- About
- Editorial board
- Articles
- Special issues
- Highlight articles
- Manuscript tracking
- Subscribe to alerts
- Peer review
- For authors
- For reviewers
- EGU publications
Journal cover
Journal topic
Earth Surface Dynamics
An interactive open-access journal of the European Geosciences Union
Journal topic
- About
- Editorial board
- Articles
- Special issues
- Highlight articles
- Manuscript tracking
- Subscribe to alerts
- Peer review
- For authors
- For reviewers
- EGU publications
Journal metrics
Journal metrics
IF 3.928
3.864CiteScore
6.2SNIP 1.469
SJR 1.666
index 21h5-index 23
Abstracted/indexed
Abstracted/indexed
ESurf | Articles | Volume 7, issue 3
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 773–787, 2019
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-773-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-773-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 773–787, 2019
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-773-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-773-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article 26 Aug 2019
Research article | 26 Aug 2019
A global delta dataset and the environmental variables that predict delta formation on marine coastlines
Rebecca L. Caldwell et al.
Related authors
No articles found.
Kees Nooren, Kim M. Cohen, Jaap H. Nienhuis, and Wim Z. Hoek
Proc. IAHS, 382, 149–153, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-149-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-149-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal subsidence owing to compaction of Holocene strata affects large delta plains such as the Tabasco delta in southern Mexico (Gulf coast). Collected field-data allows for quantification of differential subsidence over several time windows and reconstruction of relative sea-level rise back to 5000 years ago. Observed differential subsidence of 1–1.5 m is mainly caused by compaction of buried strata in response to the accumulating overburden of the prograding beach-ridge complex.
for subsidence in coastal Louisiana
Jaap H. Nienhuis, Torbjörn E. Törnqvist, and Gilles Erkens
Proc. IAHS, 382, 333–337, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-333-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-333-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Decreased distance from the marsh to the marsh edge can lower groundwater tables and increase soil stresses that lead to subsidence. We explore the possibility that the canals that have been dug in the wetlands in coastal Louisiana have decreased marsh edge distances and therefore have contributed to subsidence.
Gerard Salter, Vaughan R. Voller, and Chris Paola
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 911–927, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-911-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-911-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Bifurcations are the switches that steer water and sediment in delta and multithread river networks, playing an important role in shaping the landscape. In lab experiments, we found that when the downstream branches grow through time, frequent switching in the water and sediment partitioning occurs. In contrast, once sediment freely exits the downstream boundary, long periods of time when one branch dominates occur; however, unlike our theoretical prediction, these are not permanent.
Jaap H. Nienhuis and Jorge Lorenzo-Trueba
Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 4013–4030, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4013-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4013-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The response of barrier islands to sea level rise depends on their ability to move landward through the transport of sediment from the beach to the back barrier. The BRIE model simulates these processes and the resulting landward movement of barrier islands. The novelty of the BRIE model is the incorporation of tidal inlets (gaps between barrier islands) that can transport sediment landward and therefore help keep barrier islands above sea level.
John B. Shaw, Justin D. Estep, Amanda R. Whaling, Kelly M. Sanks, and Douglas A. Edmonds
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 1155–1168, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-1155-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-1155-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Deltas are important landforms because many people live near them. Specific water flow patterns of spreading and contraction are produced where delta channel flow meets the ocean. Tracers on the water surface allow this pattern to be measured from space. We identify this pattern on a growing river delta in 40 years of images, allowing us to track its growth in a new way. This method has potential to improve monitoring of deltas worldwide.
Stephanie S. Day, Karen B. Gran, and Chris Paola
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3261–3273, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3261-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-3261-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Permanent gullies are deep steep-sided channels that erode as water falls over the upstream end. Erosion of these features is a concern where people and climate change have altered how water moves over the land. This paper analyzes a set of experiments that were used to determine how changing gully flows impact erosion. We found that while increasing the volume of water will increase erosion, changing the flow rate into gullies will not impact the total erosion, but will alter gully shape.
Jaap H. Nienhuis, Andrew D. Ashton, Albert J. Kettner, and Liviu Giosan
Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 585–603, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-585-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-585-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Ebro Delta in Spain has a distinctive coastline shape, the origin of which has been debated. Here we show with two simple models, one of the Ebro River and one of its delta, that is it possible to reproduce this distinctive shape under constant sediment supply, wave climate, and sea-level conditions. We also find that the majority of the delta grew in the last 2000 years, when a great increase in sediment supply from the Ebro River allowed it to accelerate its growth.
Pauline Delorme, Vaughan Voller, Chris Paola, Olivier Devauchelle, Éric Lajeunesse, Laurie Barrier, and François Métivier
Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 239–252, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-239-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-239-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Alluvial fans are sedimentary deposits that take place at the outlet of mountain range. This location makes them the first sedimentary archive where sediments, eroded from mountains, are deposed. Their morphology is controlled by the water and sediment discharges and sediment characteristics. By using controlled laboratory experiments, we show that an alluvial fan composed of two distinct sediments has a characteristic shape; it can be decomposed into two fans made up of one sediment.
J.-L. Grimaud, C. Paola, and V. Voller
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 11–23, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-11-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-11-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Knickpoints represent localized steps along a river profile (e.g. waterfalls or rapids) that are commonly interpreted as the geomorphic response of river systems to external changes. We used a simple experiment to show that knickpoints may not only respond to external base-level change but are also able to self-organize. We highlight the effect of alluvial cover in delaying knickpoint formation and show that river bed strength controls both retreat velocity and geometry of knickpoints.
M. Liang, V. R. Voller, and C. Paola
Earth Surf. Dynam., 3, 67–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-67-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-67-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this work we present DeltaRCM, a reduced-complexity model for river delta formation. It is a rule-based cellular morphodynamic model, in contrast to reductionist models based on detailed computational fluid dynamics. DeltaRCM is able to resolve channel dynamics and to produce stratigraphy. We also explain the meaning of complexity reduction, especially the essential processes to be included in modeling deltas.
