Articles | Volume 10, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-909-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-909-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
19 Sep 2022
Research article |
| 19 Sep 2022
| 19 Sep 2022
Quantification of post-glacier bedrock surface erosion in the European Alps using 10Be and optically stimulated luminescence exposure dating
Joanne Elkadi
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
Benjamin Lehmann
INSTAAR and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
Georgina E. King
Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
Olivia Steinemann
Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
Susan Ivy-Ochs
Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
Marcus Christl
Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
Frédéric Herman
Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Maxime Bernard, Georgina E. King, Pieter van der Beek, Isabel Wapenhans, Lingxiao Gong, and Xavier Robert
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2508, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2508, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geochronology (GChron).
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Thermochronometry data inversions using the Pecube software are useful to constrain the past evolution of mountain belts. However, configuring the neighbourhood algorithm for Pecube inversions remains challenging for new Pecube users. This contribution aims to provide intuition and guidelines for setting up NA-Pecube inversions to support informed decision-making. It forms part of a broader effort to improve the accessibility of Pecube to new users.
Léa Rodari, Audrey Margirier, Ann V. Rowan, Christoph Schmidt, Remy Veness, Charlotte S. Curry, Alex C. Scoffield, Christiaan R. Diemont, Faye Perchanok, Guillaume Jouvet, Vivi Pedersen, Derek Fabel, and Georgina E. King
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1536, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1536, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Earth Surface Dynamics (ESurf).
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By combining innovative dating techniques and glacier modelling, we studied how sediment is produced, transported, and stored within the Mer de Glace catchment in the French Alps. We show that whilst sediment is transported through the glacier in less than a millennium, some sediment can be stored for many thousands of years before being re-entrained into glacial transport. This long-term storage affects how landscapes evolve and how climate signals are preserved during deglaciation.
Tancrède P. M. Leger, Guillaume Jouvet, Sarah Kamleitner, Brandon D. Finley, Maxime Bernard, Balthazar Allegri, Frédéric Herman, Andreas Vieli, Andreas Henz, and Samuel U. Nussbaumer
Earth Surf. Dynam., 14, 361–389, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-361-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-361-2026, 2026
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This study reconstructs for the first time the transport-pathways of sediments by glaciers during the last glaciation of the European Alps, 24000 years ago. This helps us understand how the European Alps were shaped by past glaciations and helps us better constrain the mechanisms of iceflow, glacier erosion and the movement of large sediment masses by ice. This breakthrough is achieved by coupling a smart particle-tracking algorithm to a machine-learning-enhanced glacier evolution model.
Georgina E. King, Lily Bossin, Maxime Bernard, Melanie Kranz-Bartz, Xiaoxia Wen, Christoph Schmidt, Benny Guralnik, Frédéric Herman, Manabu Ogata, and Shigeru Sueoka
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2204, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-2204, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Geochronology (GChron).
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Electron spin resonance (ESR) thermochronometry can be used to determine rock temperature changes, which occur as rocks move towards Earth's surface in response to uplift and surface erosion. We use samples from a known-temperature borehole to validate the method, by constraining the thermal sensitivity of quartz ESR signals in the laboratory. Whilst we are able to recover temperature successfully with the Al-centre signals, the Ti-centre signals overestimate the borehole temperature.
Niklas Kappelt, Piers Larkman, Pascal Bohleber, Florian Adolphi, Marcus Christl, Christof Vockenhuber, Philip Gautschi, Eric Wolff, and Raimund Muscheler
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-790, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-790, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for The Cryosphere (TC).
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10Be is a radionuclide often measured in ice cores to reconstruct the solar magnetic field and geomagnetic field, as well as to date ice based on its half-life of 1.387 million years. Previous measurements in deep ice from Antarctica showed a decrease in concentrations with age. We analysed the influence of the sample preparation procedure and were able to show that the use of ion exchange columns can lead to decreasing concentrations, an effect which is amplified at greater depths and ages.
Chantal Schmidt, David Mair, Naki Akçar, Marcus Christl, Negar Haghipour, Christof Vockenhuber, Philip Gautschi, Brian McArdell, and Fritz Schlunegger
Earth Surf. Dynam., 14, 33–53, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-33-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-33-2026, 2026
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Our study examines erosion in a small, pre-Alpine basin by using cosmogenic nuclides in river sediments. Based on a dense measuring network we were able to distinguish two main zones: an upper zone with slow erosion of surface material, and a steeper, lower zone where faster erosion is driven by landslides. The data suggests that sediment has been constantly produced over thousands of years, indicating a stable, long-term balance between contrasting erosion processes.
