Articles | Volume 14, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-661-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-661-2026
© Author(s) 2026. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
01 Sep 2026
Research article |
| 01 Sep 2026
| 01 Sep 2026
Seasonal thermo-hydro-mechanical dynamics of permafrost rockwalls revealed by automated electrical resistivity monitoring
TUM School of Engineering and Design, Landslide Research Group, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
GEORESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Puch bei Hallein, Austria
Ingo Hartmeyer
GEORESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Puch bei Hallein, Austria
Samuel Weber
WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Davos, Switzerland
Climate Change, Extremes and Natural Hazards in Alpine Regions Research Center CERC, Davos, Switzerland
Markus Keuschnig
GEORESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Puch bei Hallein, Austria
Michael Krautblatter
TUM School of Engineering and Design, Landslide Research Group, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Related authors
Wolfgang Aumer, Ingo Hartmeyer, Carolyn-Monika Görres, Daniel Uteau, Maike Offer, and Stephan Peth
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 473–493, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-473-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-473-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The summertime thaw depth of permanently frozen ground (active layer thickness, ALT) is of critical importance for natural hazard management (e.g., rock avalanches) and construction (foundation stability) in mountain permafrost regions. We report the first analytical heat transport model for simulating ALT based on near-surface temperature in permafrost rock walls. Our results show that the ALT will likely increase by more than 50 % by 2050 at 3000 m a.s.l. in the European Alps.
Maike Offer, Samuel Weber, Michael Krautblatter, Ingo Hartmeyer, and Markus Keuschnig
The Cryosphere, 19, 485–506, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-485-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-485-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a unique long-term dataset of measurements of borehole temperature, repeated electrical resistivity tomography, and piezometric pressure to investigate the complex seasonal water flow in permafrost rockwalls. Our joint analysis shows that permafrost rocks are subjected to enhanced pressurised water flow during the thaw period, resulting in push-like warming events and long-lasting rock temperature regime changes.
Riccardo Scandroglio, Samuel Weber, Jonas K. Limbrock, and Michael Krautblatter
The Cryosphere, 20, 4787–4809, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-4787-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-4787-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
This study monitors changes in frozen rock on Mount Zugspitze over 17 years using monthly electrical resistivity measurements. By linking this data to rock temperature and applying advanced analysis, it reveals a 40 % loss of permafrost in the past decade. Thawing accelerates during summer, highlighting increasing risks of rock instability as temperatures rise.
Felix Pfluger, Samuel Weber, Natalie Barbosa, Florentin Hofmeister, Johannes Leinauer, Peter Wegmann, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 14, 601–634, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-601-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-601-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The 2024 Platteikogel rock slope failure (Tyrol, Austria) highlights how cryospheric changes promote slope failure. We demonstrate how the system feedback of ice apron loss, permafrost warming, increase in rockfall activity, and changes in groundwater conditions accelerate mechanical destabilization, and as a consequence likely peaked in the observed failure. Today, rapidly vanishing ice aprons potentially mark source zones for future rock slides.
Philipp Daniel Gewalt, Thomas C. Wagner, and Michael Krautblatter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1699, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1699, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Earth Surface Dynamics (ESurf).
Short summary
Short summary
Sediments move through mountain landscapes during heavy rainfall. Climate change will alter the occurrence of heavy rainfall, potentially changing sediment transport. To understand how, we investigate how mountain sediment transport responded to past climate changes. We show that sediments in small, steep catchments are moved by less extreme precipitation compared to larger, gentler catchments. This means that catchment form and area control future sediment transport in a changing climate.
Katharina Wetterauer, Sebastian Müller, Michael Krautblatter, Shiva P. Pudasaini, and Ivo Baselt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1235, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1235, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Contrasting mobility responses of erosive debris flows are poorly understood. Here, the role of bed inertia in debris-flow evolution and runout is experimentally assessed using distinct bed-density contrasts. Erosion is higher and runout longer over low-density beds, whereas equal- and high-density beds congruently show shallower erosion and shorter runout. The results indicate that solid density alone cannot explain mobility changes and that particle shape and internal friction also contribute.
Benjamin Jacobs, Mohamed Ismael, Mostafa Ezzy, Markus Keuschnig, Alexander Mendler, Johanna Kieser, Michael Krautblatter, Christian U. Grosse, and Hany Helal
Earth Surf. Dynam., 14, 55–74, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-55-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-55-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut is one of Egypt's key heritage sites but is potentially threatened by rockfalls from a 100 m high limestone cliff. We transferred established monitoring techniques from alpine environments to this UNESCO World Heritage Site and evaluated their performance in a historically sensitive desert environment. Our study presents the first evidence-based event and impact analysis of rockfalls at the Temple of Hatshepsut, providing vital data for future risk assessment.
Samuel Weber, Andreas Vieli, Marcia Phillips, and Alessandro Cicoira
The Cryosphere, 19, 6727–6748, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6727-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6727-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The properties of the permafrost ground depend on its temperature and composition. We used temperature data from 29 boreholes in Switzerland to study how heat moves through different types of mountain permafrost landforms, supporting a physically meaningful interpretation of thermal properties in terms of ice content, water saturation, and porosity. Understanding changes is important because they can affect how stable mountain slopes are and how easy it is to build things in mountain areas.