Related subject area
Physical: Geomorphology (including all aspects of fluvial, coastal, aeolian, hillslope and glacial geomorphology)
Parameterization of river incision models requires accounting for environmental heterogeneity: insights from the tropical Andes
Measuring river planform changes from remotely sensed data – a Monte Carlo approach to assessing the impact of spatially variable error
Entrainment and suspension of sand and gravel
Morphological evolution of bifurcations in tide-influenced deltas
Short communication: Landlab v2.0: a software package for Earth surface dynamics
Storm-induced sediment supply to coastal dunes on sand flats
Emerging crescentic patterns in modelled double sandbar systems under normally incident waves
Experimental evidence for bifurcation angles control on abandoned channel fill geometry
Large wood as a confounding factor in interpreting the width of spring-fed streams
River patterns reveal two stages of landscape evolution at an oblique convergent margin, Marlborough Fault System, New Zealand
Estimating sand bed load in rivers by tracking dunes: a comparison of methods based on bed elevation time series
Mass balance, grade, and adjustment timescales in bedrock channels
Determining flow directions in river channel networks using planform morphology and topology
Mātauranga Māori in geomorphology: existing frameworks, case studies and recommendations for Earth scientists
Stabilising large grains in self-forming steep channels
Dynamic allometry in coastal overwash morphology
Potential links between Baltic Sea submarine terraces and groundwater seeping
The impact of earthquakes on orogen-scale exhumation
Estimating the disequilibrium in denudation rates due to divide migration at the scale of river basins
Modelling impacts of spatially variable erosion drivers on suspended sediment dynamics
Permafrost distribution in steep rock slopes in Norway: measurements, statistical modelling and implications for geomorphological processes
Reconstruction of river valley evolution before and after the emplacement of the giant Seymareh rock avalanche (Zagros Mts., Iran)
Experiments on patterns of alluvial cover and bedrock erosion in a meandering channel
How does the downstream boundary affect avulsion dynamics in a laboratory bifurcation?
River channel width controls blocking by slow-moving landslides in California's Franciscan mélange
Introducing PebbleCounts: a grain-sizing tool for photo surveys of dynamic gravel-bed rivers
Quantifying the restoration success of wood introductions to increase coho salmon winter habitat
Seismic and geologic controls on spatial clustering of landslides in three large earthquakes
Evaluating the potential of post-processing kinematic (PPK) georeferencing for UAV-based structure- from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry and surface change detection
Percentile-based grain size distribution analysis tools (GSDtools) – estimating confidence limits and hypothesis tests for comparing two samples
Displacement mechanisms of slow-moving landslides in response to changes in porewater pressure and dynamic stress
Quantifying sediment mass redistribution from joint time-lapse gravimetry and photogrammetry surveys
Evaluating post-glacial bedrock erosion and surface exposure duration by coupling in situ optically stimulated luminescence and 10Be dating
Alluvial channel response to environmental perturbations: fill-terrace formation and sediment-signal disruption
A coupled soilscape–landform evolution model: model formulation and initial results
Spatial and temporal patterns of sediment storage and erosion following a wildfire and extreme flood
An index concentration method for suspended load monitoring in large rivers of the Amazonian foreland
Testing a failure surface prediction and deposit reconstruction method for a landslide cluster that occurred during Typhoon Talas (Japan)
Sediment supply from lateral moraines to a debris-covered glacier in the Himalaya
Potential erosion capacity of gravity currents created by changing initial conditions
Modelling braided river morphodynamics using a particle travel length framework
Observations and scaling of tidal mass transport across the lower Ganges–Brahmaputra delta plain: implications for delta management and sustainability
Glacial limitation of tropical mountain height
Long-term erosion of the Nepal Himalayas by bedrock landsliding: the role of monsoons, earthquakes and giant landslides
Short communication: Challenges and applications of structure-from-motion photogrammetry in a physical model of a braided river
Short communication: The Topographic Analysis Kit (TAK) for TopoToolbox
Environmental signal shredding on sandy coastlines
Long-profile evolution of transport-limited gravel-bed rivers
The rarefied (non-continuum) conditions of tracer particle transport in soils, with implications for assessing the intensity and depth dependence of mixing from geochronology
Measuring subaqueous progradation of the Wax Lake Delta with a model of flow direction divergence
Benjamin Campforts, Veerle Vanacker, Frédéric Herman, Matthias Vanmaercke, Wolfgang Schwanghart, Gustavo E. Tenorio, Patrick Willems, and Gerard Govers
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 447–470, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-447-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-447-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this contribution, we explore the spatial determinants of bedrock river incision in the tropical Andes. The model results illustrate the problem of confounding between climatic and lithological variables, such as rock strength. Incorporating rock strength explicitly into river incision models strongly improves the explanatory power of all tested models and enables us to clarify the role of rainfall variability in controlling river incision rates.
Timothée Jautzy, Pierre-Alexis Herrault, Valentin Chardon, Laurent Schmitt, and Gilles Rixhon
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 471–484, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-471-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-471-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Remote sensing is widely used to document historical fluvial dynamics. However, the geometric error affecting the inferred planform changes can result in undesired geomorphological misinterpretation. Here, we present a novel approach to quantify the uncertainty associated with eroded/deposited surfaces. Concluding that this uncertainty depends on the magnitude and the shape of the surficial changes, restoration programs targeting lateral mobility of streams can benefit from our approach.
Jan de Leeuw, Michael P. Lamb, Gary Parker, Andrew J. Moodie, Daniel Haught, Jeremy G. Venditti, and Jeffrey A. Nittrouer
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 485–504, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-485-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-485-2020, 2020
Arya P. Iwantoro, Maarten van der Vegt, and Maarten G. Kleinhans
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 413–429, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-413-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-413-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the effect of tides on the morphodynamic evolution of bifurcations in tide-influenced deltas. Using results from a numerical morphodynamic model (Delft3D), we found that tides cause less asymmetric bifurcations and thereby keep both downstream channels open. Our results explain why avulsion rarely occurs in tide-influenced deltas, whereas it occurs more often in river-dominated deltas.
