Earth Surface Dynamics
Earth Surface Dynamics
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Articles | Volume 14, issue 3
Articles | Volume 14, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-433-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-433-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 14, issue 3
Research article
 | 
15 Jun 2026
Research article |  | 15 Jun 2026

Mud volcano dynamics in Azerbaijan: the overlooked role of creeping mud flows in landscape evolution

Caroline Fenske, Petr Brož, and Adriano Mazzini

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Short summary
Azerbaijan hosts the world's highest concentration of mud volcanoes, some producing kilometre-scale mud flows. These flows were long thought to form only during major eruptions, but this study shows many instead move slowly over time, similar to glaciers. Using satellite images and field observations, we found 19 volcanoes with measurable creeping, moving a few to tens of metres per decade. While often remote, some flows may threaten nearby infrastructure, highlighting the need for monitoring.
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