Samuel Weber, Jan Beutel, Michael Dietze, Alexander Bast, Robert Kenner, Marcia Phillips, Johannes Leinauer, Simon Mühlbauer, Felix Pfluger, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 1157–1179, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-1157-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-1157-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
On 13 June 2023, a freestanding rock pillar on the Matterhorn collapsed after years of weakening. Our study examines this progressive destabilization by analyzing field data and integrating lab experiments into a hydro-mechanical model. We highlight the critical role of water infiltration into frozen rock, intensified by climate warming, as a widespread driver of the rising frequency of rockfalls in high mountain permafrost regions.
Wolfgang Aumer, Ingo Hartmeyer, Carolyn-Monika Görres, Daniel Uteau, Maike Offer, and Stephan Peth
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 473–493, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-473-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-473-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The summertime thaw depth of permanently frozen ground (active layer thickness, ALT) is of critical importance for natural hazard management (e.g., rock avalanches) and construction (foundation stability) in mountain permafrost regions. We report the first analytical heat transport model for simulating ALT based on near-surface temperature in permafrost rock walls. Our results show that the ALT will likely increase by more than 50 % by 2050 at 3000 m a.s.l. in the European Alps.
Riccardo Scandroglio, Samuel Weber, Till Rehm, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 295–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-295-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-295-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Despite the critical role of water in alpine regions, its presence in bedrock is frequently neglected. This research examines the dynamics of water in fractures using 1 decade of measurements from a tunnel 50 m underground. We provide new insights into alpine groundwater dynamics, revealing that up to 800 L d-1 can flow in one fracture during extreme events. These quantities can saturate the fractures, enhance hydraulic conductivity, and generate pressures that destabilize slopes.
Maike Offer, Samuel Weber, Michael Krautblatter, Ingo Hartmeyer, and Markus Keuschnig
The Cryosphere, 19, 485–506, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-485-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-485-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present a unique long-term dataset of measurements of borehole temperature, repeated electrical resistivity tomography, and piezometric pressure to investigate the complex seasonal water flow in permafrost rockwalls. Our joint analysis shows that permafrost rocks are subjected to enhanced pressurised water flow during the thaw period, resulting in push-like warming events and long-lasting rock temperature regime changes.
Felix Pfluger, Samuel Weber, Joseph Steinhauser, Christian Zangerl, Christine Fey, Johannes Fürst, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 41–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-41-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-41-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Our study explores permafrost–glacier interactions with a focus on their implications for preparing or triggering high-volume rock slope failures. Using the Bliggspitze rock slide as a case study, we demonstrate a new type of rock slope failure mechanism triggered by the uplift of the cold–warm dividing line in polythermal alpine glaciers, a widespread and currently under-explored phenomenon in alpine environments worldwide.
Johannes Leinauer, Michael Dietze, Sibylle Knapp, Riccardo Scandroglio, Maximilian Jokel, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1027–1048, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1027-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1027-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Massive rock slope failures are a significant alpine hazard and change the Earth's surface. Therefore, we must understand what controls the preparation of such events. By correlating 4 years of slope displacements with meteorological and seismic data, we found that water from rain and snowmelt is the most important driver. Our approach is applicable to similar sites and indicates where future climatic changes, e.g. in rain intensity and frequency, may alter the preparation of slope failure.
Ingo Hartmeyer and Jan-Christoph Otto
DEUQUA Spec. Pub., 5, 3–12, https://doi.org/10.5194/deuquasp-5-3-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/deuquasp-5-3-2024, 2024
Jacopo Boaga, Mirko Pavoni, Alexander Bast, and Samuel Weber
The Cryosphere, 18, 3231–3236, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3231-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3231-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Reversal polarity is observed in rock glacier seismic refraction tomography. We collected several datasets observing this phenomenon in Switzerland and Italy. This phase change may be linked to interferences due to the presence of a thin low-velocity layer. Our results are confirmed by the modelling and analysis of synthetic seismograms to demonstrate that the presence of a low-velocity layer produces a polarity reversal on the seismic gather.
Natalie Barbosa, Johannes Leinauer, Juilson Jubanski, Michael Dietze, Ulrich Münzer, Florian Siegert, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 249–269, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-249-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-249-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Massive sediment pulses in catchments are a key alpine multi-risk component. Combining high-resolution aerial imagery and seismic information, we decipher a multi-stage >130.000 m³ rockfall and subsequent sediment pulses over 4 years, reflecting sediment deposition up to 10 m, redistribution in the basin, and finally debouchure to the outlet. This study provides generic information on spatial and temporal patterns of massive sediment pulses in highly charged alpine catchments.
Marcia Phillips, Chasper Buchli, Samuel Weber, Jacopo Boaga, Mirko Pavoni, and Alexander Bast
The Cryosphere, 17, 753–760, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-753-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-753-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A new combination of temperature, water pressure and cross-borehole electrical resistivity data is used to investigate ice/water contents in an ice-rich rock glacier. The landform is close to 0°C and has locally heterogeneous characteristics, ice/water contents and temperatures. The techniques presented continuously monitor temporal and spatial phase changes to a depth of 12 m and provide the basis for a better understanding of accelerating rock glacier movements and future water availability.