Katherine R. Barnhart, Eric W. H. Hutton, Gregory E. Tucker, Nicole M. Gasparini, Erkan Istanbulluoglu, Daniel E. J. Hobley, Nathan J. Lyons, Margaux Mouchene, Sai Siddhartha Nudurupati, Jordan M. Adams, and Christina Bandaragoda
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 379–397, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-379-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-379-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Landlab is a Python package to support the creation of numerical models in Earth surface dynamics. Since the release of the 1.0 version in 2017, Landlab has grown and evolved: it contains 31 new process components, a refactored model grid, and additional utilities. This contribution describes the new elements of Landlab, discusses why certain backward-compatiblity-breaking changes were made, and reflects on the process of community open-source software development.
Filipe Galiforni-Silva, Kathelijne M. Wijnberg, and Suzanne J. M. H. Hulscher
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 335–350, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-335-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-335-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Storm surges are often related to coastal dune erosion. We found that, for specific coastal settings, storm surges may enhance dune growth rather than only undermine it. Using a computer model and elevation data, we noticed that storm surges could deposit sand onto the sand flat from sand previously deposited closer to the sea. As they move to areas farther from the sea, it becomes easier for the wind to move this sand to the dunes. These findings may help coastal managers and policymakers.
Giovanni Coco, Daniel Calvete, Francesca Ribas, Huib E. de Swart, and Albert Falqués
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 323–334, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-323-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-323-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Sandbars are ubiquitous features of the surf zone. They are rarely straight and often develop crescentic shapes. Double sandbar systems are also common, but the possibility of feedback between inner and outer sandbars has not been fully explored. The presence of double sandbar systems affects wave transformation and can result in a variety of spatial patterns. Here we model the conditions, waves and initial bathymetry that lead to the emergence of different patterns.
Léo Szewczyk, Jean-Louis Grimaud, and Isabelle Cojan
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 275–288, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-275-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-275-2020, 2020
Dana Ariel Lapides and Michael Manga
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 195–210, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-195-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-195-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Spring-fed streams throughout volcanic regions of the western United States are wider than runoff-fed streams with similar flow levels. We used high-resolution satellite imagery in combination with flow and climate data to examine the relationship between wood loading and stream width in 38 spring-fed and 20 runoff-fed streams. This study identifies distinct wood dynamics in spring-fed and runoff-fed streams and a strong correlation between stream width and wood length in spring-fed streams.
Alison R. Duvall, Sarah A. Harbert, Phaedra Upton, Gregory E. Tucker, Rebecca M. Flowers, and Camille Collett
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 177–194, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-177-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-177-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we examine river patterns and the evolution of the landscape within the Marlborough Fault System, South Island, New Zealand, where the Australian and Pacific tectonic plates collide. We find that faulting, uplift, river capture and the long-lived nature of the drainage network all dictate river patterns at this site. Based on these results and a wealth of previous geologic studies, we propose two broad stages of landscape evolution over the last 25 million years of orogenesis.
Kate C. P. Leary and Daniel Buscombe
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 161–172, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-161-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-161-2020, 2020
Jens Martin Turowski
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 103–122, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-103-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-103-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Bedrock channels are the conveyor belts of mountain regions, evacuating sediment produced by erosion. Bedrock channel morphology and dynamics affect sediment transport rates and local erosion and set the base level for hillslope response. Here, using mechanistic considerations of the processes of fluvial erosion and transport, and considerations of the mass balance of sediment and bedrock, I discuss the principles governing steady-state channel morphology and the dynamic paths to achieve it.
Jon Schwenk, Anastasia Piliouras, and Joel C. Rowland
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 87–102, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-87-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-87-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Standing on a riverbank, it is usually obvious which direction the river flows. However, when observing a river from space, we cannot see the flowing water and must use other clues to determine flow directions. For complicated river channel networks like those of deltas and braided rivers, determining the flow direction of each channel within the network is not trivial. We present and demonstrate a method to automatically determine flow directions for each link in aerially viewed river channels.
Clare Wilkinson, Dan C. H. Hikuroa, Angus H. Macfarlane, and Matthew W. Hughes
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-5, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-5, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
This review highlights potential contributions that Indigenous knowledge can make to geomorphic research. We evaluate several frameworks and models for including Indigenous knowledge in geomorphic research and discuss how they can be adapted for use with Indigenous communities across the world. We propose that weaving Indigenous knowledge with geomorphic science has the potential to create new solutions and understandings that neither body of knowledge could produce in isolation.
William H. Booker and Brett C. Eaton
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 51–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-51-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-51-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using experiments, we found that the form and behaviour of a river depends on its ability to move the larger of its constituents. The manner in which all particles move depends upon the rate and calibre of the supplied material, as well as the rate of supplied water. This goes against the prevailing theory of a single important and representative grain size under depositing conditions, and these results may alter how we interpret river deposits to explain their formation.
Eli D. Lazarus, Kirstin L. Davenport, and Ana Matias
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 37–50, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-37-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-37-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Scaling relationships mathematically describe how two geometric traits of a geomorphic feature change relative to each other in a systematic way (how length changes with area in drainage basins and sedimentary deposits, for example). Here we demonstrate the emergence of scaling relationships in coastal overwash morphology. These findings may help to predict overwash deposition and offer insight into how spatial patterns in overwash morphology may self-organise.
Martin Jakobsson, Matt O'Regan, Carl-Magnus Mörth, Christian Stranne, Elizabeth Weidner, Jim Hansson, Richard Gyllencreutz, Christoph Humborg, Tina Elfwing, Alf Norkko, Joanna Norkko, Björn Nilsson, and Arne Sjöström
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We studied coastal sea floor terraces in parts of the Baltic Sea using various types of sonar data, sediment cores, and video. Terraces (~1 m high, > 100 m long) are widespread in depths < 15 m and are formed in glacial clay. Our study supports an origin from groundwater flow through silty layers, undermining overlying layers when discharged at the sea floor. Submarine groundwater discharge like this may be a significant source of freshwater to the Baltic Sea that needs to be studied further.
