Articles | Volume 9, issue 5
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1363–1380, 2021
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1363-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1363–1380, 2021
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1363-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article 14 Oct 2021
Research article | 14 Oct 2021
Relationship between meteoric 10Be and NO3− concentrations in soils along Shackleton Glacier, Antarctica
Melisa A. Diaz et al.
Related authors
Melisa A. Diaz, Christopher B. Gardner, Susan A. Welch, W. Andrew Jackson, Byron J. Adams, Diana H. Wall, Ian D. Hogg, Noah Fierer, and W. Berry Lyons
Biogeosciences, 18, 1629–1644, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1629-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1629-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Water-soluble salt and nutrient concentrations of soils collected along the Shackleton Glacier, Antarctica, show distinct geochemical gradients related to latitude, longitude, elevation, soil moisture, and distance from coast and glacier. Machine learning algorithms were used to estimate geochemical gradients for the region given the relationship with geography. Geography and surface exposure age drive salt and nutrient abundances, influencing invertebrate habitat suitability and biogeography.
Mae Kate Campbell, Paul R. Bierman, Amanda H. Schmidt, Rita Sibello Hernández, Alejandro García-Moya, Lee B. Corbett, Alan Hidy, Héctor Cartas Águila, Aniel Guillén Arruebarrena, Greg Balco, David Dethier, and Marc Caffee
Geochronology Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2021-31, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2021-31, 2021
Preprint under review for GChron
Short summary
Short summary
We used cosmogenic radionuclides in detrital river sediment to measure physical erosion rates of watersheds in central Cuba; erosion rates are lower than chemical denudation rates in lowland watersheds. Data from two different cosmogenic nuclides suggest that some basins may have a deeper than typically modeled mixed layer and could have experienced significantly burial after or during exposure. We conclude that significant mass loss may occur at depth through chemical weathering processes.
Andrew J. Christ, Paul R. Bierman, Jennifer L. Lamp, Joerg M. Schaefer, and Gisela Winckler
Geochronology, 3, 505–523, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-505-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-505-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Cosmogenic nuclide surface exposure dating is commonly used to constrain the timing of past glacier extents. However, Antarctic exposure age datasets are often scattered and difficult to interpret. We compile new and existing exposure ages of a glacial deposit with independently known age constraints and identify surface processes that increase or reduce the likelihood of exposure age scatter. Then we present new data for a previously unmapped and undated older deposit from the same region.
Leah VanLandingham, Eric W. Portenga, Edward C. Lefroy, Paul R. Bierman, and Alan J. Hidy
Geochronology Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2021-23, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2021-23, 2021
Preprint under review for GChron
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents erosion rates of the George River and seven of its tributaries in northeast Tasmania, Australia. These erosion rates are the first measures of landscape change over millennial timescales for Tasmania. We demonstrate that erosion is closely linked to a topographic rainfall gradient across George River. Our findings may be useful for efforts to restore ecological health to Georges Bay by determining a pre-disturbance level of erosion and sediment delivery to this estuary.
Melisa A. Diaz, Christopher B. Gardner, Susan A. Welch, W. Andrew Jackson, Byron J. Adams, Diana H. Wall, Ian D. Hogg, Noah Fierer, and W. Berry Lyons
Biogeosciences, 18, 1629–1644, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1629-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-1629-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Water-soluble salt and nutrient concentrations of soils collected along the Shackleton Glacier, Antarctica, show distinct geochemical gradients related to latitude, longitude, elevation, soil moisture, and distance from coast and glacier. Machine learning algorithms were used to estimate geochemical gradients for the region given the relationship with geography. Geography and surface exposure age drive salt and nutrient abundances, influencing invertebrate habitat suitability and biogeography.
Hannah S. Weiss, Paul R. Bierman, Yves Dubief, and Scott D. Hamshaw
The Cryosphere, 13, 3367–3382, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3367-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-3367-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Climate change is devastating winter tourism. High-elevation, high-latitude ski centers have turned to saving snow over the summer. We present results of two field seasons to test and optimize over-summer snow storage at a midlatitude, low-elevation nordic ski center in the northeastern USA. In 2018, we tested coverings and found success overlaying 20 cm of wet woodchips with a reflective sheet. In 2019, we employed this strategy to a large pile and stored sufficient snow to open the ski season.
Roland Baatz, Pamela L. Sullivan, Li Li, Samantha R. Weintraub, Henry W. Loescher, Michael Mirtl, Peter M. Groffman, Diana H. Wall, Michael Young, Tim White, Hang Wen, Steffen Zacharias, Ingolf Kühn, Jianwu Tang, Jérôme Gaillardet, Isabelle Braud, Alejandro N. Flores, Praveen Kumar, Henry Lin, Teamrat Ghezzehei, Julia Jones, Henry L. Gholz, Harry Vereecken, and Kris Van Looy
Earth Syst. Dynam., 9, 593–609, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-593-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-593-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Focusing on the usage of integrated models and in situ Earth observatory networks, three challenges are identified to advance understanding of ESD, in particular to strengthen links between biotic and abiotic, and above- and below-ground processes. We propose developing a model platform for interdisciplinary usage, to formalize current network infrastructure based on complementarities and operational synergies, and to extend the reanalysis concept to the ecosystem and critical zone.
Juliane Filser, Jack H. Faber, Alexei V. Tiunov, Lijbert Brussaard, Jan Frouz, Gerlinde De Deyn, Alexei V. Uvarov, Matty P. Berg, Patrick Lavelle, Michel Loreau, Diana H. Wall, Pascal Querner, Herman Eijsackers, and Juan José Jiménez
SOIL, 2, 565–582, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-565-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-565-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Soils store more than 3 times as much carbon than the atmosphere, but global carbon models still suffer from large uncertainty. We argue that this may be due to the fact that soil animals are not taken into account in such models. They dig, eat and distribute dead organic matter and microorganisms, and the quantity of their activity is often huge. Soil animals affect microbial activity, soil water content, soil structure, erosion and plant growth – and all of this affects carbon cycling.
E. Ashley Shaw, Karolien Denef, Cecilia Milano de Tomasel, M. Francesca Cotrufo, and Diana H. Wall
SOIL, 2, 199–210, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-199-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-199-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated fire's effects on root decomposition and carbon (C) flow to the soil food web. We used 13C-labeled dead roots buried in microcosms constructed from two burn treatment soils (annual and infrequent burn). Our results showed greater root decomposition and C flow to the soil food web for the annual burn compared to infrequent burn treatment. Thus, roots are a more important C source for decomposers in annually burned areas where surface plant litter is frequently removed by fire.
Michael N. Gooseff, David Van Horn, Zachary Sudman, Diane M. McKnight, Kathleene A. Welch, and William B. Lyons
Biogeosciences, 13, 1723–1732, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1723-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-1723-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
The landscape of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica has been considered quite stable. In 2012, we discovered extensive permafrost degradation along several km of Crescent Stream. Here we document the responses to water quality, specifically changes to dissolved major ion and suspended sediment characteristics. Stream nitrate concentrations were greater than observed in the stream over the previous ~ 20 years, suggesting potentially significant impacts for stream and downstream lake ecosystems.