Sibylle Knapp, Michael Schwenk, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 1185–1193, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1185-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1185-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Flims area in the Swiss Alps has fascinated the researchers with its complex geological history ever since. Especially the order of events related to the Tamins and Flims rockslides has long been debated. This paper presents novel results based on up to 160 m deep geophysical profiles, which show onlaps of the Bonaduz Formation onto the Tamins deposits (Ils Aults) and thus indicate that the Tamins rockslide occurred first. The consecutive evolution of this landscape is shown in four phases.
Alessandro Cicoira, Samuel Weber, Andreas Biri, Ben Buchli, Reynald Delaloye, Reto Da Forno, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Stephan Gruber, Tonio Gsell, Andreas Hasler, Roman Lim, Philippe Limpach, Raphael Mayoraz, Matthias Meyer, Jeannette Noetzli, Marcia Phillips, Eric Pointner, Hugo Raetzo, Cristian Scapozza, Tazio Strozzi, Lothar Thiele, Andreas Vieli, Daniel Vonder Mühll, Vanessa Wirz, and Jan Beutel
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5061–5091, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5061-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5061-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper documents a monitoring network of 54 positions, located on different periglacial landforms in the Swiss Alps: rock glaciers, landslides, and steep rock walls. The data serve basic research but also decision-making and mitigation of natural hazards. It is the largest dataset of its kind, comprising over 209 000 daily positions and additional weather data.
Shiva P. Pudasaini and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 165–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-165-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-165-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present the first physics-based general landslide velocity model incorporating internal deformation and external forces. Voellmy–inviscid Burgers' equations are specifications of the novel advective–dissipative system. Unified analytical solutions constitute a new foundation of landslide velocity, providing key information to instantly estimate impact forces and describe breaking waves and folding, revealing that landslide dynamics are architectured by advection and reigned by forcing.
Bernd Etzelmüller, Justyna Czekirda, Florence Magnin, Pierre-Allain Duvillard, Ludovic Ravanel, Emanuelle Malet, Andreas Aspaas, Lene Kristensen, Ingrid Skrede, Gudrun D. Majala, Benjamin Jacobs, Johannes Leinauer, Christian Hauck, Christin Hilbich, Martina Böhme, Reginald Hermanns, Harald Ø. Eriksen, Tom Rune Lauknes, Michael Krautblatter, and Sebastian Westermann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 97–129, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-97-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-97-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper is a multi-authored study documenting the possible existence of permafrost in permanently monitored rockslides in Norway for the first time by combining a multitude of field data, including geophysical surveys in rock walls. The paper discusses the possible role of thermal regime and rockslide movement, and it evaluates the possible impact of atmospheric warming on rockslide dynamics in Norwegian mountains.
Carolin Kiefer, Patrick Oswald, Jasper Moernaut, Stefano Claudio Fabbri, Christoph Mayr, Michael Strasser, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1481–1503, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1481-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1481-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides amphibious investigations of debris flow fans (DFFs). We characterize active DFFs, combining laser scan and sonar surveys at Plansee. We discover a 4000-year debris flow record in sediment cores, providing evidence for a 7-fold debris flow frequency increase in the 20th and 21st centuries, coincident with 2-fold enhanced rainstorm activity in the northern European Alps. Our results indicate climate change as being the main factor controlling debris flow activity.
Philipp Mamot, Samuel Weber, Saskia Eppinger, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1125–1151, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1125-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1125-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The mechanical response of permafrost degradation on high-mountain rock slope stability has not been calculated in a numerical model yet. We present the first approach for a model with thermal and mechanical input data derived from laboratory and field work, and existing concepts. This is applied to a test site at the Zugspitze, Germany. A numerical sensitivity analysis provides the first critical stability thresholds related to the rock temperature, slope angle and fracture network orientation.
Doris Hermle, Markus Keuschnig, Ingo Hartmeyer, Robert Delleske, and Michael Krautblatter
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2753–2772, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2753-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2753-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Multispectral remote sensing imagery enables landslide detection and monitoring, but its applicability to time-critical early warning is rarely studied. We present a concept to operationalise its use for landslide early warning, aiming to extend lead time. We tested PlanetScope and unmanned aerial system images on a complex mass movement and compared processing times to historic benchmarks. Acquired data are within the forecasting window, indicating the feasibility for landslide early warning.