Oliver R. Francis, Tristram C. Hales, Daniel E. J. Hobley, Xuanmei Fan, Alexander J. Horton, Gianvito Scaringi, and Runqiu Huang
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2019-64, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2019-64, 2019
Revised manuscript accepted for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquakes can be responsible for up to half of the long-term erosion in a mountain range. However, singular events are hard to identify in geological records and landscapes. We use a numerical model of a tectonically active landscape to demonstrate that mixing of regolith within orogens reduces the time scale of the earthquake's perturbation of cosmogenic nuclide concentrations, resulting in them potentially being unrecorded potentially due to the low temporal resolution of exhumation records.
Timothée Sassolas-Serrayet, Rodolphe Cattin, Matthieu Ferry, Vincent Godard, and Martine Simoes
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 1041–1057, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-1041-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-1041-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The topographic steady-state assumption is often used in geomorphology. However, recent studies suggest that a drainage network is more mobile than previously thought. Using landscape evolution models, we show that those migrations have a significant impact on basin-wide denudation rates even if an overall topographic steady state is achieved at large scale. Our approach provides new tools to derive minimal uncertainties in basin-scale denudation rates due to this topographic disequilibrium.
Giulia Battista, Peter Molnar, and Paolo Burlando
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2019-59, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2019-59, 2019
Revised manuscript accepted for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
Estimating suspended sediment load in rivers is complex due to the variability in the observed concentrations. We present a model for soil erosion and sediment transport in river basins that accounts for the main sources of this variability and can capture the scatter of the rating curve in a pre-alpine basin. We found that sediment load depends on the variability in space of erosion drivers, as this affects erosion rates and the location and connectivity to the channel of the erosion areas.
Florence Magnin, Bernd Etzelmüller, Sebastian Westermann, Ketil Isaksen, Paula Hilger, and Reginald L. Hermanns
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 1019–1040, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-1019-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-1019-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study proposes the first permafrost (i.e. ground with temperature permanently < 0 °C) map covering the steep rock slopes of Norway. It was created by using rock temperature data collected at the near surface of 25 rock walls spread across the country between 2010 and 2018. The map shows that permafrost mostly exists above 1300–1400 m a.s.l. in southern Norway and close to sea level in northern Norway. The results have strong potential for the study of rock wall sliding and failure.
Michele Delchiaro, Marta Della Seta, Salvatore Martino, Maryam Dehbozorgi, and Reza Nozaem
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 929–947, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-929-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-929-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides insights into the causes and effects of the largest landslide and related damming that occurred on the emerged Earth surface. Understanding the hazard conditions is important for refining risk mitigation strategies for extreme landslide scenarios. We mapped and dated lacustrine and fluvial terrace sediments constraining the evolutionary model of the valley, thus providing the basis for future studies on the possible seismic trigger for such an extreme case study.
Roberto Fernández, Gary Parker, and Colin P. Stark
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 949–968, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-949-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-949-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the case of a meandering bedrock river with loose sediment on the bed. In such rivers, the sediment hits and erodes the bed as it moves with the flow. We did experiments in a laboratory flume to identify the areas where the sediment moves and those where it deposits. We discovered that the size and location of those areas change with the amount of sediment in the channel and its curvature. The fluctuations of sediment cover over the bed drive the erosion potential.
Gerard Salter, Vaughan R. Voller, and Chris Paola
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 911–927, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-911-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-911-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Bifurcations are the switches that steer water and sediment in delta and multithread river networks, playing an important role in shaping the landscape. In lab experiments, we found that when the downstream branches grow through time, frequent switching in the water and sediment partitioning occurs. In contrast, once sediment freely exits the downstream boundary, long periods of time when one branch dominates occur; however, unlike our theoretical prediction, these are not permanent.
Noah J. Finnegan, Kiara N. Broudy, Alexander L. Nereson, Joshua J. Roering, Alexander L. Handwerger, and Georgina Bennett
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 879–894, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-879-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-879-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In some settings, landslides trigger valley blockages that impound huge volumes of sediment, often drastically changing river habitat and habitability. In other settings, landslides appear to have little effect on rivers. In this study, we explore what governs the different sensitivity of rivers to blocking from landslide debris. We accomplish this by comparing two sites in California with dramatic differences in blocking from otherwise similar slow-moving landslides.
Benjamin Purinton and Bodo Bookhagen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 859–877, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-859-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-859-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We develop and test new methods for counting pebble-size distributions in photos of gravel-bed rivers. Our open-source algorithms provide good estimates in complex imagery from high-energy mountain rivers. We discuss methods of river cross-section photo collection and processing into seamless georeferenced imagery. Application of a semi-automated version of the algorithm in small patches can be used as validation data for upscaling to entire survey sites using a fully automated version.
Russell T. Bair, Catalina Segura, and Christopher M. Lorion
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 841–857, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-841-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-841-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Large wood (LW) pieces are often part of fish habitat restoration projects. We investigated reach-scale changes after the addition of LW that are relevant to juvenile coho salmon. A survivable habitat for juvenile coho was characterized in terms of critical swim speed and bed stability. Model predictions showed that survivable habitat increased by 86–128 % in terms of flow velocity and bed stability. Our findings are applicable to stream restoration efforts throughout the Pacific Northwest.
Claire Rault, Alexandra Robert, Odin Marc, Niels Hovius, and Patrick Meunier
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 829–839, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-829-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-829-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Large earthquakes trigger thousands of landslides in the area of their epicentre. For three earthquake cases, we have determined the position of these landslides along hillslopes. These co-seismic landslides tend to cluster at ridge crests and slope toes. We show that crest clustering is specific to seismic triggering. But although co-seismic landslides locate higher in the landscape than rainfall-induced landslides, geological features strongly modulate their position along the hillslopes.
He Zhang, Emilien Aldana-Jague, François Clapuyt, Florian Wilken, Veerle Vanacker, and Kristof Van Oost
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 807–827, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-807-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-807-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the performance of a drone system to reconstruct 3-D topography. We used a direct georeferencing method to make the pictures have precise coordinates, which also improves the survey efficiency. With both consumer-grade and professional-grade camera and drone setups, we obtained centimetric accuracy, which provides a flexible application in topography remote sensing using drones.