Related subject area
Physical: Geomorphology (including all aspects of fluvial, coastal, aeolian, hillslope and glacial geomorphology)
Triggering and propagation of exogenous sediment pulses in mountain channels: insights from flume experiments with seismic monitoring
Temporal changes in the debris flow threshold under the effects of ground freezing and sediment storage on Mt. Fuji
Sedimentary architecture and landforms of the late Saalian (MIS 6) ice sheet margin offshore of the Netherlands
Sediment shell-content diminishes current-driven sand ripple development and migration
Sand mining far outpaces natural supply in a large alluvial river
The formation and geometry characteristics of boulder bars due to outburst floods triggered by overtopped landslide dam failure
Landslide-lake outburst floods accelerate downstream hillslope slippage
The relative influence of dune aspect ratio and beach width on dune erosion as a function of storm duration and surge level
A temperature-dependent mechanical model to assess the stability of degrading permafrost rock slopes
The effects of storms and a transient sandy veneer on the interannual planform evolution of a low-relief coastal cliff and shore platform at Sargent Beach, Texas, USA
Identification of rock and fracture kinematics in high alpine rockwalls under the influence of elevation
Controls on the grain size distribution of landslides in Taiwan: the influence of drop height, scar depth and bedrock strength
Assessing the effect of topography on Cs-137 concentrations within forested soils due to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, Japan
Climatic controls on mountain glacier basal thermal regimes dictate spatial patterns of glacial erosion
Tectonically and climatically driven mountain-hopping erosion in central Guatemala from detrital 10Be and river profile analysis
Stochastic alluvial fan and terrace formation triggered by a high-magnitude Holocene landslide in the Klados Gorge, Crete
Controls on the rates and products of particle attrition by bed-load collisions
Bedrock river erosion through dipping layered rocks: quantifying erodibility through kinematic wave speed
Particle energy partitioning and transverse diffusion during rarefied travel on an experimental hillslope
The role of geological mouth islands on the morphodynamics of back-barrier tidal basins
Multi-objective optimisation of a rock coast evolution model with cosmogenic 10Be analysis for the quantification of long-term cliff retreat rates
Short communication: Runout of rock avalanches limited by basal friction but controlled by fragmentation
Rarefied particle motions on hillslopes – Part 1: Theory
Rarefied particle motions on hillslopes – Part 2: Analysis
Rarefied particle motions on hillslopes – Part 3: Entropy
Rarefied particle motions on hillslopes – Part 4: Philosophy
From apex to shoreline: fluvio-deltaic architecture for the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands
Implications of the ongoing rock uplift in NW Himalayan interiors
Interactions between deforestation, landscape rejuvenation, and shallow landslides in the North Tanganyika–Kivu rift region, Africa
Relevance of acoustic methods to quantify bedload transport and bedform dynamics in a large sandy-gravel-bed river
Earthquake-induced debris flows at Popocatépetl Volcano, Mexico
Controls on the hydraulic geometry of alluvial channels: bank stability to gravitational failure, the critical-flow hypothesis, and conservation of mass and energy
Effect of stress history on sediment transport and channel adjustment in graded gravel-bed rivers
Hack distributions of rill networks and nonlinear slope length–soil loss relationships
Development of smart boulders to monitor mass movements via the Internet of Things: a pilot study in Nepal
Laboratory observations on meltwater meandering rivulets on ice
Intensified paraglacial slope failures due to accelerating downwasting of a temperate glacier in Mt. Gongga, Southeastern Tibet Plateau
Quantifying thresholds of barrier geomorphic change in a cross-shore sediment-partitioning model
The enigma of relict large sorted stone stripes in the tropical Ethiopian Highlands
Growing topography due to contrasting rock types in a tectonically dead landscape
Breaking down chipping and fragmentation in sediment transport: the control of material strength
How do modeling choices and erosion zone locations impact the representation of connectivity and the dynamics of suspended sediments in a multi-source soil erosion model?
Different coastal marsh sites reflect similar topographic conditions under which bare patches and vegetation recovery occur
Coupling threshold theory and satellite-derived channel width to estimate the formative discharge of Himalayan foreland rivers
Inertial drag and lift forces for coarse grains on rough alluvial beds measured using in-grain accelerometers
GERALDINE (Google Earth Engine supRaglAciaL Debris INput dEtector): a new tool for identifying and monitoring supraglacial landslide inputs
Short communication: Multiscalar roughness length decomposition in fluvial systems using a transform-roughness correlation (TRC) approach
Evolution of events before and after the 17 June 2017 rock avalanche at Karrat Fjord, West Greenland – a multidisciplinary approach to detecting and locating unstable rock slopes in a remote Arctic area
Complementing scale experiments of rivers and estuaries with numerically modelled hydrodynamics
Characterization of morphological units in a small, forested stream using close-range remotely piloted aircraft imagery
Marco Piantini, Florent Gimbert, Hervé Bellot, and Alain Recking
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1423–1439, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1423-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1423-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We carry out laboratory experiments to investigate the formation and propagation dynamics of exogenous sediment pulses in mountain rivers. We show that the ability of a self-formed deposit to destabilize and generate sediment pulses depends on the sand content of the mixture, while each pulse turns out to be formed by a front, a body, and a tail. Seismic measurements reveal a complex and non-unique dependency between seismic power and sediment pulse transport characteristics.
Fumitoshi Imaizumi, Atsushi Ikeda, Kazuki Yamamoto, and Okihiro Ohsaka
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1381–1398, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1381-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1381-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The rainfall threshold for debris flow occurrence was evaluated on Mt. Fuji, Japan. Debris flows during frozen periods were triggered by a smaller magnitude of rainfall than during unfrozen periods. During unfrozen periods, the threshold of maximum hourly rainfall intensity triggering debris flow was higher when the volume of channel deposits was larger. The results suggest that the occurrence of frozen ground needs to be monitored for better debris flow disaster mitigation in cold regions.
Víctor Cartelle, Natasha L. M. Barlow, David M. Hodgson, Freek S. Busschers, Kim M. Cohen, Bart M. L. Meijninger, and Wessel P. van Kesteren
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1399–1421, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1399-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1399-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Reconstructing the growth and decay of past ice sheets is critical to understand relationships between global climate and sea-level change. We take advantage of large wind-farm datasets in the southern North Sea to investigate buried landscapes left by ice sheet advance and retreat occurring about 160 000 years ago. We demonstrate the utility of offshore wind-farm data in refining palaeo-ice sheet margin limits and providing insight into the processes influencing marginal ice sheet dynamics.
Chiu H. Cheng, Jaco C. de Smit, Greg S. Fivash, Suzanne J. M. H. Hulscher, Bas W. Borsje, and Karline Soetaert
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1335–1346, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1335-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1335-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Shells are biogenic particles that are widespread throughout natural sandy environments and can affect the bed roughness and seabed erodibility. As studies are presently lacking, we experimentally measured ripple formation and migration using natural sand with increasing volumes of shell material under unidirectional flow in a racetrack flume. We show that shells expedite the onset of sediment transport, reduce ripple dimensions and slow their migration rate.
Christopher R. Hackney, Grigorios Vasilopoulos, Sokchhay Heng, Vasudha Darbari, Samuel Walker, and Daniel R. Parsons
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1323–1334, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1323-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1323-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Unsustainable sand mining poses a threat to the stability of river channels. We use satellite imagery to estimate volumes of material removed from the Mekong River, Cambodia, over the period 2016–2020. We demonstrate that current rates of extraction now exceed previous estimates for the entire Mekong Basin and significantly exceed the volume of sand naturally transported by the river. Our work highlights the importance of satellite imagery in monitoring sand mining activity over large areas.
