Articles | Volume 11, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-117-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-117-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| Highlight paper
| 
28 Feb 2023
Research article | Highlight paper |
| 28 Feb 2023
| 28 Feb 2023
Multi-sensor monitoring and data integration reveal cyclical destabilization of the Äußeres Hochebenkar rock glacier
Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innrain 25, 3. OG, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Alaska Climate Research Center, Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2156 Koyukuk Dr, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States
Thomas Zieher
Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innrain 25, 3. OG, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Magnus Bremer
Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innrain 25, 3. OG, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Department of Geography, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52f, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Martin Stocker-Waldhuber
Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innrain 25, 3. OG, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Vivien Zahs
Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Bernhard Höfle
Institute of Geography, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Christoph Klug
Department of Geography, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52f, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Alessandro Cicoira
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
Related authors
Lea Hartl, Bernd Seiser, Martin Stocker-Waldhuber, Anna Baldo, Marcela Violeta Lauria, and Andrea Fischer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4077–4101, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4077-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4077-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers in the Alps are receding at unprecedented rates. To understand how this affects the hydrology and ecosystems of the affected regions, it is important to measure glacier mass balance and ensure that records of field surveys are kept in standardized formats and well-documented. We describe glaciological measurements of ice ablation and snow accumulation gathered at Mullwitzkees and Venedigerkees, two glaciers in the Austrian Alps, since 2007 and 2012, respectively.
Lea Hartl, Lucia Felbauer, Gabriele Schwaizer, and Andrea Fischer
The Cryosphere, 14, 4063–4081, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4063-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4063-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
When glaciers become snow-free in summer, darker glacier ice is exposed. The ice surface is darker than snow and absorbs more radiation, which increases ice melt. We measured how much radiation is reflected at different wavelengths in the ablation zone of Jamtalferner, Austria. Due to impurities and water on the ice surface there are large variations in reflectance. Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 surface reflectance products do not capture the full range of reflectance found on the glacier.
Kay Helfricht, Lea Hartl, Roland Koch, Christoph Marty, and Marc Olefs
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2655–2668, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2655-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2655-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We calculated hourly new snow densities from automated measurements. This time interval reduces the influence of settling of the freshly deposited snow. We found an average new snow density of 68 kg m−3. The observed variability could not be described using different parameterizations, but a relationship to temperature is partly visible at hourly intervals. Wind speed is a crucial parameter for the inter-station variability. Our findings are relevant for snow models working on hourly timescales.
Lea Hartl, Bernd Seiser, Martin Stocker-Waldhuber, Anna Baldo, Marcela Violeta Lauria, and Andrea Fischer
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 4077–4101, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4077-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-4077-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers in the Alps are receding at unprecedented rates. To understand how this affects the hydrology and ecosystems of the affected regions, it is important to measure glacier mass balance and ensure that records of field surveys are kept in standardized formats and well-documented. We describe glaciological measurements of ice ablation and snow accumulation gathered at Mullwitzkees and Venedigerkees, two glaciers in the Austrian Alps, since 2007 and 2012, respectively.
Livia Piermattei, Michael Zemp, Christian Sommer, Fanny Brun, Matthias H. Braun, Liss M. Andreassen, Joaquín M. C. Belart, Etienne Berthier, Atanu Bhattacharya, Laura Boehm Vock, Tobias Bolch, Amaury Dehecq, Inés Dussaillant, Daniel Falaschi, Caitlyn Florentine, Dana Floricioiu, Christian Ginzler, Gregoire Guillet, Romain Hugonnet, Matthias Huss, Andreas Kääb, Owen King, Christoph Klug, Friedrich Knuth, Lukas Krieger, Jeff La Frenierre, Robert McNabb, Christopher McNeil, Rainer Prinz, Louis Sass, Thorsten Seehaus, David Shean, Désirée Treichler, Anja Wendt, and Ruitang Yang
The Cryosphere, 18, 3195–3230, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3195-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3195-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Satellites have made it possible to observe glacier elevation changes from all around the world. In the present study, we compared the results produced from two different types of satellite data between different research groups and against validation measurements from aeroplanes. We found a large spread between individual results but showed that the group ensemble can be used to reliably estimate glacier elevation changes and related errors from satellite data.
M. Potůčková, J. Albrechtová, K. Anders, L. Červená, J. Dvořák, K. Gryguc, B. Höfle, L. Hunt, Z. Lhotáková, A. Marcinkowska-Ochtyra, A. Mayr, E. Neuwirthová, A. Ochtyra, M. Rutzinger, A. Šedová, A. Šrollerů, and L. Kupková
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-1-W2-2023, 989–996, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W2-2023-989-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-1-W2-2023-989-2023, 2023
Adriaan L. van Natijne, Thom A. Bogaard, Thomas Zieher, Jan Pfeiffer, and Roderik C. Lindenbergh
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3723–3745, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3723-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3723-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Landslides are one of the major weather-related geohazards. To assess their potential impact and design mitigation solutions, a detailed understanding of the slope is required. We tested if the use of machine learning, combined with satellite remote sensing data, would allow us to forecast deformation. Our results on the Vögelsberg landslide, a deep-seated landslide near Innsbruck, Austria, show that the formulation of such a machine learning system is not as straightforward as often hoped for.
Azzurra Spagnesi, Pascal Bohleber, Elena Barbaro, Matteo Feltracco, Fabrizio De Blasi, Giuliano Dreossi, Martin Stocker-Waldhuber, Daniela Festi, Jacopo Gabrieli, Andrea Gambaro, Andrea Fischer, and Carlo Barbante
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1625, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1625, 2023
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
We present new data from a 10 m ice core drilled in 2019 and a 8.4 m parallel ice core drilled in 2021 at the summit of Weißseespitze glacier. In a new combination of proxies, we discuss profiles of stable water isotopes, major ion chemistry as well as a full profile of microcharcoal and levoglucosan. We find that the chemical and isotopic signals are preserved, despite the ongoing surface mass loss. This is not be to expected considering what has been found at other glaciers at similar locations.
Lukas Winiwarter, Katharina Anders, Daniel Czerwonka-Schröder, and Bernhard Höfle
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 593–613, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-593-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-593-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a method to extract surface change information from 4D time series of topographic point clouds recorded with a terrestrial laser scanner. The method uses sensor information to spatially and temporally smooth the data, reducing uncertainties. The Kalman filter used for the temporal smoothing also allows us to interpolate over data gaps or extrapolate into the future. Clustering areas where change histories are similar allows us to identify processes that may have the same causes.
D. Hulskemper, K. Anders, J. A. Á. Antolínez, M. Kuschnerus, B. Höfle, and R. Lindenbergh
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLVIII-2-W2-2022, 53–60, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-2-W2-2022-53-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLVIII-2-W2-2022-53-2022, 2022
Alessandro Cicoira, Samuel Weber, Andreas Biri, Ben Buchli, Reynald Delaloye, Reto Da Forno, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Stephan Gruber, Tonio Gsell, Andreas Hasler, Roman Lim, Philippe Limpach, Raphael Mayoraz, Matthias Meyer, Jeannette Noetzli, Marcia Phillips, Eric Pointner, Hugo Raetzo, Cristian Scapozza, Tazio Strozzi, Lothar Thiele, Andreas Vieli, Daniel Vonder Mühll, Vanessa Wirz, and Jan Beutel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5061–5091, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5061-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5061-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper documents a monitoring network of 54 positions, located on different periglacial landforms in the Swiss Alps: rock glaciers, landslides, and steep rock walls. The data serve basic research but also decision-making and mitigation of natural hazards. It is the largest dataset of its kind, comprising over 209 000 daily positions and additional weather data.
Jan Pfeiffer, Thomas Zieher, Jan Schmieder, Thom Bogaard, Martin Rutzinger, and Christoph Spötl
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2219–2237, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2219-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2219-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The activity of slow-moving deep-seated landslides is commonly governed by pore pressure variations within the shear zone. Groundwater recharge as a consequence of precipitation therefore is a process regulating the activity of landslides. In this context, we present a highly automated geo-statistical approach to spatially assess groundwater recharge controlling the velocity of a deep-seated landslide in Tyrol, Austria.