Brett C. Eaton, R. Dan Moore, and Lucy G. MacKenzie
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 789–806, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-789-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-789-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Researchers studying gravel bed rivers almost always require a sample of the bed surface grain size range. These samples are typically expressed as cumulative frequency distributions. We present statistical techniques for generating and plotting confidence intervals for the various size percentiles and for determining whether size percentiles from two samples are statistically different. The techniques are implemented in an R package; a simplified version is implemented in a spreadsheet.
Jonathan M. Carey, Chris I. Massey, Barbara Lyndsell, and David N. Petley
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 707–722, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-707-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-707-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Slow-moving landslides are a major hazard but their movement mechanisms during earthquakes and rainstorms are not fully understood. We collected samples from a slow-moving landslide complex in New Zealand and subjected them to a range of porewater pressure and dynamic stress scenarios in a dynamic back-pressured shear box. Our results show how the complex movement patterns, observed in many large slow-moving landslides, may be mobilized by strong earthquakes and significant rain events.
Maxime Mouyen, Philippe Steer, Kuo-Jen Chang, Nicolas Le Moigne, Cheinway Hwang, Wen-Chi Hsieh, Louise Jeandet, Laurent Longuevergne, Ching-Chung Cheng, Jean-Paul Boy, and Frédéric Masson
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2019-35, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2019-35, 2019
Revised manuscript accepted for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
Land's erosion creates sediment particles that are redistributed from mountains to oceans, under the action of climate, tectonics or human activities. But measuring the mass of redistributed sediment is difficult. Here we describe a new method combining gravity and photogrammetry measures, which allows us to weigh the mass of sediment redistributed by a landslide and a river in Taiwan from 2015 to 2017. Trying this method in other regions shall help to better understand erosion processes.
Benjamin Lehmann, Frédéric Herman, Pierre G. Valla, Georgina E. King, and Rabiul H. Biswas
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 633–662, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-633-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-633-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Assessing the impact of glaciation at the Earth's surface requires simultaneous quantification of the impact of climate variability on past glacier fluctuations and on bedrock erosion. Here we present a new approach for evaluating post-glacial bedrock surface erosion in mountainous environments by combining two different surface exposure dating methods. This approach can be used to estimate how bedrock erosion rates vary spatially and temporally since glacier retreat in an alpine environment.
Stefanie Tofelde, Sara Savi, Andrew D. Wickert, Aaron Bufe, and Taylor F. Schildgen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 609–631, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-609-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-609-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We performed seven physical experiments to explore terrace formation and sediment export from a braided alluvial river system that is perturbed by changes in water discharge, sediment supply, or base level. Each perturbation differently affects (1) the geometry of terraces and channels, (2) the timing of terrace formation, and (3) the transient response of sediment discharge. Our findings provide guidelines for interpreting fill terraces and sediment export from fluvial systems.
W. D. Dimuth P. Welivitiya, Garry R. Willgoose, and Greg R. Hancock
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 591–607, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-591-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-591-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The paper describes a model that simultaneously evolves both the soil profile and the landform, creating a coupled soilscape–landscape evolution model. The physics in the model is presented and justified from physical processes. The behaviour of the model is then explored for a variety of process formulations for a one-dimensional hillslope consisting of a flat upslope, steep midslope, and flat lowlands, exploring the erosion and deposition behaviour, and soil profile evolution over time.
Daniel J. Brogan, Peter A. Nelson, and Lee H. MacDonald
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 563–590, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-563-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-563-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We used high-resolution topography collected over 4 years to investigate how two watersheds in Colorado responded to the June 2012 High Park Fire and an extreme flood in September 2013. After the fire, sediment was eroded from the hillslopes and deposited in valley bottoms, and the large flood eroded much of this deposited sediment. Patterns of erosion and deposition were related to landscape characteristics, burn severity, and rainfall, which may inform future post-fire treatment strategies.
William Santini, Benoît Camenen, Jérôme Le Coz, Philippe Vauchel, Jean-Loup Guyot, Waldo Lavado, Jorge Carranza, Marco A. Paredes, Jhonatan J. Pérez Arévalo, Nore Arévalo, Raul Espinoza Villar, Frédéric Julien, and Jean-Michel Martinez
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 515–536, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-515-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-515-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A simple model is proposed to improve the sediment concentration monitoring in the large rivers of the Peruvian Amazon from an index concentration sampled in the flow. This powerful tool for optimizing the concentration sampling would allow for detailed uncertainty analysis on the sediment fluxes. It could be coupled with remote sensing and hydrological modeling to serve as a step toward the development of an integrated approach for assessing sediment fluxes in poorly monitored basins.
Michel Jaboyedoff, Masahiro Chigira, Noriyuki Arai, Marc-Henri Derron, Benjamin Rudaz, and Ching-Ying Tsou
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 439–458, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-439-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-439-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
High-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) can now be acquired using airborne laser scanners. This allows for a detailed analysis of the geometry of landslides. Several large landslides were triggered by Typhoon Talas in Japan in 2011. The comparison of pre- and post-DEMs allowed us to test a method of defining landslide failure surfaces before catastrophic movements. It provides new results about the curvature of the failure surface and the volume expansion of the deposit.
Teun van Woerkom, Jakob F. Steiner, Philip D. A. Kraaijenbrink, Evan S. Miles, and Walter W. Immerzeel
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 411–427, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-411-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-411-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Using data obtained from multiple UAV flights over a debris-covered glacier in the Himalaya between 2013 and 2018, we show that the adjacent moraines erode at rates of up to 16 cm per year, contributing to this debris cover. With retreating ice and resulting instability of moraines, this causes the glacier to cover a narrow zone along the lateral moraines in ever-thicker layers of rocks, resulting in a possible future decrease of local melt.
Jessica Zordan, Anton J. Schleiss, and Mário J. Franca
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 377–391, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-377-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-377-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The effect of buoyancy and bottom slope on the runout and entrainment capacity of experimentally reproduced saline gravity currents is studied. The shape of the current is modified due to the entrainment of ambient water, particularly within the body region. For steep slopes, two opposite mechanisms of mass exchange are identified: the current entrainment of water from the upper surface due to the enhanced friction at the interface and the head feeding by a rear-fed current.
