Articles | Volume 11, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-343-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-343-2023
© Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
04 May 2023
Research article |
| 04 May 2023
| 04 May 2023
Water level fluctuations drive bank instability in a hypertidal estuary
Andrea Gasparotto
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of
Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
Stephen E. Darby
School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of
Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
Julian Leyland
School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of
Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
Paul A. Carling
School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of
Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
Related authors
No articles found.
Stephen E. Darby, Ivan D. Haigh, Melissa Wood, Bui Duong, Tien Le Thuy Du, Thao Phuong Bui, Justin Sheffield, Hal Voepel, and Joël J.-M. Hirschi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3506, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3506, 2025
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences (NHESS).
Short summary
Short summary
We use model simulations to see what changes have been occurring to Mekong and Red River flows, 1970–2019, due to changes in tropical cyclone (TC)-linked precipitation. Results suggest that the highest river flows in multiple sub-catchments have been increasing over time, with coastal zones most intensely affected due to the combination of TC track and wet soils from prior rainfall. Climate change may exacerbate this TC-linked risk in the future making it a topic of strategic importance.
Nazir Ahmed Bazai, Paul A. Carling, Peng Cui, Wang Hao, Zhang Guotao, Liu Dingzhu, and Javed Hassan
The Cryosphere, 18, 5921–5938, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5921-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5921-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We explored the growing threat of glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) driven by glacier surges in the Karakoram. Using advanced remote sensing and field data, we identified key lake volumes and depths that indicate potential GLOFs. Our findings improve early warning systems by providing rapid methods to assess lake volumes in remote areas. This research seeks to protect vulnerable communities and contribute to global efforts in predicting and mitigating catastrophic flood risks.
Melissa Wood, Ivan D. Haigh, Quan Quan Le, Hung Nghia Nguyen, Hoang Ba Tran, Stephen E. Darby, Robert Marsh, Nikolaos Skliris, and Joël J.-M. Hirschi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 3627–3649, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3627-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-3627-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We look at how compound flooding from the combination of river flooding and storm tides (storm surge and astronomical tide) may be changing over time due to climate change, with a case study of the Mekong River delta. We found that future compound flooding has the potential to flood the region more extensively and be longer lasting than compound floods today. This is useful to know because it means managers of deltas such as the Mekong can assess options for improving existing flood defences.
Solomon H. Gebrechorkos, Julian Leyland, Simon J. Dadson, Sagy Cohen, Louise Slater, Michel Wortmann, Philip J. Ashworth, Georgina L. Bennett, Richard Boothroyd, Hannah Cloke, Pauline Delorme, Helen Griffith, Richard Hardy, Laurence Hawker, Stuart McLelland, Jeffrey Neal, Andrew Nicholas, Andrew J. Tatem, Ellie Vahidi, Yinxue Liu, Justin Sheffield, Daniel R. Parsons, and Stephen E. Darby
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 3099–3118, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3099-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-3099-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluated six high-resolution global precipitation datasets for hydrological modelling. MSWEP and ERA5 showed better performance, but spatial variability was high. The findings highlight the importance of careful dataset selection for river discharge modelling due to the lack of a universally superior dataset. Further improvements in global precipitation data products are needed.
Paul A. Carling
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 381–397, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-381-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-381-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Edge rounding in Shap granite glacial erratics is an irregular function of distance from the source outcrop in northern England, UK. Block shape is conservative, evolving according to block fracture mechanics – stochastic and silver ratio models – towards either of two attractor states. Progressive reduction in size occurs for blocks transported at the sole of the ice mass where the blocks are subject to compressive and tensile forces of the ice acting against a bedrock or till surface.
Christopher Tomsett and Julian Leyland
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1223–1249, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1223-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1223-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation influences how rivers change through time, yet the way in which we analyse vegetation is limited. Current methods collect detailed data at the individual plant level or determine dominant vegetation types across larger areas. Herein, we use UAVs to collect detailed vegetation datasets for a 1 km length of river and link vegetation properties to channel evolution occurring within the study site, providing a new method for investigating the influence of vegetation on river systems.