Hannah Weiser, Jannika Schäfer, Lukas Winiwarter, Nina Krašovec, Fabian E. Fassnacht, and Bernhard Höfle
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 2989–3012, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2989-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-2989-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
3D point clouds, acquired by laser scanning, allow us to retrieve information about forest structure and individual tree properties. We conducted airborne, UAV-borne and terrestrial laser scanning in German mixed forests, resulting in overlapping point clouds with different characteristics. From these, we generated a comprehensive database of individual tree point clouds and corresponding tree metrics. Our dataset may serve as a benchmark dataset for algorithms in forestry research.
K. Anders, L. Winiwarter, D. Schröder, and B. Höfle
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B2-2022, 973–980, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-973-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-973-2022, 2022
A. B. Voordendag, B. Goger, C. Klug, R. Prinz, M. Rutzinger, and G. Kaser
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B2-2022, 1093–1099, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-1093-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-1093-2022, 2022
V. Zahs, L. Winiwarter, K. Anders, M. Bremer, M. Rutzinger, M. Potůčková, and B. Höfle
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B2-2022, 1109–1116, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-1109-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-1109-2022, 2022
L. Winiwarter, K. Anders, D. Schröder, and B. Höfle
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., V-2-2022, 79–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-2-2022-79-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-2-2022-79-2022, 2022
Andrea Fischer, Gabriele Schwaizer, Bernd Seiser, Kay Helfricht, and Martin Stocker-Waldhuber
The Cryosphere, 15, 4637–4654, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4637-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-4637-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Eastern Alpine glaciers have been receding since the Little Ice Age maximum, but until now the majority of glacier margins could be delineated unambiguously. Today the outlines of totally debris-covered glacier ice are fuzzy and raise the discussion if these features are still glaciers. We investigated the fate of glacier remnants with high-resolution elevation models, analyzing also thickness changes in buried ice. In the past 13 years, the 46 glaciers of Silvretta lost one-third of their area.
K. Anders, L. Winiwarter, H. Mara, R. C. Lindenbergh, S. E. Vos, and B. Höfle
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., V-2-2021, 137–144, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-2-2021-137-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-2-2021-137-2021, 2021
A. B. Voordendag, B. Goger, C. Klug, R. Prinz, M. Rutzinger, and G. Kaser
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., V-2-2021, 153–160, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-2-2021-153-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-2-2021-153-2021, 2021
Veit Ulrich, Jack G. Williams, Vivien Zahs, Katharina Anders, Stefan Hecht, and Bernhard Höfle
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 19–28, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-19-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-19-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we use 3D point clouds to detect topographic changes across the surface of a rock glacier. These changes are presented as the relative contribution of surface change during a 3-week period to the annual surface change. By comparing these different time periods and looking at change in different directions, we provide estimates showing that different directions of surface change are dominant at different times of the year. This demonstrates the benefit of frequent monitoring.
Lea Hartl, Lucia Felbauer, Gabriele Schwaizer, and Andrea Fischer
The Cryosphere, 14, 4063–4081, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4063-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-4063-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
When glaciers become snow-free in summer, darker glacier ice is exposed. The ice surface is darker than snow and absorbs more radiation, which increases ice melt. We measured how much radiation is reflected at different wavelengths in the ablation zone of Jamtalferner, Austria. Due to impurities and water on the ice surface there are large variations in reflectance. Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 surface reflectance products do not capture the full range of reflectance found on the glacier.
M. Rutzinger, K. Anders, M. Bremer, B. Höfle, R. Lindenbergh, S. Oude Elberink, F. Pirotti, M. Scaioni, and T. Zieher
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B5-2020, 243–250, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B5-2020-243-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B5-2020-243-2020, 2020
I. Gutierrez, E. Før Gjermundsen, W. D. Harcourt, M. Kuschnerus, F. Tonion, and T. Zieher
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., V-2-2020, 719–726, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-2-2020-719-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-2-2020-719-2020, 2020
L. Winiwarter, K. Anders, D. Wujanz, and B. Höfle
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., V-2-2020, 789–796, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-2-2020-789-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-V-2-2020-789-2020, 2020
M. Bremer, V. Wichmann, M. Rutzinger, T. Zieher, and J. Pfeiffer
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-2-W13, 943–950, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W13-943-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W13-943-2019, 2019
K. Anders, R. C. Lindenbergh, S. E. Vos, H. Mara, S. de Vries, and B. Höfle
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., IV-2-W5, 317–324, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-2-W5-317-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-2-W5-317-2019, 2019
A. Kumar, K. Anders, L Winiwarter, and B. Höfle
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., IV-2-W5, 373–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-2-W5-373-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-2-W5-373-2019, 2019
A. Mayr, M. Bremer, M. Rutzinger, and C. Geitner
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., IV-2-W5, 405–412, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-2-W5-405-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-2-W5-405-2019, 2019
J. Pfeiffer, T. Zieher, M. Rutzinger, M. Bremer, and V. Wichmann
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., IV-2-W5, 421–428, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-2-W5-421-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-2-W5-421-2019, 2019
T. Zieher, M. Bremer, M. Rutzinger, J. Pfeiffer, P. Fritzmann, and V. Wichmann
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., IV-2-W5, 461–467, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-2-W5-461-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-2-W5-461-2019, 2019
Martin Stocker-Waldhuber, Andrea Fischer, Kay Helfricht, and Michael Kuhn
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 705–715, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-705-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-705-2019, 2019
Alessandro Cicoira, Jan Beutel, Jérome Faillettaz, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, and Andreas Vieli
The Cryosphere, 13, 927–942, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-927-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-927-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glacier flow varies on multiple timescales. The variations have been linked to climatic forcing, but a quantitative understanding is still missing.
We use a 1-D numerical modelling approach coupling heat conduction to a creep model in order to study the influence of temperature variations on rock glacier flow. Our results show that heat conduction alone cannot explain the observed variations. Other processes, likely linked to water, must dominate the short-term velocity signal.
T. Zieher, I. Toschi, F. Remondino, M. Rutzinger, Ch. Kofler, A. Mejia-Aguilar, and R. Schlögel
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-2, 1243–1250, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-1243-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-1243-2018, 2018
S. Crommelinck, B. Höfle, M. N. Koeva, M. Y. Yang, and G. Vosselman
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., IV-2, 81–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-2-81-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-2-81-2018, 2018
Kay Helfricht, Lea Hartl, Roland Koch, Christoph Marty, and Marc Olefs
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 2655–2668, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2655-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-2655-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We calculated hourly new snow densities from automated measurements. This time interval reduces the influence of settling of the freshly deposited snow. We found an average new snow density of 68 kg m−3. The observed variability could not be described using different parameterizations, but a relationship to temperature is partly visible at hourly intervals. Wind speed is a crucial parameter for the inter-station variability. Our findings are relevant for snow models working on hourly timescales.
M. Scaioni, B. Höfle, A. P. Baungarten Kersting, L. Barazzetti, M. Previtali, and D. Wujanz
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-3, 1503–1510, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-3-1503-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-3-1503-2018, 2018
Christoph Klug, Erik Bollmann, Stephan Peter Galos, Lindsey Nicholson, Rainer Prinz, Lorenzo Rieg, Rudolf Sailer, Johann Stötter, and Georg Kaser
The Cryosphere, 12, 833–849, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-833-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-833-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a reanalysis of the glacier mass balance record at Hintereisferner, Austria, for the period 2001 to 2011. We provide a year-by-year comparison of glaciological and geodetic mass balances obtained from annual airborne laser scanning data. After applying a series of corrections, a comparison of the methods reveals major differences for certain years. We thoroughly discuss the origin of these discrepancies and implications for future glaciological mass balance measurements.
Martin Stocker-Waldhuber, Andrea Fischer, Kay Helfricht, and Michael Kuhn
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2018-37, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2018-37, 2018
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
M. Hämmerle, N. Lukač, K.-C. Chen, Zs. Koma, C.-K. Wang, K. Anders, and B. Höfle
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., IV-2-W4, 59–65, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-2-W4-59-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-IV-2-W4-59-2017, 2017
Sabrina Marx, Katharina Anders, Sofia Antonova, Inga Beck, Julia Boike, Philip Marsh, Moritz Langer, and Bernhard Höfle
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2017-49, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2017-49, 2017
Revised manuscript has not been submitted
Short summary
Short summary
Global climate warming causes permafrost to warm and thaw, and, consequently, to release the carbon into the atmosphere. Terrestrial laser scanning is evaluated and current methods are extended in the context of monitoring subsidence in Arctic permafrost regions. The extracted information is important to gain a deeper understanding of permafrost-related subsidence processes and provides highly accurate ground-truth data which is necessary for further developing area-wide monitoring methods.