Alan Kasprak, James Brasington, Konrad Hafen, Richard D. Williams, and Joseph M. Wheaton
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 247–274, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-247-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-247-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We present a modelling framework for the prediction of gravel-bed braided river evolution. The model is unique in that it simplifies sediment transport through the use of empirically-derived relationships between channel form and flood-scale particle transport distances, or path lengths, which ultimately allow for longer duration model runs with reduced computational demand. We use field surveys on two braided rivers to validate the model at the event, annual, and decadal timescales.
Richard Hale, Rachel Bain, Steven Goodbred Jr., and Jim Best
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 231–245, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-231-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-231-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In Bangladesh, we measure how water and sediment move through tidal channels in an area heavily impacted by both sea-level rise and the strategies that humans use to adapt. We found that the amount of water moving through the system is largely controlled by the strength of the tides, while the mass of sediment being transported is strongly connected to the season and to a lesser extent the tides. These results are important for developing strategies to protect both human and natural landscapes.
Maxwell T. Cunningham, Colin P. Stark, Michael R. Kaplan, and Joerg M. Schaefer
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 147–169, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-147-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-147-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial erosion is known to limit the height of midlatitude mountain ranges affected by substantial glaciation during cold periods. Our study examines this phenomenon in the tropics. A new form of hypsometric analysis, along with other evidence, of 10 tropical ranges reveals widespread signs of a perched glacial base level at the ELA. Although glacial influence is moderate to weak in these environments, the evidence suggests that glacial erosion acts to limit the height of tropical ranges.
Odin Marc, Robert Behling, Christoff Andermann, Jens M. Turowski, Luc Illien, Sigrid Roessner, and Niels Hovius
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 107–128, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-107-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-107-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We mapped eight monsoon-related (> 100 m2) and large (> 0.1 km2) landslides in the Nepal Himalayas since 1970. Adding inventories of Holocene landslides, giant landslides (> 1 km3), and landslides from the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, we constrain the size–frequency distribution of monsoon- and earthquake-induced landslides. Both contribute ~50 % to a long-term (> 10 kyr) total erosion of ~2 mm yr-1, matching the long-term exhumation rate. Large landslides rarer than 10Be sampling time drive erosion.
Pauline Leduc, Sarah Peirce, and Peter Ashmore
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 97–106, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-97-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-97-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents applications of structure-from-motion photogrammetry in a physical model of a braided river used to quantify morphology change and provide estimates of water depth, as well as image analysis for mapping bed surface texture.
Adam M. Forte and Kelin X. Whipple
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 87–95, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-87-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-87-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Quantitative analysis of digital topography is an important part of many modern geologic investigations. We have constructed a series of software tools, the Topographic Analysis Kit (TAK), built on top of the existing TopoToolbox library, to allow for efficient and easy analysis of topography that limits the required computing and domain-specific knowledge necessary to successfully produce robust analyses of topographic data.
Eli D. Lazarus, Mitchell D. Harley, Chris E. Blenkinsopp, and Ian L. Turner
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 77–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-77-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-77-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
A single storm event can change the shape of a sandy beach dramatically, but beaches also exhibit a remarkable ability to recover. So how important are storm-driven changes to a beach in the long term? This question affects predictions of future shoreline change. Here we explore
signal shredding– when sediment transport erases any signature of outside driving forces. Our results suggest that major storm impacts may tell us little about long-term shoreline change and vice versa.
Andrew D. Wickert and Taylor F. Schildgen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 17–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-17-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-17-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers can raise or lower their beds by depositing or eroding sediments. We combine equations for flow, channel/valley geometry, and gravel transport to learn how climate and tectonics shape down-valley profiles of river-bed elevation. Rivers steepen when they receive more sediment (relative to water) and become straighter with tectonic uplift. Weathering and breakdown of gravel is needed to produce gradually widening river channels with concave-up profiles that are often observed in the field.
David Jon Furbish, Rina Schumer, and Amanda Keen-Zebert
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 1169–1202, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-1169-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-1169-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present in this mostly theoretical contribution a systematic treatment of tracer particle mixing in soils. We elaborate the consequences of rarefied (non-continuum) conditions of transport and mixing, and we augment this with numerical analyses that reveal important information not readily apparent in the analytical formulations, including an illustration of the variability in 10Be concentrations and OSL ages of individual particles in soils, with implications for interpreting field data.
John B. Shaw, Justin D. Estep, Amanda R. Whaling, Kelly M. Sanks, and Douglas A. Edmonds
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 1155–1168, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-1155-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-1155-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Deltas are important landforms because many people live near them. Specific water flow patterns of spreading and contraction are produced where delta channel flow meets the ocean. Tracers on the water surface allow this pattern to be measured from space. We identify this pattern on a growing river delta in 40 years of images, allowing us to track its growth in a new way. This method has potential to improve monitoring of deltas worldwide.
Cited articles
Amante, C. and Eakins, B.: ETOPO1 1 arc-minute global relief model:
procedures, data sources and analysis,
available at: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html (last access: 4 August 2017), 2009.
Anthony, E. J.: Wave influence in the construction, shaping and destruction
of river deltas: A review, Mar. Geol., 361, 53–78, 2015.
Anthony, E. J., Marriner, N., and Morhange, C.: Human influence and the
changing geomorphology of Mediterranean deltas and coasts over the last
6000 years: from progradation to destruction phase?, Earth-Sci. Rev.,
139, 336–361, 2014.
Argus, D. F., Peltier, W. R., Drummond, R., and Moore, A. W.: The Antarctica
component of postglacial rebound model ICE-6G_C (VM5a) based
upon GPS positioning, exposure age dating of ice thicknesses, and relative
sea level histories, Geophys. J. Int., 198, 537–563,
https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu140, 2014.
Ashton, A., Murray, A., and Arnoult, O.: Formation of coastline features by
large-scale instabilities induced by high-angle waves, Nature, 414, 296–300,
2001.
Audley-Charles, M., Curray, J., and Evans, G.: Location of major deltas,
Geology, 5, 341–344, 1977.