Paul A. Carling, John D. Jansen, Teng Su, Jane Lund Andersen, and Mads Faurschou Knudsen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 817–833, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-817-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-817-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Many steep glaciated rock walls collapsed when the Ice Age ended. How ice supports a steep rock wall until the ice decays is poorly understood. A collapsed rock wall was surveyed in the field and numerically modelled. Cosmogenic exposure dates show it collapsed and became ice-free ca. 18 ka ago. The model showed that the rock wall failed very slowly because ice was buttressing the slope. Dating other collapsed rock walls can improve understanding of how and when the last Ice Age ended.
Melissa Wood, Ivan D. Haigh, Quan Quan Le, Hung Nghia Nguyen, Hoang Ba Tran, Stephen E. Darby, Robert Marsh, Nikolaos Skliris, Joël J.-M. Hirschi, Robert J. Nicholls, and Nadia Bloemendaal
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2475–2504, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2475-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2475-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We used a novel database of simulated tropical cyclone tracks to explore whether typhoon-induced storm surges present a future flood risk to low-lying coastal communities around the South China Sea. We found that future climate change is likely to change tropical cyclone behaviour to an extent that this increases the severity and frequency of storm surges to Vietnam, southern China, and Thailand. Consequently, coastal flood defences need to be reviewed for resilience against this future hazard.
Chengbin Zou, Paul Carling, Zetao Feng, Daniel Parsons, and Xuanmei Fan
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-119, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2022-119, 2022
Manuscript not accepted for further review
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is causing mountain lakes behind glacier barriers to drain through ice tunnels as catastrophe floods, threatening people and infrastructure downstream. Understanding of how process works can mitigate the impacts by providing advanced warnings. A laboratory study of ice tunnel development improved understanding of how floods evolve. The principles of ice tunnel development were defined numerically and can be used to better model natural floods leading to improved prediction.
Sepehr Eslami, Piet Hoekstra, Herman W. J. Kernkamp, Nam Nguyen Trung, Dung Do Duc, Hung Nguyen Nghia, Tho Tran Quang, Arthur van Dam, Stephen E. Darby, Daniel R. Parsons, Grigorios Vasilopoulos, Lisanne Braat, and Maarten van der Vegt
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 953–976, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-953-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-953-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Increased salt intrusion jeopardizes freshwater supply to the Mekong Delta, and the current trends are often inaccurately associated with sea level rise. Using observations and models, we show that salinity is highly sensitive to ocean surge, tides, water demand, and upstream discharge. We show that anthropogenic riverbed incision has significantly amplified salt intrusion, exemplifying the importance of preserving sediment budget and riverbed levels to protect deltas against salt intrusion.
Paula Camus, Ivan D. Haigh, Ahmed A. Nasr, Thomas Wahl, Stephen E. Darby, and Robert J. Nicholls
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2021–2040, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2021-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2021-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In coastal regions, floods can arise through concurrent drivers, such as precipitation, river discharge, storm surge, and waves, which exacerbate the impact. In this study, we identify hotspots of compound flooding along the southern coast of the North Atlantic Ocean and the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. This regional assessment can be considered a screening tool for coastal management that provides information about which areas are more predisposed to experience compound flooding.
Cited articles
Allen, J. R. L.: The Severn Estuary in southwest Britain: its retreat under
marine transgression, and fine-sediment regime, Sediment. Geol., 66, 13–28,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(90)90003-C, 1990.
Allen, J. R. L.: The Landscape Archaeology of the Lydney Level,
Gloucestershire: natural and human transformations over the last two
millennia, Trans. Bristol & Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, 119,
27–57, 2001.