Luisa Griesbaum, Sabrina Marx, and Bernhard Höfle
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1191–1201, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1191-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1191-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides a new method for flood documentation based on user-generated flood images. We demonstrate how flood elevation and building inundation depth can be derived from photographs by means of 3-D reconstruction of the scene. With an accuracy of 0.13 m ± 0.10 m, the derived building inundation depth can be used to facilitate damage assessment.
Stephan Peter Galos, Christoph Klug, Fabien Maussion, Federico Covi, Lindsey Nicholson, Lorenzo Rieg, Wolfgang Gurgiser, Thomas Mölg, and Georg Kaser
The Cryosphere, 11, 1417–1439, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1417-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-1417-2017, 2017
Andrea Fischer, Kay Helfricht, and Martin Stocker-Waldhuber
The Cryosphere, 10, 2941–2952, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2941-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2941-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In the Alps, glacier cover, snow farming and technical snow production were introduced as adaptation measures to climate change one decade ago. Comparing elevation changes in areas with and without mass balance management in five ski resorts showed that locally up to 20 m of ice thickness was preserved compared to non-maintained areas. The method can be applied to maintainance of skiing infrastructure but has also some potential for melt management at high and dry glaciers.
S. Bechtold and B. Höfle
ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., III-3, 161–168, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-III-3-161-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-III-3-161-2016, 2016
A. Fischer, B. Seiser, M. Stocker Waldhuber, C. Mitterer, and J. Abermann
The Cryosphere, 9, 753–766, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-753-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-753-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
A time series of four Austrian glacier inventories (GIs) from the LIA maximum state up to the year 2006 show a decrease of glacier area to 44% of the LIA area. The annual relative area losses are 0.3%/year for the period GI LIA to GI 1 (1969), with one period with major glacier advances in the 1920s. From GI 1 to GI 2 (1969-1998, one advance period of variable length in the 1980s) glacier area decreased by 0.6%/year, and from GI 2 to GI 3 (10 years, no advance period) by 1.2%/year.
Related subject area
Cross-cutting themes: Digital Landscapes: Insights into geomorphological processes from high-resolution topography and quantitative interrogation of topographic data
Geomorphic indicators of continental-scale landscape transience in the Hengduan Mountains, SE Tibet, China
Evaluating the accuracy of binary classifiers for geomorphic applications
Massive sediment pulses triggered by a multi-stage 130 000 m3 alpine cliff fall (Hochvogel, DE–AT)
Size, shape and orientation matter: fast and semi-automatic measurement of grain geometries from 3D point clouds
Rockfall trajectory reconstruction: a flexible method utilizing video footage and high-resolution terrain models
Drainage reorganization induces deviations in the scaling between valley width and drainage area
Unraveling the hydrology and sediment balance of an ungauged lake in the Sudano-Sahelian region of West Africa using remote sensing
Comparative analysis of the Copernicus, TanDEM-X, and UAV-SfM digital elevation models to estimate lavaka (gully) volumes and mobilization rates in the Lake Alaotra region (Madagascar)
Beyond 2D landslide inventories and their rollover: synoptic 3D inventories and volume from repeat lidar data
Coastal change patterns from time series clustering of permanent laser scan data
Measurement of rock glacier surface change over different timescales using terrestrial laser scanning point clouds
Short communication: A semiautomated method for bulk fault slip analysis from topographic scarp profiles
Short Communication: A simple workflow for robust low-cost UAV-derived change detection without ground control points
Computing water flow through complex landscapes – Part 1: Incorporating depressions in flow routing using FlowFill
Relationships between regional coastal land cover distributions and elevation reveal data uncertainty in a sea-level rise impacts model
A segmentation approach for the reproducible extraction and quantification of knickpoints from river long profiles
A method based on structure-from-motion photogrammetry to generate sub-millimetre-resolution digital elevation models for investigating rock breakdown features
A comparison of structure from motion photogrammetry and the traversing micro-erosion meter for measuring erosion on shore platforms
Measuring decadal vertical land-level changes from SRTM-C (2000) and TanDEM-X ( ∼ 2015) in the south-central Andes
Bank erosion processes measured with UAV-SfM along complex banklines of a straight mid-sized river reach
Identification of stable areas in unreferenced laser scans for automated geomorphometric monitoring
Unsupervised detection of salt marsh platforms: a topographic method
The determination of high-resolution spatio-temporal glacier motion fields from time-lapse sequences
Bumps in river profiles: uncertainty assessment and smoothing using quantile regression techniques
Unravelling earth flow dynamics with 3-D time series derived from UAV-SfM models
Tree-root control of shallow landslides
Automated terrestrial laser scanning with near-real-time change detection – monitoring of the Séchilienne landslide
Validation of digital elevation models (DEMs) and comparison of geomorphic metrics on the southern Central Andean Plateau
3-D models and structural analysis of rock avalanches: the study of the deformation process to better understand the propagation mechanism
Frontiers in Geomorphometry and Earth Surface Dynamics: possibilities, limitations and perspectives
How does grid-resolution modulate the topographic expression of geomorphic processes?
Suitability of ground-based SfM–MVS for monitoring glacial and periglacial processes
Image-based surface reconstruction in geomorphometry – merits, limits and developments
Topography-based flow-directional roughness: potential and challenges
A nondimensional framework for exploring the relief structure of landscapes
Topographic roughness as a signature of the emergence of bedrock in eroding landscapes
Tracing the boundaries of Cenozoic volcanic edifices from Sardinia (Italy): a geomorphometric contribution
Transitional relation exploration for typical loess geomorphologic types based on slope spectrum characteristics
Extracting topographic swath profiles across curved geomorphic features
Short Communication: TopoToolbox 2 – MATLAB-based software for topographic analysis and modeling in Earth surface sciences
Katrina D. Gelwick, Sean D. Willett, and Rong Yang
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 783–800, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-783-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-783-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the intensity and spatial extent of landscape change in the Hengduan Mountains by identifying areas where river network reorganization is occurring or expected in the future. We combine four metrics that measure topographic imbalances at different spatial and temporal scales. Our study provides a deeper understanding of the dynamic nature of the Hengduan Mountains landscape and associated drivers, such as tectonic uplift, and insights for applying similar methods elsewhere.
Matthew William Rossi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 765–782, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-765-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-765-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Accurately identifying the presence and absence of landforms is important to inferring processes and testing numerical models of landscape evolution. Using synthetic scenarios, I show that the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) should be favored over the F1 score when comparing accuracy across scenes where landform abundances vary. Despite the resilience of MCC to imbalanced data, strong sensitivity to the size and shape of features can still occur when truth and model data are misaligned.
Natalie Barbosa, Johannes Leinauer, Juilson Jubanski, Michael Dietze, Ulrich Münzer, Florian Siegert, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 249–269, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-249-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-249-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Massive sediment pulses in catchments are a key alpine multi-risk component. Combining high-resolution aerial imagery and seismic information, we decipher a multi-stage >130.000 m³ rockfall and subsequent sediment pulses over 4 years, reflecting sediment deposition up to 10 m, redistribution in the basin, and finally debouchure to the outlet. This study provides generic information on spatial and temporal patterns of massive sediment pulses in highly charged alpine catchments.
Philippe Steer, Laure Guerit, Dimitri Lague, Alain Crave, and Aurélie Gourdon
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 1211–1232, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1211-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1211-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The morphology and size of sediments influence erosion efficiency, sediment transport and the quality of aquatic ecosystem. In turn, the spatial evolution of sediment size provides information on the past dynamics of erosion and sediment transport. We have developed a new software which semi-automatically identifies and measures sediments based on 3D point clouds. This software is fast and efficient, offering a new avenue to measure the geometrical properties of large numbers of sediment grains.
François Noël, Michel Jaboyedoff, Andrin Caviezel, Clément Hibert, Franck Bourrier, and Jean-Philippe Malet
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 1141–1164, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1141-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1141-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rockfall simulations are often performed to make sure infrastructure is safe. For that purpose, rockfall trajectory data are needed to calibrate the simulation models. In this paper, an affordable, flexible, and efficient trajectory reconstruction method is proposed. The method is tested by reconstructing trajectories from a full-scale rockfall experiment involving 2670 kg rocks and a flexible barrier. The results highlight improvements in precision and accuracy of the proposed method.