Xiangang Jiang, Haiguang Cheng, Lei Gao, and Weiming Liu
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1263–1277, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1263-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1263-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Boulder bars are a common form of riverbed morphology which can be affected by outburst flood. However, few studies have focused on boulder bars' formation process and development characteristics during landslide dam failure. In this paper, eight groups of dam failure experiments were carried out to study the development and geometry characteristics of boulder bars during and after dam failure. Moreover, the relationships between geometry parameters of boulder bars are investigated.
Wentao Yang, Jian Fang, and Jing Liu-Zeng
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1251–1262, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1251-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1251-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The eastern Tibetan Plateau is an ideal place to study interactions among different geomorphic drivers. We report the impacts of two 2018 landslide-lake outburst floods up to 100 km distance downstream of the Jinsha River. By using remote sensing images, we found that the 2018 floods caused many hillslopes to slump during the prolonged period afterwards. The finding could help us to obtain a holistic picture of LLF impacts and improve geomorphic models of landscape evolution.
Michael Itzkin, Laura J. Moore, Peter Ruggiero, Sally D. Hacker, and Reuben G. Biel
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1223–1237, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1223-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1223-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Studies of the impact of storms on dunes typically focus on the importance of dune elevation,
here we analyze the protective services offered by the dune height and width, the morphology
of the beach fronting the dune, and artificial dune construction via the use of sand fences.
We find that dune volume loss most strongly correlates to beach width rather than dune shape,
although when beach width is controlled for low and wide dunes offer greater protection than
tall and narrow dunes.
Philipp Mamot, Samuel Weber, Saskia Eppinger, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1125–1151, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1125-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1125-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The mechanical response of permafrost degradation on high-mountain rock slope stability has not been calculated in a numerical model yet. We present the first approach for a model with thermal and mechanical input data derived from laboratory and field work, and existing concepts. This is applied to a test site at the Zugspitze, Germany. A numerical sensitivity analysis provides the first critical stability thresholds related to the rock temperature, slope angle and fracture network orientation.
Rose V. Palermo, Anastasia Piliouras, Travis E. Swanson, Andrew D. Ashton, and David Mohrig
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1111–1123, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1111-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1111-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
At Sargent Beach, Texas, USA, a rapidly eroding soft-sediment cliff system, we study the planform evolution of the cliff face in response to storms and sediment cover. Through this analysis, we characterize the feedbacks between morphology and retreat rate of a cliff face. We find that after a storm event, the roughness and sinuosity of the cliff face increase, which sustains higher retreat rates for years following.
Daniel Draebing
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 977–994, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-977-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-977-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Alpine rockwalls are affected by weathering processes that result in rock and fracture deformation. This deformation decreases rockwall stability with time. I installed crackmeters along a topographic gradient to identify the spatial and temporal variation of weathering processes. My data show that elevation-dependent snow cover, topographic factors and fracture dipping control the frequency and magnitude of weathering processes and resulting rock kinematics.
Odin Marc, Jens M. Turowski, and Patrick Meunier
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 995–1011, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-995-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-995-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The size of grains delivered to rivers is an essential parameter for understanding erosion and sediment transport and their related hazards. In mountains, landslides deliver these rock fragments, but few studies have analyzed the landslide properties that control the resulting sizes. We present measurements on 17 landslides from Taiwan and show that their grain sizes depend on rock strength, landslide depth and drop height, thereby validating and updating a previous theory on fragmentation.
Misa Yasumiishi, Taku Nishimura, Jared Aldstadt, Sean J. Bennett, and Thomas Bittner
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 861–893, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-861-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-861-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Topographic effects on radioactive contamination in a forested area were quantitatively examined using soil core samples collected in a village in Fukushima, Japan. The results confirmed that local topography influences the contamination patterns in soils, and its effects vary depending on the combinations of the topographic parameters. This finding suggests that topographic characteristics should be considered carefully in future environmental radioactive risk assessments.
Jingtao Lai and Alison M. Anders
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 845–859, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-845-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-845-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers are strong erosive agents, and they have created many unique landforms in mountain belts. Climate has been viewed as a primary control on glacial erosion, yet our understanding of the mechanism by which climate impacts glacial erosion remains limited. Using computer simulations, we find that climate controls glacial erosion by modulating the temperature of the basal ice. Our results suggest that a warm and/or wet climate can create warm basal ice and, therefore, enhance erosion.
Gilles Brocard, Jane Kathrin Willenbring, Tristan Salles, Michael Cosca, Axel Guttiérez-Orrego, Noé Cacao Chiquín, Sergio Morán-Ical, and Christian Teyssier
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 795–822, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-795-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-795-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The rise of a mountain affects the circulation of water, both in the atmosphere and over the land surface, thereby affecting the erosion of the land surface. We document how the rise of a mountain in central Guatemala has affected the erosion of an older range nearby. The new range intercepts precipitation formerly delivered to the older range. River response to the uplift of the new range has decreased incision across the older one. Both have reduced hillslope erosion over the old range.
Elena T. Bruni, Richard F. Ott, Vincenzo Picotti, Negar Haghipour, Karl W. Wegmann, and Sean F. Gallen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 771–793, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-771-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-771-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Klados River catchment contains seemingly overlarge, well-preserved alluvial terraces and fans. Unlike previous studies, we argue that the deposits formed in the Holocene based on their position relative to a paleoshoreline uplifted in 365 CE and seven radiocarbon dates. We also find that constant sediment supply from high-lying landslide deposits disconnected the valley from regional tectonics and climate controls, which resulted in fan and terrace formation guided by stochastic events.
Kimberly Litwin Miller and Douglas Jerolmack
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 755–770, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-755-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-755-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted experiments to investigate the mechanics of sediment attrition due to collisions with the channel bed during downstream transport. During this process, the grains become rounder and smaller, changing the overall distribution of sediment in the river. In this work we examine how material properties play a role in the breakdown of sediment due to energetic collisions and the fine particles that are produced when chipped off of larger grains.
Nate A. Mitchell and Brian J. Yanites
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 723–753, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-723-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-723-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A landscape's appearance reflects the properties of the underlying bedrock. For example, strong bedrock can lead to steep slopes. Recent work has shown, however, that in areas with mixed rock types the stronger bedrock can have lower slopes. In this study, we use numerical models of bedrock river erosion to show why this change in behavior occurs. We also present a new approach for estimating bedrock erodibility. This new approach can allow for new opportunities in the field of geomorphology.
Sarah G. W. Williams and David J. Furbish
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 701–721, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-701-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-701-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Particle motions and travel distances prior to deposition on hillslope surfaces depend on a balance of gravitational and frictional forces. We elaborate how particle energy is partitioned and dissipated during travel using measurements of particle travel distances supplemented with high-speed imaging of drop–impact–rebound experiments. Results show that particle shape plays a dominant role in how energy is partitioned during impact with a surface and how far particles travel in two dimensions.