Bates, C. C.: Rational theory of delta formation, AAPG Bull., 37,
2119–2162, 1953.
Baumgardner, S. E.: Quantifying Galloway: Fluvial, tidal, and wave influence
on experimental and field deltas, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global,
Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1853205811, 2015.
Bhattacharya, J. P., Copeland, P., Lawton, T. F., and Holbrook, J.:
Estimation of source area, river paleo-discharge, paleoslope, and sediment
budgets of linked deep-time depositional systems and implications for
hydrocarbon potential, Earth-Sci. Rev., 153, 77–110, 2016.
Boyd, R., Dalrymple, R., and Zaitlin, B.A.: Classification of clastic
coastal depositional environments, Sediment. Geol. 80, 139–150, 1992.
Caldwell, R. L. and Edmonds, D. A.: The effects of sediment properties on
deltaic processes and morphologies: A numerical modeling study, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119, 961–982, 2014.
Carlson, B., Piliouras, A., Muto, T., and Kim, W.: Control of basin water
depth on channel morphology and autogenic timescales in deltaic systems, J. Sediment. Res., 88, 1026–1039, 2018.
Chawla, A., Spindler, D. M., and Tolman, H. L.: Validation of a thirty year
wave hindcast using the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis winds, Ocean
Model., 70, 189–206, 2013.
Coleman, J. M.: Deltas: Processes of Deposition and Models for Exploration,
Bergess, Minneapolis, MN, 1976.
Dürr, H. H., Laruelle, G. G., van Kempen, C. M., Slomp, C. P., Meybeck,
M., and Middelkoop, H.: Worldwide typology of nearshore coastal systems:
defining the estuarine filter of river inputs to the oceans, Estuar. Coast, 34, 441–458, 2011.
Edmonds, D. A.: Restoration sedimentology, Nat. Geosci., 5, 758–759,
2012.
Edmonds, D. A., Paola, C., Hoyal, D. C. J. D., and Sheets, B. A.:
Quantitative metrics that describe river deltas and their channel networks,
J. Geophys. Res., 116, F04022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JF001955, 2011.
Egbert, G. D. and Erofeeva, S. Y.: Efficient inverse modeling of barotropic
ocean tides, J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 19, 183–204,
2002.
Fagherazzi, S., Edmonds, D. A., Nardin, W., Leonardi, N., Canestrelli, A.,
Falcini, F., Jerolmack, D. J., Mariotti, G., Rowland, J. C., and
Slingerland, R. L.: Dynamics of river mouth deposits, Rev. Geophys.,
53, 642–672, 2015
Fisher, W. L.: Facies characterization of Gulf coast basin delta systems,
with some Holocene analogues, Transactions, Gulf Coast Association of
Geological Societies, Texas, 239–261, 1969.
Galloway, W. E.: Process framework for describing the morphologic and
stratigraphic evolution of deltaic depositional systems, in: Deltas: Models
for Exploration, edited by: Broussard, M. L., Houston Geological Society,
Houston, TX, 87–98, 1975.
Giosan, L., Syvitski, J., Constantinescu, S., and Day, J.: Climate change:
protect the world's deltas, Nature, 516, 31–33, 2014.
Goodbred Jr., S. L. and Kuehl, S. A.: Enormous Ganges-Brahmaputra sediment
discharge during strengthened early Holocene monsoon, Geology, 28,
1083–1086, 2000.
Hoitink, A., Wang, Z., Vermeulen, B., Huismans, Y., and Kästner, K.:
Tidal controls on river delta morphology, Nat. Geosci., 10, 637–645,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo3000, 2017.
Iglewicz, B. and Hoaglin, D. C.: How to detect and handle outliers, ASQ Press, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1993.
Jerolmack, D. J.: Conceptual framework for assessing the response of delta channel networks to Holocene sea level rise, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 28.17–1,8 1786–1800, 2009.
Jiménez-Robles, A., Ortega-Sánchez, M., and Losada, M.: Effects of
basin bottom slope on jet hydrodynamics and river mouth bar formation,
J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 121, 1110–1133, 2016.
Kim, W., Mohrig, D., Twilley, R., Paola, C., and Parker, G.: Is it feasible
to build new land in the Mississippi River Delta?, Eos Trans. AGU, 90, 373–374, 2009.
Lentsch, N., Finotello, A., and Paola, C.: Reduction of deltaic channel
mobility by tidal action under rising relative sea level, Geology, 46,
599–602, 2018.
Limber, P. W., Murray, A. B., Adams, P. N., and Goldstein, E. B.: Unraveling
the dynamics that scale cross-shore headland relief on rocky coastlines: 1.
Model development, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119,
854–873, 2014.
Milliman, J. D. and Farnsworth, K. L.: River discharge to the coastal
ocean: a global synthesis, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011.
Milliman, J. D. and Meade, R. H.: World-wide delivery of river sediment to
the oceans, J. Geol., 91, 1–21, 1983.
Milliman, J. D. and Syvitski, J. P. M.: Geomorphic/tectonic control of
sediment discharge to the ocean; the importance of small mountainous rivers,
J. Geol., 100, 525–544, 1992.
Nienhuis, J. H., Ashton, A. D., Roos, P. C., Hulscher, S. J., and Giosan,
L.: Wave reworking of abandoned deltas, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40,
5899–5903, 2013.
Nienhuis, J. H., Ashton, A. D., and Giosan, L.: What makes a delta
wave-dominated?, Geology, 43, 511–514, 2015.
Nienhuis, J. H., Hoitink, A., and Törnqvist, T. E.: Future change to
tide-influenced deltas, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 3499–3507, 2018.
Nyberg, B. and Howell, J. A.: Global distribution of modern shallow marine
shorelines. Implications for exploration and reservoir analogue studies,
Mar. Petrol. Geol., 71, 83–104, 2016.
Orton, G. J. and Reading, H. G.: Variability of deltaic processes in terms
of sediment supply, with particular emphasis on grain size, Sedimentology,
40, 475–512, 1993.