Allen, J. R. L. and Rae, J. E.: Late Flandrian Shoreline Oscillations in the
Severn Estuary: A Geomorphological and Stratigraphical Reconnaissance,
Philos. T. R. Soc. B, 315,
185–230, https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1987.0007, 1987.
Archer, A. W.: World's highest tides: Hypertidal coastal systems in North
America, South America and Europe, Sediment. Geol., 284–285, 1–25,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2012.12.007, 2013.
Bain, O., Toulec, R., Combaud, A., Villemagne, G., and Barrier, P.: Five
years of beach drainage survey on a macrotidal beach (Quend-Plage, northern
France), C. R. Geosci., 348, 411–421,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2016.04.003, 2016.
Barnhart, T. and Crosby, B.: Comparing Two Methods of Surface Change
Detection on an Evolving Thermokarst Using High-Temporal-Frequency
Terrestrial Laser Scanning, Selawik River, Alaska, Remote Sens.-Basel, 5,
2813–2837, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs5062813, 2013.
Bendoni, M., Francalanci, S., Cappietti, L., and Solari, L.: On salt marshes
retreat: Experiments and modeling toppling failures induced by wind waves,
J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119, 603–620,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002967, 2014.
British Standard Institution: British Standard Methods of Test for Soils for
Civil Engineering Purposes BS1377-2, British Standard, ISBN 0 580 17692 4, 1990.
Brooks, S. M., Spencer, T., and Boreham, S.: Deriving mechanisms and
thresholds for cliff retreat in soft-rock cliffs under changing climates:
Rapidly retreating cliffs of the Suffolk coast, UK, Geomorphology, 153–154,
48–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOMORPH.2012.02.007, 2012.
Carniello, L., Defina, A., and D'Alpaos, L.: Morphological evolution of the
Venice lagoon: Evidence from the past and trend for the future, J. Geophys.
Res., 114, F04002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001157, 2009.
Carvalho, R. C. and Woodroffe, C. D.: Sediment budget of a river-fed
wave-dominated coastal compartment, Mar. Geol., 441, 106617,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106617, 2021.
Casagli, N., Rinaldi, M., Gargini, A., and Curini, A.: Pore water pressure
and streambank stability: results from a monitoring site on the Sieve River,
Italy, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 24, 1095–1114,
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199911)24:12<1095::AID-ESP37>3.0.CO;2-F, 1999.
Crowther, S., Dickson, A., and and Truscoe, K.: Rapid Coastal Zone
Assessment Survey, National Mapping Programme, 298 pp., https://historicengland.org.uk/research/results/reports/102-2008 (last access: October 2020), 2008.
D'Alpaos, A., Lanzoni, S., Marani, M., and Rinaldo, A.: Landscape evolution
in tidal embayments: Modeling the interplay of erosion, sedimentation, and
vegetation dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 112, F01008,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000537, 2007.
Dapporto, S., Rinaldi, M., and Casagli, N.: Failure mechanisms and pore
water pressure conditions: analysis of a riverbank along the Arno River
(Central Italy), Eng. Geol., 61, 221–242,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00026-6, 2001.
Darby, S. E. and Thorne, C. R.: Development and Testing of
Riverbank-Stability Analysis, J. Hydraul. Eng., 122,
443–454, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:8(443), 1996a.
Darby, S. E. and Thorne, C. R.: Stability analysis for steep, eroding,
cohesive riverbanks, J. Hydraul. Eng., 122, 443–454, 1996b.
Darby, S. E., Gessler, D., and Thorne, C. R.: Computer program for stability
analysis of steep, cohesive riverbanks, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 25,
175–190, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(200002)25:2<175::AID-ESP74>3.0.CO;2-K, 2000.