Yizhang Wei, Yining Chen, Jufei Qiu, Zeng Zhou, Peng Yao, Qin Jiang, Zheng Gong, Giovanni Coco, Ian Townend, and Changkuan Zhang
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-46, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-46, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
Barrier tidal basin is increasingly altered human activity and sea-level rise. These environmental changes probably lead to the emergence or disappearance of islands, yet the effect of island on the evolution of tidal basin remain poorly investigated. Using a set of numerical experiments, we explore the evolution of tidal basins under varying numbers and locations of islands. This study provides insights for predicting the response of barrier tidal basins under a changing environment.
Jennifer R. Shadrick, Martin D. Hurst, Matthew D. Piggott, Bethany G. Hebditch, Alexander J. Seal, Klaus M. Wilcken, and Dylan H. Rood
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-44, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-44, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
Here we use topographic and 10Be concentration data to optimise a coastal evolution model. Cliff retreat rates are calculated for two UK sites for the past 8000 years, and for the first time, highlight a strong link between the rate of sea level rise and long-term cliff retreat rates. This method enables us to study past cliff response to sea level rise, and so, to greatly improve forecasts of future responses to accelerations in sea level rise that will result from climate change.
Øystein T. Haug, Matthias Rosenau, Michael Rudolf, Karen Leever, and Onno Oncken
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 665–672, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-665-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-665-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The runout of rock avalanches scales with their volume but also shows a considerable variation for avalanches with similar volumes. Here we show that besides size-dependent weakening mechanisms, fragmentation can account for the observed variability in runout. We use laboratory-scale experimental avalanches to simulate and analyse the role of fragmentation. We find that fragmentation consumes energy but also increases avalanche mobility. It does so systematically and predictably.
David Jon Furbish, Joshua J. Roering, Tyler H. Doane, Danica L. Roth, Sarah G. W. Williams, and Angel M. Abbott
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 539–576, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sediment particles skitter down steep hillslopes on Earth and Mars. Particles gain speed in going downhill but are slowed down and sometimes stop due to collisions with the rough surface. The likelihood of stopping depends on the energetics of speeding up (heating) versus slowing down (cooling). Statistical physics predicts that particle travel distances are described by a generalized Pareto distribution whose form varies with the Kirkby number – the ratio of heating to cooling.
David Jon Furbish, Sarah G. W. Williams, Danica L. Roth, Tyler H. Doane, and Joshua J. Roering
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 577–613, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-577-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-577-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The generalized Pareto distribution of particle travel distances on steep hillslopes, as described in a companion paper (Furbish et al., 2021a), is entirely consistent with measurements of travel distances obtained from laboratory and field-based experiments, supplemented with high-speed imaging and audio recordings that highlight the effects of bumpety-bump particle motions. Particle size and shape, in concert with surface roughness, strongly influence particle energetics and deposition.
David Jon Furbish, Sarah G. W. Williams, and Tyler H. Doane
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 615–628, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-615-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-615-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The generalized Pareto distribution of particle travel distances on steep hillslopes, as described in two companion papers (Furbish et al., 2021a, 2021b), is a maximum entropy distribution. This simply represents the most probable way that a great number of particles become distributed into distance states, subject to a fixed total energetic cost due to frictional effects of particle–surface collisions. The maximum entropy criterion is equivalent to a formal application of Occam's razor.
David Jon Furbish and Tyler H. Doane
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 629–664, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-629-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-629-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using analyses of particle motions on steep hillslopes in three companion papers (Furbish et al., 2021a, 2021b, 2021c), we offer philosophical perspective on the merits of a statistical mechanics framework for describing sediment particle motions and transport, and the implications of rarefied versus continuum transport conditions. We highlight the mechanistic yet probabilistic nature of the approach, and the importance of tailoring the style of thinking to the process and scale of interest.
Marc J. P. Gouw and Marc P. Hijma
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-42, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-42, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
If you would navigate an entire delta by boat, you would clearly see that the general characteristics of the channels change throughout the delta. These drivers behind these changes have been studied frequently. Field studies encompassing the entire delta are rare though, but give important insights into these drivers that help. other researchers. The most important drivers: channel lateral-migration rate, channel-belt longevity, creation of accommodation space and inherited flood-plain width.
Saptarshi Dey, Rasmus C. Thiede, Arindam Biswas, Naveen Chauhan, Pritha Chakravarti, and Vikrant Jain
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 463–485, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-463-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-463-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ongoing deformation of the Himalaya is not constrained to its southern extremity. With morphometric analysis using a high-resolution digital elevation model, satellite image analysis, luminescence chronology of fluvial terraces and field observations, we identify a zone of rapid rock uplift in the interior of the Kashmir Himalaya. Our results suggest active tectonic and structural control on the growth of topography in the Himalayan interiors over multi-millennial timescales.
Arthur Depicker, Gerard Govers, Liesbet Jacobs, Benjamin Campforts, Judith Uwihirwe, and Olivier Dewitte
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 445–462, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-445-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-445-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how shallow landslide occurrence is impacted by deforestation and rifting in the North Tanganyika–Kivu rift region (Africa). We developed a new approach to calculate landslide erosion rates based on an inventory compiled in biased © Google Earth imagery. We find that deforestation increases landslide erosion by a factor of 2–8 and for a period of roughly 15 years. However, the exact impact of deforestation depends on the geomorphic context of the landscape (rejuvenated/relict).
Jules Le Guern, Stéphane Rodrigues, Thomas Geay, Sébastien Zanker, Alexandre Hauet, Pablo Tassi, Nicolas Claude, Philippe Jugé, Antoine Duperray, and Louis Vervynck
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 423–444, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-423-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-423-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Despite the inherent difficulties in quantifying its value, sediment transport is essential to understanding fluvial systems. This study tries to improve the measurement by comparing several methods. Acoustic methods are compared to direct measurements with samplers. The hydrophone is well adapted to quantify sediment transport in mountain streams, but this study shows the potential and the efficiency of this device in large lowland rivers.
Velio Coviello, Lucia Capra, Gianluca Norini, Norma Dávila, Dolors Ferrés, Víctor Hugo Márquez-Ramírez, and Eduard Pico
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 393–412, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-393-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-393-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Puebla–Morelos earthquake (19 September 2017) was the most damaging event in central Mexico since 1985. The seismic shaking produced hundreds of shallow landslides on the slopes of Popocatépetl Volcano. The larger landslides transformed into large debris flows that travelled for kilometers. We describe this exceptional mass wasting cascade and its predisposing factors, which have important implications for both the evolution of the volcanic edifice and hazard assessment.
Jon D. Pelletier
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 379–391, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-379-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-379-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The sizes and shapes of alluvial channels vary in a systematic way with the water flow they convey during large floods. It is demonstrated that the depth of alluvial channels is controlled by the resistance of channel bank material to slumping, which in turn is controlled by clay content. Deeper channels have faster water flow in a manner controlled by the critical hydraulic state to which channels tend to evolve. Channel width and slope can be further quantified using conservation principles.
Chenge An, Marwan A. Hassan, Carles Ferrer-Boix, and Xudong Fu
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 333–350, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-333-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-333-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mountain rivers are characterized by fluctuations of water flow, including both flood and inter-flood low flow. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to how inter-flood low flow affects the sediment transport in subsequent floods. Here we present a series of flume experiments. Results show that the existence of inter-flood low flow can reduce the sediment transport at the beginning of the subsequent flood. However, such an effect is gradually erased with the increase of flow intensity.