Paola, C., Twilley, R., Edmonds, D., Kim, W., Mohrig, D., Parker, G.,
Viparelli, E., and Voller, V.: Natural Processes in Delta Restoration:
Application to the Mississippi Delta, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci, 3, 3.1–3.25,
2011.
Porebski, S. J. and Steel, R. J.: Deltas and sea-level change, J. Sediment. Res., 76, 390–403, 2006.
Pratson, L. F., Nittrouer, C. A., Wiberg, P. L., Steckler, M. S., Swenson,
J. B., Cacchione, D. A., Karson, J. A., Murray, A. B., Wolinsky, M. A., and
Gerber, T. P.: Seascape evolution on clastic continental shelves and slopes,
in: Continental Margin Sedimentation: From Sediment Transport to Sequence Stratigraphy: International Association of Sedimentologists, Special Publication 37, edited by: Nittrouer, C., Austin, J., Field, M., Kravitz, J., Syvitski, J., and Wiberg, P., 339–380, 2007.
Provansal, M., Pichard, G., and Anthony, E. J.: Geomorphic changes in the
Rhône delta during the LIA: input from the analysis of ancient maps, in:
Sediment Fluxes in Coastal Areas, edited by: Maanan, M. and Robin, M., Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 47–72, 2015.
Reguero, B. G., Losada, I. J., and Méndez, F. J.: A recent increase in
global wave power as a consequence of oceanic warming, Nat.
Commun., 10, 205, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467‐018‐08066‐0, 2019.
Rovai, A. S., Twilley, R. R., Castañeda-Moya, E., Riul, P.,
Cifuentes-Jara, M., Manrow-Villalobos, M., Horta, P. A., Simonassi, J. C.,
Fonseca, A. L., and Pagliosa, P. R.: Global controls on carbon storage in
mangrove soils, Nat. Clim. Change, 1, 534–538, 2018.
Sawyer, A. H., Edmonds, D. A., and Knights, D.: Surface water-groundwater
connectivity in deltaic distributary channel networks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 10299–210306, 2015.
Slingerland, R. and Smith, N. D.: River avulsions and their deposits,
Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 32, 257–285, 2004.
Stanley, D. J. and Warne, A. G.: Worldwide Initiation of Holocene Marine
Deltas by Deceleration of Sea-Level Rise, Science, 265, 228–231, 1994.
Syvitski, J. and Saito, Y.: Morphodynamics of deltas under the influence of
humans, Global Planet. Change, 57, 261–282, 2007.
Syvitski, J. P. and Morehead, M. D.: Estimating river-sediment discharge to
the ocean; application to the Eel margin, Northern California, Mar. Geol., 154, 13–28, 1999.
Syvitski, J. P. M., Peckham, S. D., Hilberman, R., and Mulder, T.:
Predicting the terrestrial flux of sediment to the global ocean; a planetary
perspective, Sediment. Geol., 162, 5–24, 2003.
Syvitski, J. P. M., Kettner, A. J., Correggiari, A., and Nelson, B. W.:
Distributary channels and their impact on sediment dispersal, Mar. Geol., 222, 75–94, 2005.
Syvitski, J. P. M. and Milliman, J. D.: Geology, Geography, and Humans
Battle for Dominance over the Delivery of Fluvial Sediment to the Coastal
Ocean, J. Geol., 115, 1–19, 2007.
Tejedor, A., Longjas, A., Caldwell, R., Edmonds, D. A., Zaliapin, I., and
Foufoula-Georgiou, E.: Quantifying the signature of sediment composition on
the topologic and dynamic complexity of river delta channel networks and
inferences toward delta classification, Geophys. Res. Lett., 43,
3280–3287, 2016.
Tejedor, A., Longjas, A., Edmonds, D. A., Zaliapin, I., Georgiou, T. T.,
Rinaldo, A., and Foufoula-Georgiou, E.: Entropy and optimality in river
deltas, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, 11651–11656,
2017.
Tessler, Z., Vörösmarty, C., Grossberg, M., Gladkova, I., Aizenman,
H., Syvitski, J., and Foufoula-Georgiou, E.: Profiling risk and
sustainability in coastal deltas of the world, Science, 349, 638–643, 2015.
Tolman, H. L.: User manual and system documentation of WAVEWATCH III TM
version 3.14, Technical note, MMAB Contribution, 276, College Park, Maryland, USA, 220 pp.,
Twilley, R. R., Bentley, S. J., Chen, Q., Edmonds, D. A., Hagen, S. C., Lam,
N. S.-N., Willson, C. S., Xu, K., Braud, D., Hampton Peele, R., and McCall,
A.: Co-evolution of wetland landscapes, flooding, and human settlement in
the Mississippi River Delta Plain, Sustain. Sci., 11, 1–21,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0374-4, 2016.
Twilley, R. R., Rovai, A. S., and Riul, P.: Coastal morphology explains
global blue carbon distributions, Front. Ecol. Environ., 16, 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1937, 2018.
Wessel, P. and Smith, W. H.: A global, self-consistent, hierarchical,
high-resolution shoreline database, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 101, 8741–8743, 1996.
Woodroffe, C. D., Nicholls, R. J., Saito, Y., Chen, Z., and Goodbred, S. L.:
Landscape variability and the response of Asian megadeltas to environmental
change, in: Global change and integrated coastal management, Springer,
Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 277–314, 2006.
Wright, L. D.: Sediment transport and deposition at river mouths: A
synthesis, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 88, 857–868, 1977.
Wright, L. D., Coleman, J. M., and Erickson, M. W.: Analysis of Major River
Systems and Their Deltas: Morphologic and Process Comparisons, Coastal
Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 1974.
Search articles
Short summary
River deltas are valuable resources that support biodiversity and human habitation. Despite this we do not have a global census of deltas nor do we know the conditions that promote their formation. We surveyed 5399 river mouths greater than 50 m wide and found that 2174 (40 %) create a delta. The conditions that lead to delta formation are high sediment input and low wave and tide conditions. These results can be used to understand how deltas will adapt to environmental changes.
River deltas are valuable resources that support biodiversity and human habitation. Despite this...
Earth Surface Dynamics
An interactive open-access journal of the European Geosciences Union
All site content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.