Elhanan Harel, Liran Goren, Onn Crouvi, Hanan Ginat, and Eitan Shelef
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 875–894, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-875-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-875-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Drainage reorganization redistributes drainage area across basins, resulting in channel and valley widths that may be unproportional to the new drainage area. We demonstrate scaling between valley width and drainage area in reorganized drainages that deviates from scaling in non-reorganized drainages. Further, deviation patterns are associated with different reorganization categories. Our findings are consequential for studies that rely on this scaling for valley width estimation.
Silvan Ragettli, Tabea Donauer, Peter Molnar, Ron Delnoije, and Tobias Siegfried
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 797–815, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-797-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-797-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a novel methodology to identify and quantitatively analyze deposition and erosion patterns in ephemeral ponds or in perennial lakes with strong water level fluctuations. We apply this method to unravel the water and sediment balance of Lac Wégnia, a designated Ramsar site in Mali. The study can be a showcase for monitoring Sahelian lakes using remote sensing data, as it sheds light on the actual drivers of change in Sahelian lakes.
Liesa Brosens, Benjamin Campforts, Gerard Govers, Emilien Aldana-Jague, Vao Fenotiana Razanamahandry, Tantely Razafimbelo, Tovonarivo Rafolisy, and Liesbet Jacobs
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 209–227, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-209-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-209-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Obtaining accurate information on the volume of geomorphic features typically requires high-resolution topographic data, which are often not available. Here, we show that the globally available 12 m TanDEM-X DEM can be used to accurately estimate gully volumes and establish an area–volume relationship after applying a correction. This allowed us to get a first estimate of the amount of sediment that has been mobilized by large gullies (lavaka) in central Madagascar over the past 70 years.
Thomas G. Bernard, Dimitri Lague, and Philippe Steer
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1013–1044, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1013-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1013-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Both landslide mapping and volume estimation accuracies are crucial to quantify landscape evolution and manage such a natural hazard. We developed a method to robustly detect landslides and measure their volume from repeat 3D point cloud lidar data. This method detects more landslides than classical 2D inventories and resolves known issues of indirect volume measurement. Our results also suggest that the number of small landslides classically detected from 2D imagery is underestimated.
Mieke Kuschnerus, Roderik Lindenbergh, and Sander Vos
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 89–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-89-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-89-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sandy coasts are areas that undergo a lot of changes, which are caused by different influences, such as tides, wind or human activity. Permanent laser scanning is used to generate a three-dimensional representation of a part of the coast continuously over an extended period. By comparing three unsupervised learning algorithms, we develop a methodology to analyse the resulting data set and derive which processes are dominating changes in the beach and dunes.
Veit Ulrich, Jack G. Williams, Vivien Zahs, Katharina Anders, Stefan Hecht, and Bernhard Höfle
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 19–28, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-19-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-19-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we use 3D point clouds to detect topographic changes across the surface of a rock glacier. These changes are presented as the relative contribution of surface change during a 3-week period to the annual surface change. By comparing these different time periods and looking at change in different directions, we provide estimates showing that different directions of surface change are dominant at different times of the year. This demonstrates the benefit of frequent monitoring.
Franklin D. Wolfe, Timothy A. Stahl, Pilar Villamor, and Biljana Lukovic
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 211–219, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-211-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-211-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This short communication presents an efficient method for analyzing large fault scarp data sets. The programs and workflow required are open-source and the methodology is easy to use; thus the barrier to entry is low. This tool can be applied to a broad range of active tectonic studies. A case study in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, exemplifies the novelty of this tool by generating results that are consistent with extensive field campaigns in only a few hours at a work station.
Kristen L. Cook and Michael Dietze
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 1009–1017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-1009-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-1009-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
UAVs have become popular tools for detecting topographic changes. Traditionally, detecting small amounts of change between two UAV surveys requires each survey to be highly accurate. We take an alternative approach and present a simple processing workflow that produces survey pairs or sets that are highly consistent with each other, even when the overall accuracy is relatively low. This greatly increases our ability to detect changes in settings where ground control is not possible.
Kerry L. Callaghan and Andrew D. Wickert
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 737–753, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-737-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-737-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Lakes and swales are real landscape features but are generally treated as data errors when calculating water flow across a surface. This is a problem because depressions can store water and fragment drainage networks. Until now, there has been no good generalized approach to calculate which depressions fill and overflow and which do not. We addressed this problem by simulating runoff flow across a landscape, selectively flooding depressions and more realistically connecting lakes and rivers.
Erika E. Lentz, Nathaniel G. Plant, and E. Robert Thieler
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 429–438, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-429-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-429-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Our findings examine several data inputs for probabilistic regional sea-level rise (SLR) impact predictions. To predict coastal response to SLR, detailed information on the landscape, including elevation, vegetation, and/or level of development, is needed. However, we find that the inherent relationship between elevation and land cover datasets (e.g., beaches tend to be low lying) is used to reduce error in a coastal response to SLR model, suggesting new applications for areas of limited data.
Boris Gailleton, Simon M. Mudd, Fiona J. Clubb, Daniel Peifer, and Martin D. Hurst
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 211–230, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-211-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-211-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The shape of landscapes is influenced by climate changes, faulting or the nature of the rocks under the surface. One of the most sensitive parts of the landscape to these changes is the river system that eventually adapts to such changes by adapting its slope, the most extreme example being a waterfall. We here present an algorithm that extracts changes in river slope over large areas from satellite data with the aim of investigating climatic, tectonic or geologic changes in the landscape.
Ankit Kumar Verma and Mary Carol Bourke
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 45–66, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-45-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-45-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The article describes the development of a portable triangle control target to register structure-from-motion-derived topographic data. We were able to generate sub-millimetre-resolution 3-D models with sub-millimetre accuracy. We verified the accuracy of our models in an experiment and demonstrated the potential of our method by collecting microtopographic data on weathered Moenkopi sandstone in Arizona. The results from our study confirm the efficacy of our method at sub-millimetre scale.
Niamh Danielle Cullen, Ankit Kumar Verma, and Mary Clare Bourke
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 1023–1039, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-1023-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-1023-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This research article provides a comparison between the traditional method of measuring erosion on rock shore platforms using a traversing micro-erosion meter (TMEM) and a new approach using structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry. Our results indicate that SfM photogrammetry offers several advantages over the TMEM, allowing for erosion measurement at different scales on rock surfaces with low roughness while also providing a means to identify different processes and styles of erosion.
Benjamin Purinton and Bodo Bookhagen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 971–987, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-971-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-971-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We show a new use for the SRTM-C digital elevation model from February 2000 and the newer TanDEM-X dataset from ~ 2015. We difference the datasets over hillslopes and gravel-bed channels to extract vertical land-level changes. These signals are associated with incision, aggradation, and landsliding. This requires careful correction of the SRTM-C biases using the TanDEM-X and propagation of significant uncertainties. The method can be applied to moderate relief areas with SRTM-C coverage.
Gonzalo Duró, Alessandra Crosato, Maarten G. Kleinhans, and Wim S. J. Uijttewaal
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 933–953, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-933-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-933-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The challenge to measure three-dimensional bank irregularities in a mid-sized river reach can be quickly solved in the field flying a drone with ground-control points and later applying structure from motion photogrammetry. We tested a simple approach that achieved sufficient resolution and accuracy to identify the full bank erosion cycle, including undermining. This is an easy-to-use and quickly deployed survey alternative to measure bank erosion processes along extended distances.
Daniel Wujanz, Michael Avian, Daniel Krueger, and Frank Neitzel
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 303–317, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-303-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-303-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The importance of increasing the degree of automation in the context of monitoring natural hazards or geological phenomena is apparent. A vital step in the processing chain of monitoring deformations is the transformation of captured epochs into a common reference systems. This led to the motivation to develop an algorithm that realistically carries out this task. The algorithm was tested on three different geomorphic events while the results were quite satisfactory.