Cited articles
Abdulsamad, F., Bock, J., Magnin, F., Malet, E., Revil, A., Ben-Asher, M., Richard, J., Duvillard, P.-A., Karaoulis, M., Condom, T., Ravanel, L., and Deline, P.: Rockwall permafrost dynamics evidenced by repeated and Automated Electrical Resistivity Tomography at Aiguille du Midi (3842 m a.s.l., French Alps), The Cryosphere, 20, 2181–2207, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-20-2181-2026, 2026. a, b, c, d
Arenson, L. U., Harrington, J. S., Koenig, C. E. M., and Wainstein, P. A.: Mountain Permafrost Hydrology-A Practical Review Following Studies from the Andes, Geosciences, 12, 48, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12020048, 2022. a
Aumer, W., Hartmeyer, I., Görres, C.-M., Uteau, D., Offer, M., and Peth, S.: Modeling active layer thickness in permafrost rock walls based on an analytical solution of the heat transport equation, Kitzsteinhorn, Hohe Tauern Range, Austria, Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 473–493, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-473-2025, 2025. a, b, c
Bast, A., Kenner, R., and Phillips, M.: Short-term cooling, drying, and deceleration of an ice-rich rock glacier, The Cryosphere, 18, 3141–3158, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-3141-2024, 2024. a, b, c, d
Ben-Asher, M., Magnin, F., Westermann, S., Bock, J., Malet, E., Berthet, J., Ravanel, L., and Deline, P.: Estimating surface water availability in high mountain rock slopes using a numerical energy balance model, Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 899–915, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-899-2023, 2023. a, b
Ben-Asher, M., Chabas, A., Josnin, J.-Y., Bock, J., Malet, E., Poulain, A., Perrette, Y., and Magnin, F.: Water flow timing, quantity, and sources in a fractured high mountain permafrost rock wall, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 30, 1735–1754, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-30-1735-2026, 2026. a
Blanchy, G., Saneiyan, S., Boyd, J., McLachlan, P., and Binley, A.: ResIPy, an intuitive open source software for complex geoelectrical inversion/modeling, Comput. Geosci., 137, 104423, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2020.104423, 2020. a
Buckel, J., Mudler, J., Gardeweg, R., Hauck, C., Hilbich, C., Frauenfelder, R., Kneisel, C., Buchelt, S., Blöthe, J. H., Hördt, A., and Bücker, M.: Identifying mountain permafrost degradation by repeating historical electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) measurements, The Cryosphere, 17, 2919–2940, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2919-2023, 2023. a, b
Cathala, M., Bock, J., Magnin, F., Ravanel, L., Ben Asher, M., Astrade, L., Bodin, X., Chambon, G., Deline, P., Faug, T., Genuite, K., Jaillet, S., Josnin, J.-Y., Revil, A., and Richard, J.: Predisposing, triggering and runout processes at a permafrost–affected rock avalanche site in the French Alps (Étache, June 2020), Earth Surf. Process. Landf., https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5881, 2024. a
Cornelius, H. P. and Clar, E.: Erläuterungen zur geologischen Karte des Glocknergebietes (1 : 25 000), Geologische BundesanstaltWien III, 1935. a
Deceuster, J., Etienne, A., Robert, T., Nguyen, F., and Kaufmann, O.: A modified DOI-based method to statistically estimate the depth of investigation of dc resistivity surveys, J. Appl. Geophys., 103, 172–185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2014.01.018, 2014. a
Draebing, D. and Krautblatter, M.: The Efficacy of Frost Weathering Processes in Alpine Rockwalls, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 6516–6524, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL081981, 2019. a, b
Draebing, D., Krautblatter, M., and Dikau, R.: Interaction of thermal and mechanical processes in steep permafrost rock walls: A conceptual approach, Geomorphology, 226, 226–235, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.08.009, 2014. a, b, c
Draebing, D., Krautblatter, M., and Hoffmann, T.: Thermo–cryogenic controls of fracture kinematics in permafrost rockwalls, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 3535–3544, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL072050, 2017. a
Duca, S., Occhiena, C., Mattone, M., Sambuelli, L., and Scavia, C.: Feasibility of Ice Segregation Location by Acoustic Emission Detection: A Laboratory Test in Gneiss, Permafr. Periglac. Process., 25, 208–219, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1814, 2014. a
Duvillard, P.-A., Ravanel, L., Marcer, M., and Schoeneich, P.: Recent evolution of damage to infrastructure on permafrost in the French Alps, Reg. Environ. Change, 19, 1281–1293, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-019-01465-z, 2019. a
Everett, D. H.: The thermodynamics of frost damage to porous solids, Trans. Faraday Soc., 57, 1541–1551, https://doi.org/10.1039/tf9615701541, 1961. a
Farzamian, M., Herring, T., Vieira, G., de Pablo, M. A., Yaghoobi Tabar, B., and Hauck, C.: Employing automated electrical resistivity tomography for detecting short- and long-term changes in permafrost and active-layer dynamics in the maritime Antarctic, The Cryosphere, 18, 4197–4213, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4197-2024, 2024. a, b
Flores Orozco, A., Bücker, M., Steiner, M., and Malet, J.-P.: Complex-conductivity imaging for the understanding of landslide architecture, Eng. Geol., 243, 241–252, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.07.009, 2018. a
Flores Orozco, A., Kemna, A., Binley, A., and Cassiani, G.: Analysis of time-lapse data error in complex conductivity imaging to alleviate anthropogenic noise for site characterization, Geophysics, 84, B181–B193, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0755.1, 2019. a