Darby, S. E., Trieu, H. Q., Carling, P. A., Sarkkula, J., Koponen, J.,
Kummu, M., Conlan, I., and Leyland, J.: A physically based model to predict
hydraulic erosion of fine-grained riverbanks: The role of form roughness in
limiting erosion, J. Geophys. Res., 115, F04003,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JF001708, 2010.
del Río, L. and Gracia, F. J.: Erosion risk assessment of active
coastal cliffs in temperate environments, Geomorphology, 112, 82–95,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOMORPH.2009.05.009, 2009.
Duong Thi, T. and do Minh, D.: Riverbank Stability Assessment under River
Water Level Changes and Hydraulic Erosion, Water-Basel, 11, 2598,
https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122598, 2019.
EUROSION: Living with coastal erosion in Europe: Sediment and Space for
Sustainability, http://www.eurosion.org/reports-online/part4.pdf (last access: July 2019), 2004.
Fairchild, T. P., Bennett, W. G., Smith, G., Day, B., Skov, M. W.,
Möller, I., Beaumont, N., Karunarathna, H., and Griffin, J. N.: Coastal
wetlands mitigate storm flooding and associated costs in estuaries,
Environ. Res. Lett., 16, 074034,
https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac0c45, 2021.
Foresight: Foresight report looking at the risks to the UK from flooding and
coastal erosion over the next 100 years, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/future-flooding (last access: February 2021), 2004.
Freeze, R. A. and Cherry, J. A.: Groundwater, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, 7632, 604 pp., ISBN 0-13-365312-9, 1979.
GeoSlope International Ltd: Stability Modeling with GeoStudio, Calgary,
Alberta, Canada, 252 pp., https://downloads.geoslope.com/geostudioresources/books/23/1/SlopeStabilityModeling.pdf (last access: January 2019), 2018.
Gong, Z., Zhao, K., Zhang, C., Dai, W., Coco, G., and Zhou, Z.: The role of
bank collapse on tidal creek ontogeny: A novel process-based model for bank
retreat, Geomorphology, 311, 13–26,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.03.016, 2018.
Guo, L., Xu, F., van der Wegen, M., Townend, I., Wang, Z. B., and He, Q.:
Morphodynamic adaptation of a tidal basin to centennial sea-level rise: The
importance of lateral expansion, Cont. Shelf Res., 226, 104494,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2021.104494, 2021.
Hackney, C., Darby, S. E., and Leyland, J.: Modelling the response of soft
cliffs to climate change: A statistical, process-response model using
accumulated excess energy, Geomorphology, 187, 108–121,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOMORPH.2013.01.005, 2013.
Hackney, C., Best, J., Leyland, J., Darby, S. E., Parsons, D., Aalto, R.,
and Nicholas, A. P.: Modulation of outer bank erosion by slump blocks:
Disentangling the protective and destructive role of failed material on the
three-dimensional flow structure, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 10663–10670,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066481, 2015.
Harris, P., Muelbert, J., Muniz, P., Yin, K., Ahmed, K., Folorunsho, R., Caso, M., Vale. C. C., Machiwa, J., Ferreira, B., Bernal, P., and Rice, J.: Estuaries and Deltas, in: United Nations World Ocean Assessment, edited by: Inniss, L., Simcock, A., Yoanes Ajawin, A., Alcala, A. C., Bernal, P., Calumpong, H. P., Eghtesadi Araghi, P., Green, S. O., Harris, P. T., Kamara, O. K., Kohata, K., Marschoff, E., Martin, G., Padovani Ferreira, B., Park, C., Payet, R. A., Rice, J., Rosenberg, A., Ruwa, R., Tuhumwire, J. T., van Gaever, S., Wang, J., and W˛esławski, J. M., United Nations, https://www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/WOA_RegProcess.htm (last access: March 2021), 2016.
Hird, S., Stokes, C., and Masselink, G.: Emergent coastal behaviour results
in extreme dune erosion decoupled from hydrodynamic forcing, Mar. Geol., 442,
106667, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2021.106667, 2021.