Tyler H. Doane, Jon D. Pelletier, and Mary H. Nichols
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 317–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-317-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-317-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explores how the geometry of rill networks contributes to observed nonlinear relationships between soil loss and hillslope length. This work develops probability functions of geometrical quantities of the networks and then extends the theory to hydraulic variables by relying on well-known relationships. Theory is complemented by numerical modeling on numerical and natural surfaces. Results suggest that the particular arrangement of rill networks contributes to nonlinear relationships.
Benedetta Dini, Georgina L. Bennett, Aldina M. A. Franco, Michael R. Z. Whitworth, Kristen L. Cook, Andreas Senn, and John M. Reynolds
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 295–315, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-295-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-295-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use long-range smart sensors connected to a network based on the Internet of Things to explore the possibility of detecting hazardous boulder movements in real time. Prior to the 2019 monsoon season we inserted the devices in 23 boulders spread over debris flow channels and a landslide in northeastern Nepal. The data obtained in this pilot study show the potential of this technology to be used in remote hazard-prone areas in future early warning systems.
Roberto Fernández and Gary Parker
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 253–269, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-253-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-253-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a set of observations from laboratory experiments on meltwater meandering rivulets on ice and compare them (qualitatively and quantitatively) to patterns commonly found in meandering channels flowing over different materials. Our channels display great similarities with real rivers in spite of being much smaller. Higher temperature differences between water and ice create deeper and less sinuous channels with bends that preferentially point downstream and are not as rounded.
Yan Zhong, Qiao Liu, Matthew Westoby, Yong Nie, Francesca Pellicciotti, Bo Zhang, Jialun Cai, Guoxiang Liu, Haijun Liao, and Xuyang Lu
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-18, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-18, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
Slope failures exists in many paraglacial regions and is the main manifestation of the interaction between debris-covered glacier and slope. We mapped paraglacial slope failures (PSFs) along the Hailuogou Glacier (HLG), Mt. Gongga, Southeastern Tibet Plateau. We argue that the accelerating downwasting of glacier are used as a preparatory or triggering factor, which could directly or indirectly cause the PSFs.
Daniel J. Ciarletta, Jennifer L. Miselis, Justin L. Shawler, and Christopher J. Hein
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 183–203, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-183-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-183-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The world's sandy coastlines are increasingly altered by humans and
sea-level rise, yet quantitative relationships between coastal landscapes and sediment availability remain poorly described. Using a novel modeling framework, we explore the evolution of coastal barrier islands under varying rates of sea-level rise and sediment availability. Our model results suggest that as sea levels increase, minor changes in sediment availability could result in rapid changes to barrier coasts.
Alexander R. Groos, Janik Niederhauser, Luise Wraase, Falk Hänsel, Thomas Nauss, Naki Akçar, and Heinz Veit
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 145–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-145-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-145-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Large sorted stone stripes have been discovered on the 4000 m high central Sanetti Plateau of the tropical Bale Mountains in Ethiopia. The stripes are a mystery as similar landforms have so far only been reported in the temperate zone and polar regions. Our investigations suggest that the stripes formed in the vicinity of a former ice cap on the plateau during a much colder climatic period. The distinct pattern is the result of a process related to cyclic freezing and thawing of the ground.
Daniel Peifer, Cristina Persano, Martin D. Hurst, Paul Bishop, and Derek Fabel
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 167–181, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-167-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-167-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Plate tectonics drive the formation of mountain ranges. Yet when tectonic forces cease, mountain ranges persist for hundreds of millions of years, forming major Earth surface features. This work presents denudation rate estimates from one such ancient mountain range that show that denudation is strongly tied to rock type. Resistant rocks denude more slowly despite having much steeper topography, and contrasts in rock type cause increasing relief in the absence of active tectonics.
Sophie Bodek and Douglas J. Jerolmack
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-17, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-17, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
As rocks are transported, they undergo two attrition mechanisms: chipping, shallow cracking at low collision energies, and fragmentation, significant fracture growth from high-energy impacts. We examine the mass and shape evolution of concrete particles in a rotating drum to experimentally delineate the boundary between chipping and fragmentation. By connecting the mechanics of these attrition processes to resulting shape evolution, we can use particle shape to infer past transport conditions.
Magdalena Uber, Guillaume Nord, Cédric Legout, and Luis Cea
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 123–144, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-123-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-123-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding soil erosion and suspended sediment transport is an important issue in terms of soil and water resources management. This study analyzes the impact of choices made during numerical model setup on the modeled suspended sediment dynamics at the outlet of two mesoscale watersheds. While the modeled liquid and solid discharges were found to be sensitive to these choices, the actual location of sediment sources in each catchment was the most important feature.
Chen Wang, Lennert Schepers, Matthew L. Kirwan, Enrica Belluco, Andrea D'Alpaos, Qiao Wang, Shoujing Yin, and Stijn Temmerman
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 71–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-71-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-71-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal marshes are valuable natural habitats with normally dense vegetation. The presence of bare patches is a symptom of habitat degradation. We found that the occurrence of bare patches and regrowth of vegetation is related to spatial variations in soil surface elevation and to the distance and connectivity to tidal creeks. These relations are similar in three marshes at very different geographical locations. Our results may help nature managers to conserve and restore coastal marshes.
Kumar Gaurav, François Métivier, A V Sreejith, Rajiv Sinha, Amit Kumar, and Sampat Kumar Tandon
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 47–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-47-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-47-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study demonstrates an innovative methodology to estimate the formative discharge of alluvial rivers from remote sensing images. We have developed an automated algorithm in Python 3 to extract the width of a river channel from satellite images. Finally, this channel width is translated into discharge using a semi-empirical regime equation developed from field measurements and threshold channel theory that explains the first-order geometry of alluvial channels.
Georgios Maniatis, Trevor Hoey, Rebecca Hodge, Dieter Rickenmann, and Alexandre Badoux
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 1067–1099, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1067-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1067-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
One of the most interesting problems in geomorphology concerns the conditions that mobilise sediments grains in rivers. Newly developed
smartpebbles allow for the measurement of those conditions directly if a suitable framework for analysis is followed. This paper connects such a framework with the physics used to described sediment motion and presents a series of laboratory and field smart-pebble deployments. Those quantify how grain shape affects the motion of coarse sediments in rivers.
William D. Smith, Stuart A. Dunning, Stephen Brough, Neil Ross, and Jon Telling
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 1053–1065, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1053-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1053-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial landslides are difficult to detect and likely underestimated due to rapid covering or dispersal. Without improved detection rates we cannot constrain their impact on glacial dynamics or their potential climatically driven increases in occurrence. Here we present a new open-access tool (GERALDINE) that helps a user detect 92 % of these events over the past 38 years on a global scale. We demonstrate its ability by identifying two new, large glacial landslides in the Hayes Range, Alaska.
David L. Adams and Andrea Zampiron
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 1039–1051, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1039-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1039-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a novel method of estimating the relative contribution of different physical scales of river bed topography to the total roughness length, based on thalweg elevation profiles. By providing more detailed information regarding the interaction between surface topography and fluid dynamics, the proposed technique may contribute to advances in hydraulics, channel morphodynamics, and bedload transport. Also, it may provide alternatives to existing representative roughness metrics.