Guillaume C. H. Goodwin, Simon M. Mudd, and Fiona J. Clubb
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 239–255, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-239-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-239-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Salt marshes are valuable environments that provide multiple services to coastal communities. However, their fast-paced evolution poses a challenge to monitoring campaigns due to time-consuming processing. The Topographic Identification of Platforms (TIP) method uses high-resolution topographic data to automatically detect the limits of salt marsh platforms within a landscape. The TIP method provides sufficient accuracy to monitor salt marsh change over time, facilitating coastal management.
Ellen Schwalbe and Hans-Gerd Maas
Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 861–879, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-861-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-861-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The simple use of time-lapse cameras as a visual observation tool may already be a great help for environmental investigations. However, beyond that, they have the potential to also deliver precise measurements with high temporal and spatial resolution when applying appropriate processing techniques. In this paper we introduce a method for the determination of glacier motion fields from time-lapse images, but it might also be adapted for other environmental motion analysis tasks.
Wolfgang Schwanghart and Dirk Scherler
Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 821–839, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-821-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-821-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
River profiles derived from digital elevation models are affected by errors. Here we present two new algorithms – quantile carving and the CRS algorithm – to hydrologically correct river profiles. Both algorithms preserve the downstream decreasing shape of river profiles, while CRS additionally smooths profiles to avoid artificial steps. Our algorithms are able to cope with the problems of overestimation and asymmetric error distributions.
François Clapuyt, Veerle Vanacker, Fritz Schlunegger, and Kristof Van Oost
Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 791–806, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-791-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-791-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This work aims at understanding the behaviour of an earth flow located in the Swiss Alps by reconstructing very accurately its topography over a 2-year period. Aerial photos taken from a drone, which are then processed using a computer vision algorithm, were used to derive the topographic datasets. Combination and careful interpretation of high-resolution topographic analyses reveal the internal mechanisms of the earthflow and its complex rotational structure, which is evolving over time.
Denis Cohen and Massimiliano Schwarz
Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 451–477, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-451-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-451-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Tree roots reinforce soils on slopes. A new slope stability model is presented that computes root reinforcement including the effects of root heterogeneities and dependence of root strength on tensile and compressive strain. Our results show that roots stabilize slopes that would otherwise fail under a rainfall event. Tension in roots is more effective than compression. Redistribution of forces in roots across the hillslope plays a key role in the stability of the slope during rainfall events.
Ryan A. Kromer, Antonio Abellán, D. Jean Hutchinson, Matt Lato, Marie-Aurelie Chanut, Laurent Dubois, and Michel Jaboyedoff
Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 293–310, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-293-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-293-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We developed and tested an automated terrestrial laser scanning (ATLS) system with near-real-time change detection at the Séchilienne landslide. We monitored the landslide for a 6-week period collecting a point cloud every 30 min. We detected various slope processes including movement of scree material, pre-failure deformation of discrete rockfall events and deformation of the main landslide body. This system allows the study of slope processes a high level of temporal detail.
Benjamin Purinton and Bodo Bookhagen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 211–237, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-211-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-211-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluate the 12 m TanDEM-X DEM for geomorphometry and compare elevation accuracy (using over 300 000 dGPS measurements) and geomorphic metrics (e.g., slope and curvature) to other modern satellite-derived DEMs. The optically generated 5 m ALOS World 3D is less useful due to high-frequency noise. Despite improvements in radar-derived satellite DEMs, which are useful for elevation differencing and catchment analysis, lidar data are still necessary for fine-scale analysis of hillslope processes.
Céline Longchamp, Antonio Abellan, Michel Jaboyedoff, and Irene Manzella
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 743–755, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-743-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-743-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The main objective of this research is to analyze rock avalanche dynamics by means of a detailed structural analysis of the deposits coming from data of 3-D measurements. The studied deposits are of different magnitude: (1) decimeter level scale laboratory experiments and (2) well-studied rock avalanches.
Filtering techniques were developed and applied to a 3-D dataset in order to detect fault structures present in the deposits and to propose kinematic mechanisms for the propagation.
Giulia Sofia, John K. Hillier, and Susan J. Conway
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 721–725, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-721-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-721-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The interdisciplinarity of geomorphometry is its greatest strength and one of its major challenges. This special issue showcases exciting developments that are the building blocks for the next step-change in the field. In reading and compiling the contributions we hope that the scientific community will be inspired to seek out collaborations and share ideas across subject-boundaries, between technique-developers and users, enabling us as a community to gather knowledge from our digital landscape
Stuart W. D. Grieve, Simon M. Mudd, David T. Milodowski, Fiona J. Clubb, and David J. Furbish
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 627–653, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-627-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-627-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
High-resolution topographic data are becoming more prevalent, yet many areas of geomorphic interest do not have such data available. We produce topographic data at a range of resolutions to explore the influence of decreasing resolution of data on geomorphic analysis. We test the accuracy of the calculation of curvature, a hillslope sediment transport coefficient, and the identification of channel networks, providing guidelines for future use of these methods on low-resolution topographic data.
Livia Piermattei, Luca Carturan, Fabrizio de Blasi, Paolo Tarolli, Giancarlo Dalla Fontana, Antonio Vettore, and Norbert Pfeifer
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 425–443, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-425-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-425-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the applicability of the SfM–MVS approach for calculating the geodetic mass balance of a glacier and for the detection of the surface displacement rate of an active rock glacier located in the eastern Italian Alps. The results demonstrate that it is possible to reliably quantify the investigated glacial and periglacial processes by means of a quick ground-based photogrammetric survey that was conducted using a consumer grade SRL camera and natural targets as ground control points.
Anette Eltner, Andreas Kaiser, Carlos Castillo, Gilles Rock, Fabian Neugirg, and Antonio Abellán
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 359–389, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-359-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-359-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Three-dimensional reconstruction of earth surfaces from overlapping images is a promising tool for geoscientists. The method is very flexible, cost-efficient and easy to use, leading to a high variability in applications at different scales. Performance evaluation reveals that good accuracies are achievable but depend on the requirements of the individual case study. Future applications and developments (i.e. big data) will consolidate this essential tool for digital surface mapping.
Sebastiano Trevisani and Marco Cavalli
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 343–358, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-343-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-343-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The generalization of the concept of roughness implies the need to refer to a family of roughness indices capturing specific aspects of surface morphology. We test the application of a flow-oriented directional measure of roughness based on the geostatistical index MAD (median of absolute directional differences), computed considering gravity-driven flow direction. The use of flow-directional roughness improves geomorphometric modeling and the interpretation of landscape morphology.
Stuart W. D. Grieve, Simon M. Mudd, Martin D. Hurst, and David T. Milodowski
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 309–325, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-309-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-309-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Relationships between the erosion rate and topographic relief of hillslopes have been demonstrated in a number of diverse settings and such patterns can be used to identify the impact of tectonic plate motion on the Earth's surface. Here we present an open-source software tool which can be used to explore these relationships in any landscape where high-resolution topographic data have been collected.
D. T. Milodowski, S. M. Mudd, and E. T. A. Mitchard
Earth Surf. Dynam., 3, 483–499, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-483-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-483-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Rock is exposed at the Earth surface when erosion rates locally exceed rates of soil production. This transition is marked by a diagnostic increase in topographic roughness, which we demonstrate can be a powerful indicator of the location of rock outcrop in a landscape. Using this to explore how hillslopes in two landscapes respond to increasing erosion rates, we find that the transition from soil-mantled to bedrock hillslopes is patchy and spatially heterogeneous.