Friedel, S.: Resolution, stability and efficiency of resistivity tomography estimated from a generalized inverse approach, Geophys. J. Int., 153, 305–316, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.01890.x, 2003. a
Geuzaine, C. and Remacle, J.-F.: Gmsh: A 3–D finite element mesh generator with built–in pre– and post–processing facilities, Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., 79, 1309–1331, https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.2579, 2009. a
Girard, L., Gruber, S., Weber, S., and Beutel, J.: Environmental controls of frost cracking revealed through in situ acoustic emission measurements in steep bedrock, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 1748–1753, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50384, 2013. a, b
Gischig, V., Preisig, G., and Eberhardt, E.: Numerical Investigation of Seismically Induced Rock Mass Fatigue as a Mechanism Contributing to the Progressive Failure of Deep-Seated Landslides, Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 49, 2457–2478, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0821-z, 2016. a
Gisnås, K., Westermann, S., Schuler, T. V., Melvold, K., and Etzelmüller, B.: Small-scale variation of snow in a regional permafrost model, The Cryosphere, 10, 1201–1215, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1201-2016, 2016. a
Glover, P. W. J.: A generalized Archie's law for n phases, Geophysics, 75, E247–E265, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.3509781, 2010. a
Gruber, S. and Haeberli, W.: Permafrost in steep bedrock slopes and its temperature-related destabilization following climate change, J. Geophys. Res., 112, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000547, 2007. a
Haberkorn, A., Wever, N., Hoelzle, M., Phillips, M., Kenner, R., Bavay, M., and Lehning, M.: Distributed snow and rock temperature modelling in steep rock walls using Alpine3D, The Cryosphere, 11, 585–607, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-585-2017, 2017. a
Hartmeyer, I. and Otto, J.-C.: Rockfall, glacier recession, and permafrost degradation: long-term monitoring of climate change impacts at the Open-Air-Lab Kitzsteinhorn, Hohe Tauern, DEUQUA Spec. Pub., 5, 3–12, https://doi.org/10.5194/deuquasp-5-3-2024, 2024. a
Hartmeyer, I., Keuschnig, M., and Schrott, L.: A scale-oriented approach for the long-term monitoring of ground thermal conditions in permafrost-affected rock faces, Kitzsteinhorn, Hohe Tauern Range, Austria, Austrian J. Earth Sci., 128–139, 2012. a
Hartmeyer, I., Delleske, R., Keuschnig, M., Krautblatter, M., Lang, A., Schrott, L., and Otto, J.-C.: Current glacier recession causes significant rockfall increase: the immediate paraglacial response of deglaciating cirque walls, Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 729–751, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-729-2020, 2020a. a, b
Hartmeyer, I., Keuschnig, M., Delleske, R., Krautblatter, M., Lang, A., Schrott, L., Prasicek, G., and Otto, J.-C.: A 6-year lidar survey reveals enhanced rockwall retreat and modified rockfall magnitudes/frequencies in deglaciating cirques, Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 753–768, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-753-2020, 2020b. a
Hasler, A., Gruber, S., Font, M., and Dubois, A.: Advective Heat Transport in Frozen Rock Clefts: Conceptual Model, Laboratory Experiments and Numerical Simulation, Permafr. Periglac. Process., 22, 378–389, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.737, 2011. a, b
Hasler, A., Gruber, S., and Beutel, J.: Kinematics of steep bedrock permafrost, J. Geophys. Res., 117, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF001981, 2012. a
Hauck, C. and Hilbich, C.: Preconditioning of mountain permafrost towards degradation detected by electrical resistivity, Environ. Res. Lett., 19, 064010, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad3c55, 2024. a, b
Hauck, C. and Mühll, D. V.: Inversion and interpretation of two–dimensional geoelectrical measurements for detecting permafrost in mountainous regions, Permafr. Periglac. Process., 14, 305–318, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.462, 2003. a
Hauck, C., Vonder Mühll, D., and Maurer, H.: Using DC resistivity tomography to detect and characterize mountain permafrost, Geophys. Prospect., 51, 273–284, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00375.x, 2003. a
Helmstetter, A. and Garambois, S.: Seismic monitoring of Séchilienne rockslide (French Alps): Analysis of seismic signals and their correlation with rainfalls, J. Geophys. Res., 115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001532, 2010. a
Herring, T., Lewkowicz, A. G., Hauck, C., Hilbich, C., Mollaret, C., Oldenborger, G. A., Uhlemann, S., Farzamian, M., Calmels, F., and Scandroglio, R.: Best practices for using electrical resistivity tomography to investigate permafrost, Permafr. Periglac. Process., 34, 494–512, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2207, 2023. a, b, c
Hilbich, C., Marescot, L., Hauck, C., Loke, M. H., and Mäusbacher, R.: Applicability of electrical resistivity tomography monitoring to coarse blocky and ice–rich permafrost landforms, Permafr. Periglac. Process., 20, 269–284, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.652, 2009. a
Hoeck, V., Pestal, G., Brandmaier, P., Clar, E., Cornelius, H., Frank, W., Matl, H., Neumayr, P., Petrakakis, K., Stadlmann, T., and Steyrer, H.: Geologische Karte der Republik Österreich: Blatt 153 Großglockner, Geologische Bundesanstalt, Vienna, 1994. a
Huggel, C., Zgraggen-Oswald, S., Haeberli, W., Kääb, A., Polkvoj, A., Galushkin, I., and Evans, S. G.: The 2002 rock/ice avalanche at Kolka/Karmadon, Russian Caucasus: assessment of extraordinary avalanche formation and mobility, and application of QuickBird satellite imagery, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 5, 173–187, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-173-2005, 2005. a