Kristian Svennevig, Trine Dahl-Jensen, Marie Keiding, John Peter Merryman Boncori, Tine B. Larsen, Sara Salehi, Anne Munck Solgaard, and Peter H. Voss
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 1021–1038, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1021-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1021-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The 17 June 2017 Karrat landslide in Greenland caused a tsunami that killed four people. We apply a multidisciplinary workflow to reconstruct a timeline of events and find that three historic landslides occurred in 2009, 2016, and 2017. We also find evidence of much older periods of landslide activity. Three newly discovered active slopes might pose a future hazard. We speculate that the trigger for the recent events is melting permafrost due to a warming climate.
Steven A. H. Weisscher, Marcio Boechat-Albernaz, Jasper R. F. W. Leuven, Wout M. Van Dijk, Yasuyuki Shimizu, and Maarten G. Kleinhans
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 955–972, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-955-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-955-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate and continuous data collection is challenging in physical scale experiments. A novel means to augment measurements is to numerically model flow over the experimental digital elevation maps. We tested this modelling approach for one tidal and two river scale experiments and showed that modelled water depth and flow velocity closely resemble the measurements. The implication is that conducting experiments requires fewer measurements and results in flow data of better overall quality.
Carina Helm, Marwan A. Hassan, and David Reid
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 913–929, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-913-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-913-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Forested, gravel-bed streams possess complex channel morphologies which are difficult to objectively characterize. This paper describes a novel technique using a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) to characterize these systems below the forest canopy. The results demonstrate the accuracy and coverage of RPAs for objectively characterizing and classifying these systems relative to more traditional, time-consuming techniques that are generally used in these environments.
Cited articles
Ackert, R. P. and Kurz, M. D.: Age and uplift rates of Sirius Group sediments in the Dominion Range, Antarctica, from surface exposure dating and geomorphology, Global Planet. Change, 42, 207–225,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2004.02.001, 2004.
Anderson, J. B., Shipp, S. S., Lowe, A. L., Wellner, J. S., and Mosola, A.
B.: The Antarctic Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum and its subsequent retreat history: a review, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21, 49–70,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00083-X, 2002.
Augustin, L., Barbante, C., Barnes, P. R. F., Barnola, J. M., Bigler, M.,
Castellano, E., Cattani, O., Chappellaz, J., Dahl-Jensen, D., Delmonte, B.,
Dreyfus, G., Durand, G., Falourd, S., Fischer, H., Flückiger, J., Hansson, M. E., Huybrechts, P., Jugie, G., Johnsen, S. J., Jouzel, J.,
Kaufmann, P., Kipfstuhl, J., Lambert, F., Lipenkov, V. Y., Littot, G. C.,
Longinelli, A., Lorrain, R., Maggi, V., Masson-Delmotte, V., Miller, H.,
Mulvaney, R., Oerlemans, J., Oerter, H., Orombelli, G., Parrenin, F., Peel,
D. A., Petit, J. R., Raynaud, D., Ritz, C., Ruth, U., Schwander, J.,
Siegenthaler, U., Souchez, R., Stauffer, B., Steffensen, J. P., Stenni, B.,
Stocker, T. F., Tabacco, I. E., Udisti, R., van de Wal, R. S. W., van den
Broeke, M., Weiss, J., Wilhelms, F., Winther, J. G., Wolff, E. W., and
Zucchelli, M.: Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core, Nature,
429, 623–628, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02599, 2004.
Balter-Kennedy, A., Bromley, G., Balco, G., Thomas, H., and Jackson, M. S.: A
14.5-million-year record of East Antarctic Ice Sheet fluctuations from the
central Transantarctic Mountains, constrained with cosmogenic 3He, 10Be, 21Ne, and 26Al, The Cryosphere, 14, 2647–2672, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2647-2020, 2020.
Barrett, P. J.: Resolving views on Antarctic Neogene glacial history – The
Sirius debate, Earth Environ. Sci. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, 104, 31–53,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S175569101300008X, 2013.
Barrett, P. J., Adams, C. J., McIntosh, W. C., Swisher, C. C., and Wilson, G. S.: Geochronological evidence supporting Antarctic deglaciation three million years ago, Nature, 359, 816–818, 1992.
Bierman, P. R., Corbett, L. B., Graly, J. A., Neumann, T. A., Lini, A.,
Crosby, B. T., and Rood, D. H.: Preservation of a Preglacial Landscape Under
the Center of the Greenland Ice Sheet, Science, 344, 402–405,
https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674430501.c21, 2014.
Bockheim, J. G.: Landform and Soil Development in the McMurdo Dry Valleys,
Antarctica: A Regional Synthesis, Arctic, Antarct. Alp. Res., 34, 308–317, https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2002.12003499, 2002.
Bromley, G. R. M., Hall, B. L., Stone, J. O., Conway, H., and Todd, C. E.:
Late Cenozoic deposits at Reedy Glacier, Transantarctic Mountains: implications for former thickness of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, Quaternary
Sci. Rev., 29, 384–398, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.07.001, 2010.
Brown, E. T., Edmond, J. M., Raisbeck, G. M., Bourlès, D. L., Yiou, F.,
and Measures, C. I.: Beryllium isotope geochemistry in tropical river basins, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 56, 1607–1624, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90228-B, 1992.
Cary, S. C., McDonald, I. R., Barrett, J. E., and Cowan, D. A.: On the rocks:
The microbiology of Antarctic Dry Valley soils, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 8,
129–138, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2281, 2010.
Claridge, G. G. C. and Campbell, I. B.: Origin of nitrate deposits, Nature, 217, 428–430, https://doi.org/10.1038/217428a0, 1968a.
Claridge, G. G. C. and Campbell, I. B.: Soils of the Shackleton glacier region, Queen Maud Range, Antarctica, New Zeal. J. Sci., 11, 171–218, 1968b.
Claridge, G. G. C. and Campbell, I. B.: Salts in Antarctic soils, their
distribution and relationship to soil processes, Soil Sci., 123, 377–384, 1977.
Clark, P. U., Dyke, A. S., Shakun, J. D., Carlson, A. E., Clark, J., Wohlfarth, B., Mitrovica, J. X., Hostetler, S. W., and McCabe, A. M.: The Last Glacial Maximum, Science, 325, 710–714, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172873, 2009.
Collins, G. E., Hogg, I. D., Convey, P., Sancho, L. G., Cowan, D. A., Lyons,
W. B., Adams, B. J., Wall, D. H., and Green, T. G. A.: Genetic diversity of
soil invertebrates corroborates timing estimates for past collapses of the
West Antarctic Ice Sheet, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 22293–22302, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2007925117, 2020.
Convey, P., Gibson, J. A. E., Hillenbrand, C. D., Hodgson, D. A., Pugh, P.
J. A., Smellie, J. L., and Stevens, M. I.: Antarctic terrestrial life –
Challenging the history of the frozen continent?, Biol. Rev., 83, 103–117, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00034.x, 2008.
Diaz, M. A., Li, J., Michalski, G., Darrah, T. H., Adams, B. J., Wall, D.
H., Hogg, I. D., Fierer, N., Welch, S. A., Gardner, C. B., and Lyons, W. B.:
Stable isotopes of nitrate, sulfate, and carbonate in soils from the Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica: A record of atmospheric deposition and
chemical weathering, Front. Earth Sci., 8, 341, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00341, 2020.
Diaz, M. A., Corbett, L. B., Bierman, P. R., Adams, B. J., Wall, D. H., Hogg, I. D., Fierer, N., and Lyons, W. B.: Meteoric 10Be data of soils from the Shackleton Glacier region, US Antarctic Program (USAP) Data Center [data set], https://doi.org/10.15784/601421, 2021.