M. T. Melis, F. Mundula, F. DessÌ, R. Cioni, and A. Funedda
Earth Surf. Dynam., 2, 481–492, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-481-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-481-2014, 2014
S. Zhao and W. Cheng
Earth Surf. Dynam., 2, 433–441, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-433-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-433-2014, 2014
S. Hergarten, J. Robl, and K. Stüwe
Earth Surf. Dynam., 2, 97–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-97-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-97-2014, 2014
W. Schwanghart and D. Scherler
Earth Surf. Dynam., 2, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-1-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-1-2014, 2014
Cited articles
Arenson, L. U. and Springman, S. M.: Triaxial constant stress and constant
strain rate tests on ice-rich permafrost samples, Can. Geotech. J., 42, 412–430, 2005. a
Avian, M., Kaufmann, V., and Lieb, G. K.: Recent and Holocene dynamics of a
rock glacier system: The example of Langtalkar (Central Alps, Austria), Norsk
Geografisk Tidsskrift-Norwegian Journal of Geography, 59, 149–156, 2005. a
Barsch, D.: Permafrost creep and rockglaciers, Permafrost Periglac. Process., 3, 175–188, 1992. a
Barsch, D.: Indicators for the present and former geoecology in high mountain
environments, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, ISBN 978-3-642-80093-1, 1996. a
Bearzot, F., Garzonio, R., Colombo, R., Crosta, G. B., Di Mauro, B., Fioletti, M., Morra Di Cella, U., and Rossini, M.: Flow Velocity Variations and Surface Change of the Destabilised Plator Rock Glacier (Central Italian Alps) from Aerial Surveys, Remote Sens., 14, 635, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14030635, 2022. a, b, c, d, e, f
Besl, P. J. and McKay, N. D.: Method for registration of 3-D shapes, in: Sensor fusion IV: control paradigms and data structures, Proc. SPIE, 1611, 586–606, 1992. a
Bodin, X., Krysiecki, J.-M., and Anocona, P. I.: Recent collapse of rock
glaciers: two study cases in the Alps and in the Andes, in: vol. 1, 12th Congress, Protection of living spaces from natural hazards, Interpraevent 2012, 23–26 April 2012, Grenoble, France, 409–419, https://hal.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/halsde-00947005v1 (last access: 23 February 2023), 2012. a
Bodin, X., Krysiecki, J.-M., Schoeneich, P., Le Roux, O., Lorier, L., Echelard, T., Peyron, M., and Walpersdorf, A.: The 2006 collapse of the Bérard rock glacier (Southern French Alps), Permafrost Periglac. Process., 28, 209–223, 2017. a
Bodin, X., Thibert, E., Sanchez, O., Rabatel, A., and Jaillet, S.: Multi-annual kinematics of an active rock glacier quantified from very high-resolution DEMs: An application-case in the French Alps, Remote Sens., 10, 547, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10040547, 2018. a
Boeckli, L., Brenning, A., Gruber, A., and Noetzli, J.: Alpine
permafrost index map, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.784450, 2012a. a
Boeckli, L., Brenning, A., Gruber, S., and Noetzli, J.: Permafrost distribution in the European Alps: calculation and evaluation of an index map and summary statistics, The Cryosphere, 6, 807–820, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-807-2012, 2012b. a
Bollmann, E., Klug, C., Sailer, R., Stötter, J., and Abermann, J.:
Quantifying Rock glacier Creep using Airborne Laserscanning. A case study
from two Rock glaciers in the Austrian Alps, in: 10th International
Conference on Permafrost, The Northern Publisher, Salekhard, Russia,
49–54, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3249.5202, 2012. a, b, c
Bollmann, E., Girstmair, A., Mitterer, S., Krainer, K., Sailer, R., and
Stötter, J.: A rock glacier activity index based on rock glacier thickness changes and displacement rates derived from airborne laser
scanning, Permafrost Periglac. Process., 26, 347–359, 2015. a
Bremer, M., Wichmann, V., Rutzinger, M., Zieher, T., and Pfeiffer, J.: Simulating Unmanned-Aerial-Vehicle Based Laser Scanning Data For Efficient Mission Planning In Complex Terrain, Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLII-2/W13, 943–950, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W13-943-2019, 2019. a
Cicoira, A., Beutel, J., Faillettaz, J., Gärtner-Roer, I., and Vieli, A.: Resolving the influence of temperature forcing through heat conduction on rock glacier dynamics: a numerical modelling approach, The Cryosphere, 13, 927–942, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-927-2019, 2019a. a, b
Cicoira, A., Beutel, J., Faillettaz, J., and Vieli, A.: Water controls the
seasonal rhythm of rock glacier flow, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 528, 115844, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115844, 2019b. a, b
Cicoira, A., Hartl, L., Zieher, T., Bremer, M., Stocker-Waldhuber, M., Zahs,
V., Höfle, B., and Klug, C.: Two destabilization phases of the Äußeres
Hochebenkar Rock Glacier, TIB AV Portal, https://doi.org/10.5446/60175, 2022. a
Conrad, O., Bechtel, B., Bock, M., Dietrich, H., Fischer, E., Gerlitz, L., Wehberg, J., Wichmann, V., and Böhner, J.: System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA) v. 2.1.4, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1991–2007, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1991-2015, 2015. a, b
Cuffey, K. M. and Paterson, W. S. B.: The physics of glaciers, Academic Press, ISBN 9780123694614, 2010. a
Cusicanqui, D., Rabatel, A., Vincent, C., Bodin, X., Thibert, E., and Francou, B.: Interpretation of volume and flux changes of the Laurichard rock glacier between 1952 and 2019, French Alps, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 126, e2021JF006161, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006161, 2021. a
Daanen, R. P., Grosse, G., Darrow, M. M., Hamilton, T. D., and Jones, B. M.: Rapid movement of frozen debris-lobes: implications for permafrost degradation and slope instability in the south-central Brooks Range, Alaska, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 1521–1537, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-1521-2012, 2012. a, b
Delaloye, R., Perruchoud, E., Avian, M., Kaufmann, V., Bodin, X., Hausmann, H., Ikeda, A., Kääb, A., Kellerer-Pirklbauer, A., Krainer, K., Lambiel, C., Mihajlovic, D., Staub, B., Roer, I., and Thibert, E.: Recent interannual variations of rock glacier creep in the European Alps, in: 9th International Conference on Permafrost, 29 June–3 July 2008, Fairbanks, Alaska, 343–348, https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-7031, 2008. a, b
Delaloye, R., Lambiel, C., and Gärtner-Roer, I.: Overview of rock glacier
kinematics research in the Swiss Alps, Geogr. Helv., 65, 135–145, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-65-135-2010, 2010. a, b, c
Etzelmüller, B., Guglielmin, M., Hauck, C., Hilbich, C., Hoelzle, M.,
Isaksen, K., Noetzli, J., Oliva, M., and Ramos, M.: Twenty years of European
mountain permafrost dynamics – the PACE legacy, Environ. Res. Lett., 15, 104070, https://doi.org/0.1088/1748-9326/abae9d, 2020. a
Fey, C. and Wichmann, V.: Long-range terrestrial laser scanning for
geomorphological change detection in alpine terrain–handling uncertainties,
Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 42, 789–802, 2017. a
Fleischer, F., Haas, F., Piermattei, L., Pfeiffer, M., Heckmann, T., Altmann, M., Rom, J., Stark, M., Wimmer, M. H., Pfeifer, N., and Becht, M.: Multi-decadal (1953–2017) rock glacier kinematics analysed by high-resolution topographic data in the upper Kaunertal, Austria, The Cryosphere, 15, 5345–5369, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5345-2021, 2021. a, b, c, d, e, f
GeoPandas: GeoPandas 0.8.0, https://geopandas.org/ (last access: 23 February 2023), 2013–2019. a
Gillies, S., et al.: Rasterio: Geospatial raster i/o for Python programmers, Mapbox, https://github.com/mapbox/rasterio (last access: 23 February 2023), 2013. a
Glen, J. W.: The creep of polycrystalline ice, P. Roy. Soc. Lond. A, 228, 519–538, 1955. a
Haeberli, W., King, L., and Flotron, A.: Surface movement and lichen-cover
studies at the active rock glacier near the Grubengletscher, Wallis, Swiss
Alps, Arct. Alp. Res., 11, 421–441, 1979. a
Harris, C. R., Millman, K. J., Van Der Walt, S. J., Gommers, R., Virtanen, P., Cournapeau, D., Wieser, E., Taylor, J., Berg, S., Smith, N. J., Kern, R., Picus, M., Hoyer, S., van Kerkwijk, M. H., Brett, M., Haldane, A., Fernández del Río, J., Wiebe, M., Peterson, P., Gérard-Marchant, P., Sheppard, K., Reddy, T., Weckesser, W., Abbasi, H., Gohlke, C., and Oliphant, T. E.: Array programming with NumPy, Nature, 585, 357–362, 2020. a
Hartl, L.: LeaHartl/Hochebenkar_figures: Hochebenkar figures v0.1 (v0.1), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7673884, 2023. a
Hartl, L. and Fischer, A.: Meteorologische Bedingungen und