James, M. R., Robson, S., and Smith, M. W.: 3-D uncertainty-based
topographic change detection with structure-from-motion photogrammetry:
precision maps for ground control and directly georeferenced surveys, Earth
Surf. Proc. Land., 42, 1769–1788, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4125, 2017.
Javernick, L., Brasington, J., and Caruso, B.: Modeling the topography of
shallow braided rivers using Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry,
Geomorphology, 213, 166–182,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOMORPH.2014.01.006, 2014.
Jolivet, M., Anthony, E. J., Gardel, A., and Brunier, G.: Multi-Decadal to
Short-Term Beach and Shoreline Mobility in a Complex River-Mouth Environment
Affected by Mud From the Amazon, Front. Earth Sci.-Lausanne, 7, 187,
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00187, 2019.
Julian, J. P. and Torres, R.: Hydraulic erosion of cohesive riverbanks,
Geomorphology, 76, 193–206, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOMORPH.2005.11.003,
2006.
Kermani, S., Boutiba, M., Guendouz, M., Guettouche, M. S., and Khelfani, D.:
Detection and analysis of shoreline changes using geospatial tools and
automatic computation: Case of jijelian sandy coast (East Algeria), Ocean
Coast. Manage., 132, 46–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.08.010,
2016.
Lague, D., Brodu, N., and Leroux, J.: Accurate 3D comparison of complex
topography with terrestrial laser scanner: Application to the Rangitikei
canyon (N-Z), ISPRS J. Photogramm., 82,
10–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2013.04.009, 2013.
Lawler, D. M., Thorne, C. R., and Hooke, J. M.: Bank erosion and
instability, in: Applied Fluvial Geomorphology for River Engineering and
Management, edited by: Thorne, C. R., Hey, R. D., and Newson, M. D., John
Wiley and Sons Ltd, 137–172, ISBN 0-471-96968-0, 1997.
Leonardi, N. and Fagherazzi, S.: Effect of local variability in erosional
resistance on large-scale morphodynamic response of salt marshes to wind
waves and extreme events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 5872–5879,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL064730, 2015.
Leyland, J. and Darby, S. E.: An empirical–conceptual gully evolution model
for channelled sea cliffs, Geomorphology, 102, 419–434,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOMORPH.2008.04.017, 2008.
Li, J., Yan, D., Yao, X., Liu, Y., Xie, S., Sheng, Y., and Luan, Z.:
Dynamics of Carbon Storage in Saltmarshes Across China's Eastern Coastal
Wetlands From 1987 to 2020, Front. Mar. Sci., 9, 915727,
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.915727, 2022.
Luppi, L., Rinaldi, M., Teruggi, L. B., Darby, S. E., and Nardi, L.:
Monitoring and numerical modelling of riverbank erosion processes: a case
study along the Cecina River (central Italy), Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 34,
530–546, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1754, 2009.
Majumdar, S. and Mandal, S.: Assessment of geotechnical properties of the
bank sediment to investigate the riverbank's stability along the Ganga river
within the stretch of Malda district, West Bengal, India, Sustain Water
Resour. Manag., 8, 44, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-022-00637-w, 2022.
Marani, M., D'Alpaos, A., Lanzoni, S., and Santalucia, M.: Understanding and
predicting wave erosion of marsh edges, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L21401,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL048995, 2011.
Masselink, G., Scott, T., Poate, T., Russell, P., Davidson, M., and Conley,
D.: The extreme 2013/2014 winter storms: hydrodynamic forcing and coastal
response along the southwest coast of England, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 41,
378–391, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3836, 2016.
MCCIP: Marine Climate Change Impacts: Report Card 2020, Summary Report, in:
Summary Report, https://www.mccip.org.uk/sites/default/files/2021-07/mccip-report-card-2020_webversion.pdf (last access: January 2022), 2020.
Mel, R. A., Bendoni, M., and Steffinlongo, D.: Salt-marsh retreat on
different time scales: Issues and prospects from a 5-year monitoring
campaign in the Venice Lagoon, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 47, 1989–2005,
https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5359, 2022.
