W. A.: Recent Glacier Fluctuations in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta,
Colombia, Geogr. Rev., 60, 374–392, 1970.
Zeumann, S. and Hampel, A.: Impact of Cocos Ridge (Central America)
subduction on the forearc drainage system, Geology, 45, 907–910,
https://doi.org/10.1130/G39251.1, 2017.
Short summary
Glacial erosion is known to limit the height of midlatitude mountain ranges affected by substantial glaciation during cold periods. Our study examines this phenomenon in the tropics. A new form of hypsometric analysis, along with other evidence, of 10 tropical ranges reveals widespread signs of a perched glacial base level at the ELA. Although glacial influence is moderate to weak in these environments, the evidence suggests that glacial erosion acts to limit the height of tropical ranges.
Glacial erosion is known to limit the height of midlatitude mountain ranges affected by...