Jacquemart, M., Weber, S., Chiarle, M., Chmiel, M., Cicoira, A., Corona, C., Eckert, N., Gaume, J., Giacona, F., Hirschberg, J., Kaitna, R., Magnin, F., Mayer, S., Moos, C., van Herwijnen, A., and Stoffel, M.: Detecting the impact of climate change on alpine mass movements in observational records from the European Alps, Earth-Sci. Rev., 258, 104886, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104886, 2024. a
Ji, S.-H., Koh, Y.-K., Kuhlman, K. L., Lee, M. Y., and Choi, J. W.: Influence of Pressure Change During Hydraulic Tests on Fracture Aperture, Groundwater, 51, 298–304, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2012.00968.x, 2013. a
Karaoulis, M., Tsourlos, P., Kim, J.-H., and Revil, A.: 4D time–lapse ERT inversion: introducing combined time and space constraints, Near Surf. Geophys., 12, 25–34, https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2013004, 2014. a
Keller, F. and Gubler, H. U.: Interaction between snowcover and high mountain permafrost at Murtèl/Corvatsch, Swiss Alps, in: Sixth International Conference on Permafrost, Beijing, 1, 332–337, 1993. a
Keuschnig, M., Krautblatter, M., Hartmeyer, I., Fuss, C., and Schrott, L.: Automated electrical resistivity tomography testing for early Warning in unstable permafrost rock walls around alpine infrastructure, Permafr. Periglac. Process., 28, 158–171, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp.1916, 2017. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h
Klein, K. A. and Santamarina, J. C.: Electrical Conductivity in Soils: Underlying Phenomena, J. Environ. Eng. Geophys., 8, 263–273, https://doi.org/10.4133/jeeg8.4.263, 2003. a
Kneisel, C., Rödder, T., and Schwindt, D.: Frozen ground dynamics resolved by multi–year and year–round electrical resistivity monitoring at three alpine sites in the Swiss Alps, Near Surf. Geophys., 12, 117–132, https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2013067, 2014. a, b
Koestel, J., Kemna, A., Javaux, M., Binley, A., and Vereecken, H.: Quantitative imaging of solute transport in an unsaturated and undisturbed soil monolith with 3–D ERT and TDR, Water Resour. Res., 44, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006755, 2008. a, b, c
Krautblatter, M. and Moser, M.: A nonlinear model coupling rockfall and rainfall intensity based on a four year measurement in a high Alpine rock wall (Reintal, German Alps), Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 1425–1432, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1425-2009, 2009. a
Krautblatter, M., Verleysdonk, S., Flores-Orozco, A., and Kemna, A.: Temperature-calibrated imaging of seasonal changes in permafrost rock walls by quantitative electrical resistivity tomography (Zugspitze, German/Austrian Alps), J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 115, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001209, 2010. a, b, c, d
Krautblatter, M., Funk, D., and Günzel, F. K.: Why permafrost rocks become unstable: a rock-ice-mechanical model in time and space, Earth Surf. Process. Landf., 38, 876–887, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3374, 2013. a, b
Krautblatter, M., Weber, S., Dietze, M., Keuschnig, M., Stockinger, G., Brückner, L., Beutel, J., Figl, T., Trepmann, C., Hofmann, R., Rau, M., Pfluger, F., Barbosa Mejia, L., and Siegert, F.: The 2023 Fluchthorn massive permafrost rock slope failure analysed, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 April 2024, EGU24-20989, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-20989, 2024. a
LaBrecque, D. J. and Yang, X.: Difference Inversion of ERT Data: a Fast Inversion Method for 3-D In Situ Monitoring, J. Environ. Eng. Geophys., 6, 83–89, https://doi.org/10.4133/JEEG6.2.83, 2001. a, b
LaBrecque, D. J., Miletto, M., Daily, W., Ramirez, A., and Owen, E.: The effects of noise on Occam's inversion of resistivity tomography data, Geophysics, 61, 538–548, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1443980, 1996. a
Leinauer, J., Dietze, M., Knapp, S., Scandroglio, R., Jokel, M., and Krautblatter, M.: How water, temperature, and seismicity control the preconditioning of massive rock slope failure (Hochvogel), Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1027–1048, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1027-2024, 2024. a
Lesparre, N., Nguyen, F., Kemna, A., Robert, T., Hermans, T., Daoudi, M., and Flores-Orozco, A.: A new approach for time-lapse data weighting in electrical resistivity tomography, Geophysics, 82, E325–E333, https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0024.1, 2017. a, b
Luetschg, M., Lehning, M., and Haeberli, W.: A sensitivity study of factors influencing warm/thin permafrost in the Swiss Alps, J. Glaciol., 54, 696–704, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214308786570881, 2008. a
Magnin, F. and Josnin, J.-Y.: Water Flows in Rock Wall Permafrost: A Numerical Approach Coupling Hydrological and Thermal Processes, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 126, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006394, 2021. a, b
Magnin, F., Krautblatter, M., Deline, P., Ravanel, L., Malet, E., and Bevington, A.: Determination of warm, sensitive permafrost areas in near–vertical rockwalls and evaluation of distributed models by electrical resistivity tomography, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 120, 745–762, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JF003351, 2015. a
Mamot, P., Weber, S., Schröder, T., and Krautblatter, M.: A temperature- and stress-controlled failure criterion for ice-filled permafrost rock joints, The Cryosphere, 12, 3333–3353, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3333-2018, 2018. a