Met Office: UK storm season 2018/19,
https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/warnings-and-advice/uk-storm-centre/uk-storm-season-2018-19
(last access: 20 December 2021), 2019.
Met Office: UK storm season 2019/20,
https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/warnings-and-advice/uk-storm-centre/uk-storm-season-2019-20
(last access: 20 December 2021), 2020.
Micheletti, N., Chandler, J. H., and Lane, S. N.: Investigating the
geomorphological potential of freely available and accessible
structure-from-motion photogrammetry using a smartphone, Earth Surf. Proc.
Land., 40, 473–486, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3648, 2015.
Möller, I., Kudella, M., Rupprecht, F., Spencer, T., Paul, M., van
Wesenbeeck, B. K., Wolters, G., Jensen, K., Bouma, T. J., Miranda-Lange, M.,
and Schimmels, S.: Wave attenuation over coastal salt marshes under storm
surge conditions, Nat. Geosci., 7, 727–731, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2251,
2014.
Morgenstern, N. R. and Price, V. E.: The Analysis of the Stability of
General Slip Surfaces, Géotechnique, 15, 79–93,
https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1965.15.1.79, 1965.
Motta, D., Langendoen, E. J., Abad, J. D., and García, M. H.: Modification of meander migration by bank failures, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119, 1026–1042, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002952, 2014.
Nardi, L., Rinaldi, M., and Solari, L.: An experimental investigation on
mass failures occurring in a riverbank composed of sandy gravel,
Geomorphology, 163–164, 56–69,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOMORPH.2011.08.006, 2012.
Patsinghasanee, S., Kimura, I., Shimizu, Y., and Nabi, M.: Experiments and
modelling of cantilever failures for cohesive riverbanks, J.
Hydraul. Res., 56, 76–95, https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2017.1300194, 2018.
Pendleton, L., Donato, D. C., Murray, B. C., Crooks, S., Jenkins, W. A.,
Sifleet, S., Craft, C., Fourqurean, J. W., Kauffman, J. B., Marbà, N.,
Megonigal, P., Pidgeon, E., Herr, D., Gordon, D., and Baldera, A.:
Estimating Global “Blue Carbon” Emissions from Conversion and Degradation
of Vegetated Coastal Ecosystems, PLoS One, 7, e43542,
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043542, 2012.
Pye, K. and Blott, S. J.: The geomorphology of UK estuaries: The role of
geological controls, antecedent conditions and human activities, Estuar.
Coast. Shelf S., 150, 196–214, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECSS.2014.05.014,
2014.
Rinaldi, M. and Nardi, L.: Modeling Interactions between Riverbank Hydrology
and Mass Failures, J. Hydrol. Eng., 18, 1231–1240,
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000716, 2013.
Rinaldi, M., Casagli, N., Dapporto, S., and Gargini, A.: Monitoring and
modelling of pore water pressure changes and riverbank stability during flow
events, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 29, 237–254,
https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1042, 2004.
Rinaldi, M., Mengoni, B., Luppi, L., Darby, S. E., and Mosselman, E.:
Numerical simulation of hydrodynamics and bank erosion in a river bend,
Water Resour. Res., 44, W09428, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008WR007008, 2008.
Rosas, J., Lopez, O., Missimer, T. M., Coulibaly, K. M., Dehwah, A. H. A.,
Sesler, K., Lujan, L. R., and Mantilla, D.: Determination of Hydraulic
Conductivity from Grain-Size Distribution for Different Depositional
Environments, Groundwater, 52, 399–413, https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.12078, 2014.
Rosnell, T. and Honkavaara, E.: Point Cloud Generation from Aerial Image
Data Acquired by a Quadrocopter Type Micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and a
Digital Still Camera, Sensors, 12, 453–480,
https://doi.org/10.3390/S120100453, 2012.