Strahlungsverhältnisse am Blockgletscher Äußeres Hochebenkar, in:
Forschung am Blockgletscher Methoden und Ergebnisse, Alpine Forschungsstelle
Obergurgl 3, chap. 5, edited by: Schallhart, N. and Erschbamer, B., Innsbruck University Press, Innsbruck, 97–115, ISBN 978-3-902936-58-5, 2015. a
Hunter, J. D.: Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment, Comput. Sci. Eng., 9, 90–95, https://doi.org/10.1109/mcse.2007.55, 2007. a
Ikeda, A. and Matsuoka, N.: Pebbly versus bouldery rock glaciers: Morphology,
structure and processes, Geomorphology, 73, 279–296, 2006. a
Kääb, A., Kaufmann, V., Ladstädter, R., and Eiken, T.: Rock glacier dynamics: implications from high-resolution measurements of surface velocity fields, in: vol. 1, Eighth International Conference on Permafrost, 21–25 July 2003. Zurich, Switzerland, 501–506, ISBN 90 5809 582 7, https://www.staff.tugraz.at/viktor.kaufmann/Chapter_089.pdf (last access: 23 February 2023), 2003. a
Kääb, A., Strozzi, T., Bolch, T., Caduff, R., Trefall, H., Stoffel, M., and Kokarev, A.: Inventory and changes of rock glacier creep speeds in Ile Alatau and Kungöy Ala-Too, northern Tien Shan, since the 1950s, The Cryosphere, 15, 927–949, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-927-2021, 2021. a, b
Kaufmann, V.: The evolution of rock glacier monitoring using terrestrial
photogrammetry: the example of Äusseres Hochebenkar rock glacier
(Austria), Aust. J. Earth Sci., 105, 63–77, 2012. a
Kaufmann, V. and Ladstädter, R.: Monitoring of active rock glaciers by means of digital photogrammetry, Int. Arch. Photogram. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., 34, 108–111, 2002a. a
Kaufmann, V. and Ladstädter, R.: Spatio-temporal analysis of the dynamic
behaviour of the Hochebenkar rock glaciers (Oetztal Alps, Austria) by means
of digital photogrammetric methods, in: Proceedings of the 6th International
Symposium on High Mountain Remote Sensing Cartography, Grazer Schriften der
Geographie und Raumforschung, 37, Institute of Geography and Regional Science, University of Graz, Graz, 119–139, https://www.staff.tugraz.at/viktor.kaufmann/HMRSC-6.pdf (last access: 23 February 2023), 2002b. a
Kaufmann, V., Kellerer-Pirklbauer, A., and Seier, G.: Conventional and
UAV-Based Aerial Surveys for Long-Term Monitoring (1954–2020) of a Highly
Active Rock Glacier in Austria, Front. Remote Sens., 2, 732744,
https://doi.org/10.3389/frsen.2021.732744, 2021. a
Kellerer-Pirklbauer, A., Lieb, G. K., and Kaufmann, V.: The Dösen Rock
Glacier in Central Austria: A key site for multidisciplinary long-term rock
glacier monitoring in the Eastern Alps, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 110, 16, https://doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2017.0013, 2017. a
Kellerer-Pirklbauer, A., Delaloye, R., Lambiel, C., Gärtner-Roer, I.,
Kaufmann, V., Scapozza, C., Krainer, K., Staub, B., Thibert, E., Bodin, X.,
Fischer,A., Hartl, L., Morra di Cella, U., Mair, V., Marcer, M., and Schoeneich, P.: Interannual variability of rock glacier flow velocities in the European Alps, in: vol. 23, Proceedings of the EUCOP5 5th European Conference on Permafrost, 23 June–1 July 2018, Chamonix, France, hal-01816115, 396–397, https://hal.science/hal-01816115v2 (last access: 23 February 2023), 2018. a
Kenner, R., Phillips, M., Beutel, J., Hiller, M., Limpach, P., Pointner, E.,
and Volken, M.: Factors controlling velocity variations at short-term,
seasonal and multiyear time scales, Ritigraben rock glacier, Western Swiss
Alps, Permafrost Periglac. Process., 28, 675–684, 2017. a
Klug, C., Bollmann, E., Kääb, A., Krainer, K., Sailer, R., and
Stötter, J.: Monitoring of permafrost creep on two rock glaciers in the
Austrian eastern Alps: combination of aerophotogrammetry and airborne laser
scanning, in: vol. 1, Proceedings of the 10th international conference on permafrost, 25–29 June 2012, Salekhard, Russia, 215–220, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1807.7284, 2012. a, b, c, d, e, f
Kofler, C., Mair, V., Gruber, S., Todisco, M. C., Nettleton, I., Steger, S.,
Zebisch, M., Schneiderbauer, S., and Comiti, F.: When do rock glacier fronts
fail? Insights from two case studies in South Tyrol (Italian Alps), Earth
Surface Proc. Land., 46, 1311–1327, 2021. a
Krainer, K. and He, X.: Flow velocities of active rock glaciers in the austrian alps, Geograf. Ann. A, 88, 267–280, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3676.2006.00300.x, 2006. a
Krainer, K., Bressan, D., Dietre, B., Haas, J. N., Hajdas, I., Lang, K., Mair, V., Nickus, U., Reidl, D., Thies, H., and Tonidandel, D.: A 10,300-year-old permafrost core from the active rock glacier Lazaun, southern ”Otztal Alps (South Tyrol, northern Italy), Quatern. Res., 83, 324–335, 2015. a
Krysiecki, J.-M., Bodin, X., Schoeneich, P., Krysiecki, J. M., Bodin, X., and Schoeneich, P.: Collapse of the Bérard rock glacier (southern French Alps), in: Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Permafrost, 29 June–3 July 2008, Fairbanks, USA, 153–154, ISBN 9780980017922, https://83ed082d-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/xavgeoorg/Home/publications/Krysiecki_etal_2008-NICOP.pdf (last access: 23 February 2023), 2008. a
Kuhn, M., Dreiseitl, E., and Emprechtinger, M.: Temperatur und Niederschlag an der Wetterstation Obergurgl, 1953–2011, in: Klima, Wetter, Gletscher im
Wandel, Alpine Forschungsstelle Obergurgl 3, chap. 3, edited by: Schallhart, N. and Erschbamer, B., Innsbruck University Press, Innsbruck, 11–30, ISBN 978-3-902811-89-9, https://www.uibk.ac.at/afo/publikationen/pdf/3.-afo-buch-inhalt/afo3_klima_wetter_gletscher_web_kapitel-1.pdf (last access: 23 February 2023), 2013. a, b
Kummert, M., Bodin, X., Braillard, L., and Delaloye, R.: Pluri-decadal
evolution of rock glaciers surface velocity and its impact on sediment export
rates towards high alpine torrents, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 46, 3213–3227, 2021. a
Ladstädter, R. and Kaufmann, V.: Terrestrisch-photogrammetrische
Dokumentation des Blockgletschers im Äußeren Hochebenkar, in: Internationale Geodätische Woche Obergurgl, edited by: Chesi, G., and Weinold, T., Herbert Wichmann Verlag, Heidelberg, https://www.staff.tugraz.at/viktor.kaufmann/Obergurgl2005.pdf (last access: 23 February 2023), 2005. a
Land Tirol Abteilung Geoinformation: Laserscandaten,
https://www.tirol.gv.at/sicherheit/geoinformation/geodaten/laserscandaten/
(last access: 19 August 2022), 2019. a
Marcer, M., Ringsø Nielsen, S., Ribeyre, C., Kummert, M., Duvillard, P.-A., Schoeneich, P., Bodin, X., and Genuite, K.: Investigating the slope failures at the Lou rock glacier front, French Alps, Permafrost Periglac. Process., 31, 15–30, 2020. a
Millstein, J. D., Minchew, B. M., and Pegler, S. S.: Ice viscosity is more
sensitive to stress than commonly assumed, Commun. Earth Environ., 3, 1–7, 2022. a
Moore, P. L.: Deformation of debris-ice mixtures, Rev. Geophys., 52, 435–467, 2014. a
Müller, J., Vieli, A., and Gärtner-Roer, I.: Rock glaciers on the run – understanding rock glacier landform evolution and recent changes from numerical flow modeling, The Cryosphere, 10, 2865–2886, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2865-2016, 2016. a
Noetzli, J., Pellet, C., and Staub, B.: Permafrost in Switzerland 2014/2015 to 2017/2018: Glaciological Report Permafrost No. 16–19 of the Cryospheric
Commission of the Swiss Academy of Sciences, PERMOS – Swiss Permafrost Monitoring, 104 pp., https://doi.org/10.13093/permos-rep-2019-16-19, 2019. a
Pillewizer, W.: Untersuchungen an Blockströmen der Ötztaler Alpen,
Geomorphologische Abhandlungen des Geographischen Institutes der Freie
Universität Berlin (Otto-Maull-Festschrift), 5, 37–50, 1957. a
QGIS.org: QGIS Geographic Information System, Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project, http://qgis.org (last access: 23 February 2023), 2010. a
RGIK: Towards standard guidelines for inventorying rock glaciers: baseline
concepts (version 4.2.2)., IPA Action Group Rock glacier inventories and
kinematics, 13 pp., https://bigweb.unifr.ch/Science/Geosciences/Geomorphology/Pub/Website/IPA/Guidelines/V4/210801_Baseline_Concepts_Inventorying_Rock_Glaciers_V4.2.1.pdf (last access: 23 February 2023), 2022. a, b
Roer, I., Haeberli, W., Avian, M., Kaufmann, V., Delaloye, R., Lambiel, C., and Kääb, A.: Observations and considerations on destabilizing active
rock glaciers in the European Alps, in: 9th International Conference on
Permafrost, 29 June–3 July 2008, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1505–1510,
https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-6082, 2008. a, b, c
Roncat, A., Wieser, M., Briese, C., Bollmann, E., Sailer, R., Klug, C., and
Pfeifer, N.: Analysing the suitability of radiometrically calibrated
full-waveform lidar data for delineating Alpine rock glaciers, ISPRS Ann.