Angus Moore, Maud Henrion, Yanfei Li, Eléonore du bois d'Aische, Philip Gautschi, Marcus Christl, François Jonard, Sébastien Lambot, Kristof Van Oost, Sophie Opfergelt, and Veerle Vanacker
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-36, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-36, 2026
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Studying peatlands dynamics over long timescales requires a proxy for past peat cover. In this paper, we explore the use of cosmogenic nuclides to infer peat thicknesses averaged over 100 kyr timescales. We find that long-term peat thicknesses inferred from cosmogenic nuclides at an upland peatland site in the Belgian Ardennes are consistent with independent constraints, but exceed modern peat thicknesses. We attribute this discrepancy to peat degradation associated with historical land use.
Anne-Marie Wefing, Annabel Payne, Marcel Scheiwiller, Christof Vockenhuber, Marcus Christl, Toste Tanhua, and Núria Casacuberta
Ocean Sci., 21, 3311–3340, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-3311-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-3311-2025, 2025
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Here we used the anthropogenic radionuclides I-129 and U-236 as tracers for Atlantic Water circulation in the Arctic Ocean. New data collected in 2021 allowed to assess the distribution of Atlantic Water and mixing with Pacific-origin water in the surface layer in that year. By using historical tracer data from 2011 to 2021, we looked into temporal changes of the circulation and found slightly older waters in the central Arctic Ocean in 2021 compared to 2015.
Chloé Bouscary, Georgina E. King, Melanie Kranz-Bartz, Maxime Bernard, Rabiul H. Biswas, Lily Bossin, Arnaud Duverger, Benny Guralnik, Frédéric Herman, Ugo Nanni, Nadja Stalder, Pierre G. Valla, Vjeran Visnjevic, and Xiaoxia Wen
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5474, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5474, 2025
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The OSLThermo and ESRThermo MATLAB libraries simulate how luminescence signals in feldspar and electron spin resonance signals in quartz minerals accumulate and fade over time, enabling reconstruction of recent rock cooling and surface temperature changes. By sharing these tools openly, we hope to promote collaboration, reproducibility, and broader use and development of these ultra-low-temperature thermochronology methods.
Fien De Doncker, Frédéric Herman, Bruno Belotti, and Thierry Adatte
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4695, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4695, 2025
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Sediments carried by rivers can damage infrastructure, affect ecosystems, and alter landscapes, yet it is often unclear where these sediments come from, especially in regions hidden beneath ice. We developed a simple way to trace their origins by shining X-rays on crushed rocks and sediments. The resulting X-ray signals act like fingerprints that can be matched to source rocks, revealing where sediments come from and allowing us to map erosion across landscapes.
Lukas Rettig, Sandro Rossato, Sarah Kamleitner, Paolo Mozzi, Susan Ivy-Ochs, Enrico Marcato, Marcus Christl, Silvana Martin, and Giovanni Monegato
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 74, 151–168, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-74-151-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-74-151-2025, 2025
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The work shows detailed reconstructions of the glaciers in the Valsugana area (south-eastern Alps) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and is supported by robust evidence and new exposure datings. These are the first ages for the internal sector of the south-eastern Alps. Local glaciers not connected with the major ice network were used for the calculation of their equilibrium line altitude. This let us estimate LGM palaeoprecipitation and compare it to Alpine palaeoclimatological models.
Benny Guralnik and Georgina Elizabeth King
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4186, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4186, 2025
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Luminescence dating of feldspar minerals is widely applied in geology and archaeology. However, the luminescence of feldspar is prone to signal loss termed anomalous fading, which must be accounted for to avoid age underestimation. Here, we critically review the different mathematical approaches for anomalous fading correction, and present new, computationally efficient, analytical expressions for the two most ubiquitous fading correction schemes.
Niklas Kappelt, Eric Wolff, Marcus Christl, Christof Vockenhuber, Philip Gautschi, and Raimund Muscheler
Clim. Past, 21, 1585–1594, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1585-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1585-2025, 2025
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By measuring the radioactive decay of atmospherically produced 36Cl and 10Be in an ice core drilled in West Antarctica, we were able to determine the age of the deepest sample close to bedrock to be about 550 thousand years old. This means that the ice in this location, known as Skytrain Ice Rise, has survived several warm periods in the past, at least since marine isotope stage 11.