Roy, S., Pandit, S., Papia, M., Rahman, M. M., Otto Rehder Ocampo, J. C.,
Razi, M. A., Fraile-Jurado, P., Ahmed, N., Al-Amin Hoque, M., Hasan, M. M.,
Yeasmin, J., and Hossain, M. S.: Coastal erosion risk assessment in the
dynamic estuary: The Meghna estuary case of Bangladesh coast, Int.
J. Disast. Risk Re., 61, 102364,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102364, 2021.
Shimozono, T., Tajima, Y., Akamatsu, S., Matsuba, Y., and Kawasaki, A.:
Large-Scale Channel Migration in the Sittang River Estuary, Sci. Rep., 9,
9862, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46300-x, 2019.
Springer, F. M., Ullrich, C. R., and Hagerty, D. J.: Streambank Stability,
J. Geotech. Eng.-ASCE, 111, 624–640,
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:5(624), 1985.
Thieler, E. R. and Danforth, W. W.: Historical Shoreline Mapping (I):
Improving Techniques and Reducing Positioning Errors, J. Coastal. Res., 10,
549–563, 1994.
Thorne, C. R. and Abt, S. R.: Analysis of riverbank instability due to toe
scour and lateral erosion, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 18, 835–843,
https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290180908, 1993.
Thorne, C. R. and Tovey, N. K.: Stability of composite river banks, Earth
Surf. Proc. Land., 6, 469–484, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290060507,
1981.
Twidale, C. R.: Erosion of an alluvial bank at Birdwood, South Australia,
Geomorphology, 8, 189–211, 1964.
Wolanski, E. and Elliott, M.: Estuarine water circulation, in: Estuarine
Ecohydrology, Elsevier, 35–76,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63398-9.00002-7, 2016.
Wood, A. L., Simon, A., Downs, P. W., and Thorne, C. R.: Bank-toe processes
in incised channels: the role of apparent cohesion in the entrainment of
failed bank materials, Hydrol. Process., 15, 39–61,
https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.151, 2001.
Young, A. P., Flick, R. E., O'Reilly, W. C., Chadwick, D. B., Crampton, W.
C., and Helly, J. J.: Estimating cliff retreat in southern California
considering sea level rise using a sand balance approach, Mar. Geol., 348,
15–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARGEO.2013.11.007, 2014.
Zhang, K., Douglas, B. C., and Leatherman, S. P.: Global Warming and Coastal
Erosion, Clim. Change, 64, 41–58,
https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000024690.32682.48, 2004.
Zhang, K., Gong, Z., Zhao, K., Wang, K., Pan, S., and Coco, G.: Experimental
and Numerical Modeling of Overhanging Riverbank Stability, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 126, e2021JF006109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006109, 2021.
Zhao, K., Gong, Z., Xu, F., Zhou, Z., Zhang, C. K., Perillo, G. M. E., and
Coco, G.: The Role of Collapsed Bank Soil on Tidal Channel Evolution: A
Process-Based Model Involving Bank Collapse and Sediment Dynamics, Water
Resour. Res., 55, 9051–9071, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025514, 2019.
Zhao, K., Coco, G., Gong, Z., Darby, S. E., Lanzoni, S., Xu, F., Zhang, K.,
and Townend, I.: A Review on Bank Retreat: Mechanisms, Observations, and
Modeling, Rev. Geophys., 60, e2021RG000761, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021RG000761,
2022.
Short summary
In this study the processes leading to bank failures in the hypertidal Severn Estuary are studied employing numerical models and field observations. Results highlight that the periodic fluctuations in water levels drive an imbalance in the resisting (hydrostatic pressure) versus driving (pore water pressure) forces causing a frequent oscillation of bank stability between stable (at high tide) and unstable states (at low tide) both on semidiurnal bases and in the spring–neap transition.
In this study the processes leading to bank failures in the hypertidal Severn Estuary are...