Photogram. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., II-5/W2, 247–252, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-II-5-W2-247-2013, 2013a. a
Roncat, A., Wieser, M., Briese, C., Bollmann, E., Sailer, R., and Pfeifer, N.: Digital surface model, hillshade and Lambertian reflectance model of the
rock glaciers Oelgrube and Aeusseres Hochebenkar (Oetztal Alps, Tyrol,
Austria), PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.816225, 2013b. a
Scambos, T. A., Dutkiewicz, M. J., Wilson, J. C., and Bindschadler, R. A.:
Application of image cross-correlation to the measurement of glacier velocity
using satellite image data, Remote Sens. Environ., 42, 177–186, 1992. a
Schneider, B.: Climate data and velocity of the Äußeres Hochebenkar
(Ötztal, Tyrolian Alps, Austria), PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.836621, 1999b. a, b, c
Schoeneich, P., Bodin, X., Echelard, T., Kaufmann, V., Kellerer-Pirklbauer, A., Krysiecki, J.-M., and Lieb, G.: Velocity changes of rock glaciers and induced hazards, in: Engineering Geology for Society and Territory, in: Vol. 1, Springer, 223–227, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09300-0_42, 2015. a, b
Sorg, A., Kääb, A., Roesch, A., Bigler, C., and Stoffel, M.:
Contrasting responses of Central Asian rock glaciers to global warming, Sci. Rep., 5, 1–6, 2015. a
Springman, S. M., Yamamoto, Y., Buchli, T., Hertrich, M., Maurer, H., Merz, K., Gärtner-Roer, I., and Seward, L.: Rock glacier degradation and
instabilities in the European Alps: a characterisation and monitoring
experiment in the Turtmanntal, CH, in: Landslide science and practice, Springer, 5–13, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31337-0_1, 2013. a
Stocker-Waldhuber, M., Emprechtinger, M., Hartl, L., and Fischer, A.:
Continuous meteorological observations at weather station HEK (Hochebenkar),
Ötztal Alps, Austria, in 2012, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.808806, 2013. a, b
Stocker-Waldhuber, M., Fischer, A., Hartl, L., Abermann, J., and Schneider, H.: Flow velocity records at Rock Glacier Outer Hochebenkar (Äußeres Hochebenkar), Ötztal, Tyrolian Alps, Austria, 1997 et seq, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.928244, 2021. a
Tarini, M., Cignoni, P., and Montani, C.: Ambient occlusion and edge cueing for enhancing real time molecular visualization, IEEE T. Visualiz. Comput. Graph., 12, 1237–1244, 2006. a
Thibert, E. and Bodin, X.: Changes in surface velocities over four decades on
the Laurichard rock glacier (French Alps), Permafrost Periglac. Process., 33, 323–335, 2022. a
Ulrich, V., Williams, J. G., Zahs, V., Anders, K., Hecht, S., and Höfle, B.: Measurement of rock glacier surface change over different timescales using terrestrial laser scanning point clouds, Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 19–28, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-19-2021, 2021. a, b, c
Vivero, S. and Lambiel, C.: Monitoring the crisis of a rock glacier with repeated UAV surveys, Geogr. Helv., 74, 59–69, https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-74-59-2019, 2019. a, b
Vivero, S., Hendrickx, H., Frankl, A., Delaloye, R., and Lambiel, C.:
Kinematics and geomorphological changes of a destabilising rock glacier
captured from close-range sensing techniques (Tsarmine rock glacier, Western
Swiss Alps), Front. Earth Sci.,10, 1017949, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.1017949, 2022. a, b
Wagner, T., Pleschberger, R., Kainz, S., Ribis, M., Kellerer-Pirklbauer, A.,
Krainer, K., Philippitsch, R., and Winkler, G.: The first consistent
inventory of rock glaciers and their hydrological catchments of the Austrian
Alps, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 113, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.17738/ajes.2020.0001, 2020. a
Wahrhaftig, C. and Cox, A.: Rock glaciers in the Alaska Range, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 70, 383–436, 1959. a
Wee, J. and Delaloye, R.: Post-glacial dynamics of an alpine Little Ice Age
glacitectonized frozen landform (Aget, western Swiss Alps), Permafrost
Periglac. Process., 33, 370–385, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2158, 2022. a, b
Wirz, V., Gruber, S., Purves, R. S., Beutel, J., Gärtner-Roer, I., Gubler, S., and Vieli, A.: Short-term velocity variations at three rock glaciers and their relationship with meteorological conditions, Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 103–123, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-103-2016, 2016. a, b
Zahs, V., Hämmerle, M., Anders, K., Hecht, S., Sailer, R., Rutzinger, M.,
Williams, J. G., and Höfle, B.: Multi-temporal 3D point cloud-based
quantification and analysis of geomorphological activity at an alpine rock
glacier using airborne and terrestrial LiDAR, Permafrost Periglac. Process., 30, 222–238, 2019. a, b, c, d
Zahs, V., Winiwarter, L., Anders, K., Williams, J. G., Rutzinger, M., Bremer,
M., and Höfle, B.: Correspondence-driven plane-based M3C2 for quantification of 3D topographic change with lower uncertainty [Data and Source Code], heiDATA, [code and data set], https://doi.org/10.11588/data/TGSVUI, 2021. a
Zahs, V., Winiwarter, L., Anders, K., Bremer, M., Rutzinger, M.,
Potčková, M., and Höfle, B.: Evaluation Of UAV-Borne Photogrammetry And Laser Scanning For 3D Topographic Change Analysis At An Active Rock Glacier, Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B2-2022, 1109–1116, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2022-1109-2022, 2022a.
a, b, c, d, e, f
Zieher, T.: thomaszieher/HRG_reanalysis: v0.9.0 (v0.9.0), Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7672997, 2023. a
Zieher, T., Bremer, M., Klug, C., and Hartl, L.: Multisensor monitoring data of Hochebenkar Rock Glacier, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7010292, 2022. a
Editor
Melting permafrost in high mountain areas represents a significant climate change driven hazard. This research shows the importance of this using novel photogrammetric methods coupled with a long observational record.
Melting permafrost in high mountain areas represents a significant climate change driven hazard....
Short summary
The rock glacier in Äußeres Hochebenkar (Austria) moved faster in 2021–2022 than it has in about 70 years of monitoring. It is currently destabilizing. Using a combination of different data types and methods, we show that there have been two cycles of destabilization at Hochebenkar and provide a detailed analysis of velocity and surface changes. Because our time series are very long and show repeated destabilization, this helps us better understand the processes of rock glacier destabilization.
The rock glacier in Äußeres Hochebenkar (Austria) moved faster in 2021–2022 than it has in...