Dickinson, W. W., Schiller, M., Ditchburn, B. G., Graham, I. J., and Zondervan, A.: Meteoric Be-10 from Sirius Group suggests high elevation McMurdo Dry Valleys permanently frozen since 6 Ma, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
355–356, 13–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.003, 2012.
Elliot, D. H. and Fanning, C. M.: Detrital zircons from upper Permian and
lower Triassic Victoria Group sandstones, Shackleton Glacier region, Antarctica: Evidence for multiple sources along the Gondwana plate margin,
Gondwana Res., 13, 259–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2007.05.003, 2008.
Elliot, D. H., Collinson, J. W., and Green, W. J.: Lakes in dry valleys at
85∘ S near Mount Heekin, Shackleton Glacier, Antarct. J. United
States, 31, 25–27, 1996.
Everett, K. R.: Soils Of The Meserve Glacier Area, Wright Valley, South Victoria Land, Antarctica, Soil Sci., 112, 425–438, 1971.
Fraser, C. I., Nikula, R., Ruzzante, D. E., and Waters, J. M.: Poleward bound: Biological impacts of Southern Hemisphere glaciation, Trends Ecol. Evol., 27, 462–471, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.04.011, 2012.
Frey, M. M., Savarino, J., Morin, S., Erbland, J., and Martins, J. M. F.:
Photolysis imprint in the nitrate stable isotope signal in snow and atmosphere of East Antarctica and implications for reactive nitrogen cycling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8681–8696, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8681-2009, 2009.
Gasson, E., DeConto, R. M., Pollard, D., and Levy, R. H.: Dynamic Antarctic
ice sheet during the early to mid-Miocene, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 3459–3464, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516130113, 2016.
Golledge, N. R., Fogwill, C. J., Mackintosh, A. N., and Buckley, K. M.: Dynamics of the last glacial maximum Antarctic ice-sheet and its response to
ocean forcing, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 16052–16056,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1205385109, 2012.
Golledge, N. R., Levy, R. H., McKay, R. M., Fogwill, C. J., White, D. A.,
Graham, A. G. C., Smith, J. A., Hillenbrand, C. D., Licht, K. J., Denton, G.
H., Ackert, R. P., Maas, S. M., and Hall, B. L.: Glaciology and geological
signature of the Last Glacial Maximum Antarctic ice sheet, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 78, 225–247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.08.011, 2013.
Graham, I., Ditchburn, R. G., Claridge, G. G. G., Whitehead, N. E., Zondervan, A., and Sheppard, D. S.: Dating Antarctic soils using atmospheric
derived 10Be and nitrate, R. Soc. New Zeal. Bull., 35, 429–436, 2002.
Graham, I. J., Ditchbum, R. G., Sparks, R. J., and Whitehead, N. E.: 10Be investigations of sediments, soils and loess at GNS, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B, 123, 307–318, 1997.
Graly, J. A., Bierman, P. R., Reusser, L. J., and Pavich, M. J.: Meteoric
10Be in soil profiles – A global meta-analysis, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 74, 6814–6829, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.08.036, 2010.
Graly, J. A., Licht, K. J., Druschel, G. K., and Kaplan, M. R.: Polar desert
chronologies through quantitative measurements of salt accumulation, Geology, 46, 351–354, https://doi.org/10.1130/G39650.1, 2018.
Gulick, S. P. S., Shevenell, A. E., Montelli, A., Fernandez, R., Smith, C.,
Warny, S., Bohaty, S. M., Sjunneskog, C., Leventer, A., Frederick, B., and
Blankenship, D. D.: Initiation and long-term instability of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, Nature, 552, 225–229, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25026, 2017.
Hambrey, M. J., Webb, P. N., Harwood, D. M., and Krissek, L. A.: Neogene
glacial record from the Sirius Group of the Shackleton Glacier region, central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica, GSA Bull., 115, 994–1015,
https://doi.org/10.1130/B25183.1, 2003.
Ivy-Ochs, S., Schluchter, C., Kubik, P. W., Dittrich-Hannen, B., and Beer,
J.: Minimum 10Be exposure ages of early Pliocene for the Table Mountain plateau and the Sirius Group at Mount Fleming, Dry Valleys, Antarctica, Geology, 23, 1007–1010, 1995.
Jackson, A., Davila, A. F., Böhlke, J. K., Sturchio, N. C., Sevanthi,
R., Estrada, N., Brundrett, M., Lacelle, D., McKay, C. P., Poghosyan, A.,
Pollard, W., and Zacny, K.: Deposition, accumulation, and alteration of Cl−,
Jones, R. S., Mackintosh, A. N., Norton, K. P., Golledge, N. R., Fogwill, C.
J., Kubik, P. W., Christl, M., and Greenwood, S. L.: Rapid Holocene thinning
of an East Antarctic outlet glacier driven by marine ice sheet instability,
Nat. Commun., 6, 9910, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9910, 2015.
Kaplan, M. R., Licht, K. J., Winckler, G., Schaefer, J. M., Bader, N.,
Mathieson, C., Roberts, M., Kassab, C. M., Schwartz, R., and Graly, J. A.:
Middle to Late Pleistocene stability of the central East Antarctic Ice Sheet
at the head of Law Glacier, Geology, 45, 963–966, https://doi.org/10.1130/G39189.1, 2017.
Korschinek, G., Bergmaier, A., Faestermann, T., Gerstmann, U. C., Knie, K.,
Rugel, G., Wallner, A., Dillmann, I., Dollinger, G., von Gostomski, C. L.,
Kossert, K., Maiti, M., Poutivtsev, M., and Remmert, A.: A new value for the
half-life of 10Be by Heavy-Ion Elastic Recoil Detection and liquid
scintillation counting, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B, 268, 187–191,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.020, 2010.
Lewis, A. R., Marchant, D. R., Ashworth, A. C., Hedenäs, L., Hemming, S.
R., Johnson, J. V., Leng, M. J., Machlus, M. L., Newton, A. E., Raine, J.
I., Willenbring, J. K., Williams, M., and Wolfe, A. P.: Mid-Miocene cooling
and the extinction of tundra in continental Antarctica, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 10676–10680, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0802501105, 2008.
Lyons, W. B., Mayewski, P. A., Spencer, M. J., and Twickler, M. S.: Nitrate
concentrations in snow from remote areas: implication for the global NOx flux, Biogeochemistry, 9, 211–222, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00000599, 1990.
Lyons, W. B., Deuerling, K., Welch, K. A., Welch, S. A., Michalski, G., Walters, W. W., Nielsen, U., Wall, D. H., Hogg, I., and Adams, B. J.: The Soil Geochemistry in the Beardmore Glacier Region, Antarctica: Implications for Terrestrial Ecosystem History, Sci. Rep., 6, 26189, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26189, 2016.
Mackintosh, A. N., Verleyen, E., O'Brien, P. E., White, D. A., Jones, R. S.,
McKay, R., Dunbar, R., Gore, D. B., Fink, D., Post, A. L., Miura, H., Leventer, A., Goodwin, I., Hodgson, D. A., Lilly, K., Crosta, X., Golledge,
N. R., Wagner, B., Berg, S., van Ommen, T., Zwartz, D., Roberts, S. J.,
Vyverman, W., and Masse, G.: Retreat history of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet
since the Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 100, 10–30,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.07.024, 2014.