Matsuoka, N.: Mechanisms of rock breakdown by frost action: An experimental approach, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 17, 253–270, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(05)80005-9, 1990. a
Mayer, T., Eppes, M., and Draebing, D.: Influences Driving and Limiting the Efficacy of Ice Segregation in Alpine Rocks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 50, e2023GL102951, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL102951, 2023. a
Mayer, T., Deprez, M., Schröer, L., Cnudde, V., and Draebing, D.: Quantifying frost-weathering-induced damage in alpine rocks, The Cryosphere, 18, 2847–2864, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-2847-2024, 2024. a
Morard, S., Hilbich, C., Mollaret, C., Pellet, C., and Hauck, C.: 20-year permafrost evolution documented through petrophysical joint inversion, thermal and soil moisture data, Environ. Res. Lett., 19, 074074, https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad5571, 2024. a
Moser, C., Morra di Cella, U., Hauck, C., and Flores Orozco, A.: Spectral induced polarization survey for the estimation of hydrogeological parameters in an active rock glacier, The Cryosphere, 19, 143–171, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-143-2025, 2025. a
Mott, R., Schirmer, M., Bavay, M., Grünewald, T., and Lehning, M.: Understanding snow-transport processes shaping the mountain snow-cover, The Cryosphere, 4, 545–559, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-4-545-2010, 2010. a
Murton, J. B., Peterson, R., and Ozouf, J.-C.: Bedrock fracture by ice segregation in cold regions, Science, 314, 1127–1129, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132127, 2006. a
Offer, M., Weber, S., Keuschnig, M., Hartmeyer, I., and Krautblatter, M.: Water flow in fractured bedrock permafrost: a potential hazard for high alpine infrastructure, in: Conference Proceedings, edited by: International Research Society Interpraevent, 734–737, ISBN 978-3-901164-32-3, 2024. a
Offer, M., Weber, S., Krautblatter, M., Hartmeyer, I., and Keuschnig, M.: Pressurised water flow in fractured permafrost rocks revealed by borehole temperature, electrical resistivity tomography, and piezometric pressure, The Cryosphere, 19, 485–506, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-485-2025, 2025. a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s
Oldenburg, D. W. and Li, Y.: Estimating depth of investigation in dc resistivity and IP surveys, Geophysics, 64, 403–416, https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1444545, 1999. a
Pellet, C., Hilbich, C., Marmy, A., and Hauck, C.: Soil Moisture Data for the Validation of Permafrost Models Using Direct and Indirect Measurement Approaches at Three Alpine Sites, Front. Earth Sci., 3, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2015.00091, 2016. a
Pfluger, F., Weber, S., Steinhauser, J., Zangerl, C., Fey, C., Fürst, J., and Krautblatter, M.: Massive permafrost rock slide under a warming polythermal glacier deciphered through mechanical modeling (Bliggspitze, Austria), Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 41–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-41-2025, 2025. a, b
Phillips, M., Haberkorn, A., Draebing, D., Krautblatter, M., Rhyner, H., and Kenner, R.: Seasonally intermittent water flow through deep fractures in an Alpine Rock Ridge: Gemsstock, Central Swiss Alps, Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 125, 117–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2016.02.010, 2016. a, b
Phillips, M., Buchli, C., Weber, S., Boaga, J., Pavoni, M., and Bast, A.: Brief communication: Combining borehole temperature, borehole piezometer and cross-borehole electrical resistivity tomography measurements to investigate seasonal changes in ice-rich mountain permafrost, The Cryosphere, 17, 753–760, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-753-2023, 2023. a
Pierhöfer, L., Bartelt, P., Bühler, Y., Hafner, E., Kenner, R., Walter, F., and Phillips, M.: Bergsturz vom 14. April 2024 am Piz Scerscen, Graubünden, WSL-Institut für Schnee- und Lawinenforschung SLF, https://doi.org/10.55419/wsl:38392, 2025. a
Pläsken, R., Hartmeyer, I., Krautblatter, M., and Keuschnig, M.: Seasonal ground temperature variation controls stress regime and rock anchor tension in warming permafrost rock slopes, SSRN Preprint, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6331710, 2026. a, b, c, d
Pogrebiskiy, M. and Chernyshev, S.: Determination of the permeability of the frozen fissured rock massif in the vicinity of the Kolyma hydroelectric power station, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 634, 1–13, 1977. a
Ravanel, L., Deline, P., Lambiel, C., and Vincent, C.: Instability of a high alpine rock ridge: the lower arête des cosmiques, mont blanc massif, france, Geogr. Ann. Ser. Phys. Geogr., 95, 51–66, https://doi.org/10.1111/geoa.12000, 2013. a
Rosset, E., Hilbich, C., Schneider, S., and Hauck, C.: Automatic filtering of ERT monitoring data in mountain permafrost, Near Surf. Geophys., 11, 423–434, https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2013003, 2013. a, b
Savi, S., Comiti, F., and Strecker, M. R.: Pronounced increase in slope instability linked to global warming: A case study from the eastern European Alps, Earth Surf. Process. Landf., 46, 1328–1347, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5100, 2021. a
Scandroglio, R., Draebing, D., Offer, M., and Krautblatter, M.: 4D quantification of alpine permafrost degradation in steep rock walls using a laboratory–calibrated electrical resistivity tomography approach, Near Surf. Geophys., 19, 241–260, https://doi.org/10.1002/nsg.12149, 2021. a, b