Janet C. Richardson, Veerle Vanacker, David M. Hodgson, Marcus Christl, and Andreas Lang
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 315–339, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-315-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-315-2025, 2025
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Pediments are long flat surfaces that extend outwards from the foot of mountains; within South Africa they are regarded as ancient landforms that can give key insights into landscape and mantle dynamics. Cosmogenic nuclide dating has been incorporated with geological (soil formation) and geomorphological (river incision) evidence, which shows that the pediments are long-lived features beyond the ages reported by cosmogenic nuclide dating.
Christoph Schmidt, Théo Halter, Paul R. Hanson, Alexey Ulianov, Benita Putlitz, Georgina E. King, and Sebastian Kreutzer
Geochronology, 6, 665–682, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-665-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-6-665-2024, 2024
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We study the use of zircons as dosimeters using modern techniques, highlighting their advantages such as time-invariant dose rates. We explore the correlation between zircon geochemistry and luminescence properties, observe fast zircon optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) bleaching rates, and assess the potential of auto-regeneration. Low OSL sensitivities require combining natural OSL and auto-regenerated thermoluminescence (TL), with the potential to enhance age accuracy and precision.
Matthew C. Morriss, Benjamin Lehmann, Benjamin Campforts, George Brencher, Brianna Rick, Leif S. Anderson, Alexander L. Handwerger, Irina Overeem, and Jeffrey Moore
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1251–1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1251-2023, 2023
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In this paper, we investigate the 28 June 2022 collapse of the Chaos Canyon landslide in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. We find that the landslide was moving prior to its collapse and took place at peak spring snowmelt; temperature modeling indicates the potential presence of permafrost. We hypothesize that this landslide could be part of the broader landscape evolution changes to alpine terrain caused by a warming climate, leading to thawing alpine permafrost.
Chiara I. Paleari, Florian Mekhaldi, Tobias Erhardt, Minjie Zheng, Marcus Christl, Florian Adolphi, Maria Hörhold, and Raimund Muscheler
Clim. Past, 19, 2409–2422, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2409-2023, 2023
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In this study, we test the use of excess meltwater from continuous flow analysis from a firn core from Greenland for the measurement of 10Be for solar activity reconstructions. We show that the quality of results is similar to the measurements on clean firn, which opens the possibility to obtain continuous 10Be records without requiring large amounts of clean ice. Furthermore, we investigate the possibility of identifying solar storm signals in 10Be records from Greenland and Antarctica.
Catharina Dieleman, Philip Deline, Susan Ivy Ochs, Patricia Hug, Jordan Aaron, Marcus Christl, and Naki Akçar
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1873, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1873, 2023
Preprint withdrawn
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Valleys in the Alps are shaped by glaciers, rivers, mass movements, and slope processes. An understanding of such processes is of great importance in hazard mitigation. We focused on the evolution of the Frébouge cone, which is composed of glacial, debris flow, rock avalanche, and snow avalanche deposits. Debris flows started to form the cone prior to ca. 2 ka ago. In addition, the cone was overrun by a 10 Mm3 large rock avalanche at 1.3 ± 0.1 ka and by the Frébouge glacier at 300 ± 40 a.
Ian Delaney, Leif Anderson, and Frédéric Herman
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 663–680, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-663-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-663-2023, 2023
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This paper presents a two-dimensional subglacial sediment transport model that evolves a sediment layer in response to subglacial sediment transport conditions. The model captures sediment transport in supply- and transport-limited regimes across a glacier's bed and considers both the creation and transport of sediment. Model outputs show how the spatial distribution of sediment and water below a glacier can impact the glacier's discharge of sediment and erosion of bedrock.
Giulia Sinnl, Florian Adolphi, Marcus Christl, Kees C. Welten, Thomas Woodruff, Marc Caffee, Anders Svensson, Raimund Muscheler, and Sune Olander Rasmussen
Clim. Past, 19, 1153–1175, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1153-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1153-2023, 2023
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The record of past climate is preserved by several archives from different regions, such as ice cores from Greenland or Antarctica or speleothems from caves such as the Hulu Cave in China. In this study, these archives are aligned by taking advantage of the globally synchronous production of cosmogenic radionuclides. This produces a new perspective on the global climate in the period between 20 000 and 25 000 years ago.