Marchant, D. R., Denton, G. H., Swisher, C. C., and Potter, N.: Late Cenozoic
Antarctic paleoclimate reconstructed from volcanic ashes in the Dry Valleys
region of southern Victoria Land, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 108, 181–194,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0181:LCAPRF>2.3.CO;2, 1996.
McHargue, L. R. and Damon, P. E.: The global beryllium 10 cycle, Rev. Geophys., 29, 141–158, https://doi.org/10.1029/91RG00072, 1991.
Menzies, J., van der Meer, J. J. M., and Rose, J.: Till-as a glacial
“tectomict”, its internal architecture, and the development of a “typing” method for till differentiation, Geomorphology, 75, 172–200,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.02.017, 2006.
Michalski, G., Bockheim, J. G., Kendall, C., and Thiemens, M.: Isotopic
composition of Antarctic Dry Valley nitrate: Implications for NOy sources and cycling in Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL022121, 2005.
Morgan, D., Putkonen, J., Balco, G., and Stone, J.: Quantifying regolith
erosion rates with cosmogenic nuclides 10Be and 26Al in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 115, F03037,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001443, 2010.
Nishiizumi, K., Imamura, M., Caffee, M. W., Southon, J. R., Finkel, R. C., and McAninch, J.: Absolute calibration of 10Be AMS standards, Nucl.
Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B, 258, 403–413, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.01.297, 2007.
Paulsen, T. S., Encarnación, J., and Grunow, A. M.: Structure and timing
of transpressional deformation in the Shackleton Glacier area, Ross orogen,
Antarctica, J. Geol. Soc. Lond., 161, 1027–1038, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764903-040, 2004.
Pavich, M. J., Brown, L., Klein, J., and Middleton, R.: 10Be accumulation in a soil chronosequence, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 68, 198–204,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(84)90151-1, 1984.
Pavich, M. J., Brown, L., Harden, J., Klein, J., and Middleton, R.: 10Be distribution in soils from Merced River terraces, California, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 50, 1727–1735, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90134-1, 1986.
Pollard, D. and DeConto, R. M.: Modelling West Antarctic ice sheet growth
and collapse through the past five million years, Nature, 458, 329–332, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07809, 2009.
Reich, M. and Bao, H.: Nitrate deposits of the Atacama Desert: A marker of
long-term hyperaridity, Elements, 14, 251–256, https://doi.org/10.2138/gselements.14.4.251, 2018.
Scarrow, J. W., Balks, M. R., and Almond, P. C.: Three soil chronosequences
in recessional glacial deposits near the polar plateau, in the Central
Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica, Antarct. Sci., 26, 573–583,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102014000078, 2014.
Scherer, R. P., DeConto, R. M., Pollard, D., and Alley, R. B.: Windblown
Pliocene diatoms and East Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat, Nat. Commun., 7, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12957, 2016.
Schiller, M., Dickinson, W., Ditchburn, R. G., Graham, I. J., and Zondervan,
A.: Atmospheric 10Be in an Antarctic soil: Implications for climate change, J. Geophys. Res., 114, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jf001052, 2009.
Spector, P. and Balco, G.: Exposure-age data from across Antarctica reveal
mid-Miocene establishment of polar desert climate, Geology, 49, 91–95, https://doi.org/10.1130/G47783.1, 2020.
Spector, P., Stone, J., Cowdery, S. G., Hall, B., Conway, H., and Bromley, G.: Rapid early-Holocene deglaciation in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 7817–7825, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074216, 2017.
Steig, E., Stuiver, M., and Polissar, P.: Cosmogenic isotope concentrations at Taylor Dome, Antarctica, Antarct. J. United States, 30, 95–97, 1995.
Stevens, M. I. and Hogg, I. D.: Long-term isolation and recent range expansion from glacial refugia revealed for the endemic springtail
Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni from Victoria Land, Antarctica, Mol. Ecol., 12, 2357–2369, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01907.x, 2003.
Stone, J.: A rapid fusion method for separation of beryllium-10 from soils
and silicates, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 62, 555–561, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00340-2, 1998.
Stroeven, A. P., Prentice, M. L., and Kleman, J.: On marine microfossil
transport and pathways in Antarctica during the late Neogene: Evidence from
the Sirius Group at Mount Fleming, Geology, 24, 727–730,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0727:ommtap>2.3.co;2, 1996.
Sugden, D. E., Marchant, D. R., and Denton, G. H.: The case for a stable East
Antarctic ice sheet, Geogr. Ann. A, 75, 151–351, 1993.
Talarico, F. M., McKay, R. M., Powell, R. D., Sandroni, S., and Naish, T.:
Late Cenozoic oscillations of Antarctic ice sheets revealed by provenance of
basement clasts and grain detrital modes in ANDRILL core AND-1B, Global Planet. Change, 96–97, 23–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.12.002, 2012.
Valletta, R. D., Willenbring, J. K., Lewis, A. R., Ashworth, A. C., and Caffee, M.: Extreme decay of meteoric beryllium-10 as a proxy for persistent
aridity, Sci. Rep., 5, 17813, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17813, 2015.
Webb, P. N. and Harwood, D. M.: Late Cenozoic glacial history of the Ross
embayment, Antarctica, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 10, 215–223,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90020-U, 1991.
Webb, P. N., Harwood, D. M., McKelvey, B. C., Mercer, J. H., and Stott, L.
D.: Cenozoic marine sedimentation and ice-volume variation on the East
Antarctic craton, Geology, 12, 287–291,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1984)12<287:cmsaiv>2.0.co;2, 1984.
Webb, P. N., Harwood, D. M., Mabin, M. G. C., and McKelvey, B. C.: A marine and terrestrial Sirius Group succession, middle Beardmore Glacier-Queen
Alexandra Range, Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica, Mar. Micropaleontol.,
27, 273–297, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(95)00066-6, 1996.
Welch, K. A., Lyons, W. B., Whisner, C., Gardner, C. B., Gooseff, M. N., Mcknight, D. M., and Priscu, J. C.: Spatial variations in the geochemistry of
glacial meltwater streams in the Taylor Valley, Antarctica, Antarct. Sci., 22, 662–672, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954102010000702, 2010.
Willenbring, J. K. and von Blanckenburg, F.: Meteoric cosmogenic Beryllium-10 adsorbed to river sediment and soil: Applications for Earth-surface dynamics, Earth-Sci. Rev., 98, 105–122, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.10.008, 2010.
Wilson, G. S.: The neogene east antarctic ice sheet: A dynamic or stable
feature?, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 14, 101–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(95)00002-7, 1995.
You, C. F., Lee, T., and Li, Y. H.: The partition of Be between soil and
water, Chem. Geol., 77, 105–118, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(89)90136-8, 1989.
Short summary
We collected soil surface samples and depth profiles every 5 cm (up to 30 cm) from 11 ice-free areas along the Shackleton Glacier, a major outlet glacier of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS), and measured meteoric beryllium-10 and nitrate concentrations to understand the relationship between salts and beryllium-10. This relationship can help inform wetting history, landscape disturbance, and exposure duration.
We collected soil surface samples and depth profiles every 5 cm (up to 30 cm) from 11 ice-free...