Scandroglio, R., Weber, S., Limbrock, J. K., and Krautblatter, M.: Field-validated imaging of decadal and seasonal changes in permafrost bedrock using quantitative electrical resistivity tomography (Zugspitze, Germany/Austria), EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-5552, 2025a. a
Scandroglio, R., Weber, S., Rehm, T., and Krautblatter, M.: Decadal in situ hydrological observations and empirical modeling of pressure head in a high-alpine, fractured calcareous rock slope, Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 295–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-295-2025, 2025b. a, b, c
Schober, A., Bannwart, C., and Keuschnig, M.: Rockfall modelling in high alpine terrain – validation and limitations/Steinschlagsimulation in hochalpinem Raum – Validierung und Limitationen, Geomechanics and Tunnelling, 5, 368–378, https://doi.org/10.1002/geot.201200025, 2012. a
Slater, L., Binley, A., Daily, W., and Johnson, R.: Cross-hole electrical imaging of a controlled saline tracer injection, J. Appl. Geophys., 44, 85–102, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(00)00002-1, 2000. a, b
Sneddon, I. N. and Lowengrub, M.: Crack problems in the classical theory of elasticity. john wiley & sons, inc., Z. Angew. Math. Mech., 51, 238–239, https://doi.org/10.1002/zamm.19710510317, 1971. a
Sokratov, S. A. and Sato, A.: The effect of wind on the snow cover, Ann. Glaciol., 32, 116–120, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756401781819436, 2001. a
Sommer, C. G., Lehning, M., and Mott, R.: Snow in a Very Steep Rock Face: Accumulation and Redistribution During and After a Snowfall Event, Front. Earth Sci., 3, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2015.00073, 2015. a
Stead, D. and Wolter, A.: A critical review of rock slope failure mechanisms: The importance of structural geology, J. Struct. Geol., 74, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2015.02.002, 2015. a
Uhlemann, S., Dafflon, B., Peterson, J., Ulrich, C., Shirley, I., Michail, S., and Hubbard, S. S.: Geophysical Monitoring Shows that Spatial Heterogeneity in Thermohydrological Dynamics Reshapes a Transitional Permafrost System, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL091149, 2021. a
Walder, J. and Hallet, B.: A theoretical model of the fracture of rock during freezing, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 96, 336–346, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<336:ATMOTF>2.0.CO;2, 1985. a, b, c
Walder, J. S. and Hallet, B.: The physical basis of frost weathering: Toward a more fundamental and unified perspective, Arctic Alpine Res., 18, 27–32, https://doi.org/10.1080/00040851.1986.12004060, 1986. a
Walter, F., Amann, F., Kos, A., Kenner, R., Phillips, M., de Preux, A., Huss, M., Tognacca, C., Clinton, J., Diehl, T., and Bonanomi, Y.: Direct observations of a three million cubic meter rock-slope collapse with almost immediate initiation of ensuing debris flows, Geomorphology, 351, 106933, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.106933, 2020. a, b
Weber, S., Beutel, J., Faillettaz, J., Hasler, A., Krautblatter, M., and Vieli, A.: Quantifying irreversible movement in steep, fractured bedrock permafrost on Matterhorn (CH), The Cryosphere, 11, 567–583, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-567-2017, 2017. a, b
Weber, S., Fäh, D., Beutel, J., Faillettaz, J., Gruber, S., and Vieli, A.: Ambient seismic vibrations in steep bedrock permafrost used to infer variations of ice-fill in fractures, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 501, 119–127, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.08.042, 2018. a
Weber, S., Beutel, J., Dietze, M., Bast, A., Kenner, R., Phillips, M., Leinauer, J., Mühlbauer, S., Pfluger, F., and Krautblatter, M.: Progressive destabilization of a freestanding rock pillar in permafrost on the Matterhorn (Swiss Alps): Hydro-mechanical modeling and analysis, Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 1157–1179, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-1157-2025, 2025a. a, b, c
Weber, S., Vieli, A., Phillips, M., and Cicoira, A.: Thermal diffusivity of mountain permafrost derived from borehole temperature data in the Swiss Alps, The Cryosphere, 19, 6727–6748, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-19-6727-2025, 2025b. a
Wegmann, M. and Gudmundsson, G. H.: Thermally induced temporal strain variations in rock walls observed at subzero temperatures, in: Advances in Cold-Region Thermal Engineering and Sciences, edited by: Hutter, K., Wang, Y., and Beer, H., Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 511–518, ISBN 978-3-540-48410-3, 1999. a
Yang, X., Lassen, R. N., Jensen, K. H., and Looms, M. C.: Monitoring CO2 migration in a shallow sand aquifer using 3D crosshole electrical resistivity tomography, Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control., 42, 534–544, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.09.005, 2015. a
Zisser, N., Nover, G., Dürrast, H., and Siegesmund, S.: Relationship between electrical and hydraulic properties of sedimentary rocks, Z. Dtsch. Ges. Geowiss., 158, 883–894, https://doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2007/0158-0883, 2007. a
Short summary
This study presents a year-round automated electrical resistivity tomography monitoring of a steep permafrost rockwall combined with borehole temperature, anchor load and piezometer observations. The joint analysis revealed seasonal phases with enhanced mechanical forcing of rockwalls related to high hydrostatic and cryostatic pressures, which are of particular interest for understanding preconditioning of rock instabilities.
This study presents a year-round automated electrical resistivity tomography monitoring of a...