Robert Mulvaney, Eric W. Wolff, Mackenzie M. Grieman, Helene H. Hoffmann, Jack D. Humby, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Rachael H. Rhodes, Isobel F. Rowell, Frédéric Parrenin, Loïc Schmidely, Hubertus Fischer, Thomas F. Stocker, Marcus Christl, Raimund Muscheler, Amaelle Landais, and Frédéric Prié
Clim. Past, 19, 851–864, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-851-2023, 2023
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We present an age scale for a new ice core drilled at Skytrain Ice Rise, an ice rise facing the Ronne Ice Shelf in Antarctica. Various measurements in the ice and air phases are used to match the ice core to other Antarctic cores that have already been dated, and a new age scale is constructed. The 651 m ice core includes ice that is confidently dated to 117 000–126 000 years ago, in the last interglacial. Older ice is found deeper down, but there are flow disturbances in the deeper ice.
Ugo Nanni, Dirk Scherler, Francois Ayoub, Romain Millan, Frederic Herman, and Jean-Philippe Avouac
The Cryosphere, 17, 1567–1583, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1567-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1567-2023, 2023
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Surface melt is a major factor driving glacier movement. Using satellite images, we have tracked the movements of 38 glaciers in the Pamirs over 7 years, capturing their responses to rapid meteorological changes with unprecedented resolution. We show that in spring, glacier accelerations propagate upglacier, while in autumn, they propagate downglacier – all resulting from changes in meltwater input. This provides critical insights into the interplay between surface melt and glacier movement.
Melanie Bartz, Jasquelin Peña, Stéphanie Grand, and Georgina E. King
Geochronology, 5, 51–64, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-51-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-51-2023, 2023
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Chemical weathering alters the chemical composition of mineral grains, and it follows that luminescence dating signals may also be progressively modified. We artificially weathered feldspar samples under different chemical conditions to understand the effect of feldspar partial dissolution on their luminescence properties. Only minor changes were observed on luminescence dating properties, implying that chemical alteration of feldspar surfaces may not affect luminescence dating signals.
Nathan Vandermaelen, Koen Beerten, François Clapuyt, Marcus Christl, and Veerle Vanacker
Geochronology, 4, 713–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-713-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-713-2022, 2022
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We constrained deposition phases of fluvial sediments (NE Belgium) over the last 1 Myr with analysis and modelling of rare isotopes accumulation within sediments, occurring as a function of time and inverse function of depth. They allowed the determination of three superposed deposition phases and intercalated non-deposition periods of ~ 40 kyr each. These phases correspond to 20 % of the sediment age, which highlights the importance of considering deposition phase when dating fluvial sediments.
Benjamin Lehmann, Robert S. Anderson, Xavier Bodin, Diego Cusicanqui, Pierre G. Valla, and Julien Carcaillet
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 605–633, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-605-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-605-2022, 2022
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Rock glaciers are some of the most frequently occurring landforms containing ice in mountain environments. Here, we use field observations, analysis of aerial and satellite images, and dating methods to investigate the activity of the rock glacier of the Vallon de la Route in the French Alps. Our results suggest that the rock glacier is characterized by two major episodes of activity and that the rock glacier system promotes the maintenance of mountain erosion.
Elena Serra, Pierre G. Valla, Romain Delunel, Natacha Gribenski, Marcus Christl, and Naki Akçar
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 493–512, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-493-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-493-2022, 2022
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Alpine landscapes are transformed by several erosion processes. 10Be concentrations measured in river sediments at the outlet of a basin represent a powerful tool to quantify how fast the catchment erodes. We measured erosion rates within the Dora Baltea catchments (western Italian Alps). Our results show that erosion is governed by topography, bedrock resistance and glacial imprint. The Mont Blanc massif has the highest erosion and therefore dominates the sediment flux of the Dora Baltea river.
Sean D. Willett, Frédéric Herman, Matthew Fox, Nadja Stalder, Todd A. Ehlers, Ruohong Jiao, and Rong Yang
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1153–1221, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1153-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1153-2021, 2021
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The cooling climate of the last few million years leading into the ice ages has been linked to increasing erosion rates by glaciers. One of the ways to measure this is through mineral cooling ages. In this paper, we investigate potential bias in these data and the methods used to analyse them. We find that the data are not themselves biased but that appropriate methods must be used. Past studies have used appropriate methods and are sound in methodology.
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Short summary
Glacial and non-glacial processes have left a strong imprint on the landscape of the European Alps, but further research is needed to better understand their long-term effects. We apply a new technique combining two methods for bedrock surface dating to calculate post-glacier erosion rates next to a Swiss glacier. Interestingly, the results suggest non-glacial erosion rates are higher than previously thought, but glacial erosion remains the most influential on landscape evolution.
Glacial and non-glacial processes have left a strong imprint on the landscape of the European...
