Articles | Volume 7, issue 3
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 633–662, 2019
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-633-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 633–662, 2019
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-633-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article 11 Jul 2019
Research article | 11 Jul 2019
Evaluating post-glacial bedrock erosion and surface exposure duration by coupling in situ optically stimulated luminescence and 10Be dating
Benjamin Lehmann et al.
Related authors
Rabiul H. Biswas, Frédéric Herman, Georgina E. King, Benjamin Lehmann, and Ashok K. Singhvi
Clim. Past, 16, 2075–2093, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2075-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2075-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A new approach to reconstruct the temporal variation of rock surface temperature using the thermoluminescence (TL) of feldspar is introduced. Multiple TL signals or thermometers in the range of 210 to 250 °C are sensitive to typical surface temperature fluctuations and can be used to constrain thermal histories of rocks over ~50 kyr. We show that it is possible to recover thermal histories of rocks using inverse modeling and with δ18O anomalies as a priori information.
Dominik Brill, Simon Matthias May, Nadia Mhammdi, Georgina King, Christoph Burow, Dennis Wolf, Anja Zander, Benjamin Lehmann, and Helmut Brückner
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-46, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-46, 2020
Revised manuscript under review for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
Wave-transported boulders are important records for storm and tsunami impact over geological timescales. Their use for hazard assessment requires chronological information. We investigated the potential of a new dating technique, luminescence rock surface exposure dating, for estimating transport ages of wave-emplaced boulders. Our results show that the new approach may provide chronological information over decadal to millennial timescales for boulders not datable by any other method so far.
Lionel Benoit, Aurelie Gourdon, Raphaël Vallat, Inigo Irarrazaval, Mathieu Gravey, Benjamin Lehmann, Günther Prasicek, Dominik Gräff, Frederic Herman, and Gregoire Mariethoz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 579–588, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-579-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-579-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This dataset provides a collection of 10 cm resolution orthomosaics and digital elevation models of the Gornergletscher glacial system (Switzerland). Raw data have been acquired every 2 weeks by intensive UAV surveys and cover the summer 2017. A careful photogrammetric processing ensures the geometrical coherence of the whole dataset.
Rabiul H. Biswas, Frédéric Herman, Georgina E. King, Benjamin Lehmann, and Ashok K. Singhvi
Clim. Past, 16, 2075–2093, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2075-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-2075-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A new approach to reconstruct the temporal variation of rock surface temperature using the thermoluminescence (TL) of feldspar is introduced. Multiple TL signals or thermometers in the range of 210 to 250 °C are sensitive to typical surface temperature fluctuations and can be used to constrain thermal histories of rocks over ~50 kyr. We show that it is possible to recover thermal histories of rocks using inverse modeling and with δ18O anomalies as a priori information.
Sean D. Willett, Frederic Herman, Matthew Fox, Nadja Stalder, Todd A. Ehlers, Ruohong Jiao, and Rong Yang
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-59, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-59, 2020
Revised manuscript under review for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
The cooling climate of the last few million years leading into the ice ages has been linked to increasing erosion rates by glaciers. One of the ways to measure this is through mineral cooling ages. In this paper, we investigate potential bias in these data and the methods used to analyse them. We find that the data are not themselves biased, but that appropriate methods must be used. Past studies have used appropriate methods, and are sound in methodology.
Dominik Brill, Simon Matthias May, Nadia Mhammdi, Georgina King, Christoph Burow, Dennis Wolf, Anja Zander, Benjamin Lehmann, and Helmut Brückner
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-46, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-46, 2020
Revised manuscript under review for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
Wave-transported boulders are important records for storm and tsunami impact over geological timescales. Their use for hazard assessment requires chronological information. We investigated the potential of a new dating technique, luminescence rock surface exposure dating, for estimating transport ages of wave-emplaced boulders. Our results show that the new approach may provide chronological information over decadal to millennial timescales for boulders not datable by any other method so far.
Benjamin Campforts, Veerle Vanacker, Frédéric Herman, Matthias Vanmaercke, Wolfgang Schwanghart, Gustavo E. Tenorio, Patrick Willems, and Gerard Govers
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 447–470, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-447-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-447-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this contribution, we explore the spatial determinants of bedrock river incision in the tropical Andes. The model results illustrate the problem of confounding between climatic and lithological variables, such as rock strength. Incorporating rock strength explicitly into river incision models strongly improves the explanatory power of all tested models and enables us to clarify the role of rainfall variability in controlling river incision rates.
Ludovic Räss, Aleksandar Licul, Frédéric Herman, Yury Y. Podladchikov, and Jenny Suckale
Geosci. Model Dev., 13, 955–976, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-955-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-955-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate predictions of future sea level rise require numerical models that predict rapidly deforming ice. Localised ice deformation can be captured numerically only with high temporal and spatial resolution. This paper’s goal is to propose a parallel FastICE solver for modelling ice deformation. Our model is particularly useful for improving our process-based understanding of localised ice deformation. Our solver reaches a parallel efficiency of 99 % on GPU-based supercomputers.
Georgina E. King, Sumiko Tsukamoto, Frédéric Herman, Rabiul H. Biswas, Shigeru Sueoka, and Takahiro Tagami
Geochronology, 2, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-1-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-1-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Rates of landscape evolution over the past million years are difficult to quantify. This study develops a technique which is able to measure changes in rock cooling rates (related to landscape evolution) over this timescale. The technique is based on the electron spin resonance dating of quartz minerals. Measurement protocols and new numerical models are proposed that describe these data, allowing for their translation into rock cooling rates.
Lionel Benoit, Aurelie Gourdon, Raphaël Vallat, Inigo Irarrazaval, Mathieu Gravey, Benjamin Lehmann, Günther Prasicek, Dominik Gräff, Frederic Herman, and Gregoire Mariethoz
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 579–588, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-579-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-579-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This dataset provides a collection of 10 cm resolution orthomosaics and digital elevation models of the Gornergletscher glacial system (Switzerland). Raw data have been acquired every 2 weeks by intensive UAV surveys and cover the summer 2017. A careful photogrammetric processing ensures the geometrical coherence of the whole dataset.
Raphaël Normand, Guy Simpson, Frédéric Herman, Rabiul Haque Biswas, Abbas Bahroudi, and Bastian Schneider
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 321–344, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-321-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-321-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We studied and mapped uplifted marine terraces in southern Iran that are part of the Makran subduction zone. Our results show that most exposed terraces were formed in the last 35 000–250 000 years. Based on their altitude and the paleo sea-level, we derive surface uplift rates of 0.05–5 mm yr−1. The marine terraces, tilted with a short wavelength of 20–30 km, indicate a heterogeneous accumulation of deformation in the overriding plate.
Antoine Cogez, Frédéric Herman, Éric Pelt, Thierry Reuschlé, Gilles Morvan, Christopher M. Darvill, Kevin P. Norton, Marcus Christl, Lena Märki, and François Chabaux
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 121–140, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-121-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-121-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Sediments produced by glaciers are transported by rivers and wind toward the ocean. During their journey, these sediments are weathered, and we know that this has an impact on climate. One key factor is time, but the duration of this journey is largely unknown. We were able to measure the average time that sediment spends only in the glacial area. This time is 100–200 kyr, which is long and allows a lot of processes to act on sediments during their journey.
M. Fox, F. Herman, S. D. Willett, and D. A. May
Earth Surf. Dynam., 2, 47–65, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-47-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-47-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Physical: Geomorphology (including all aspects of fluvial, coastal, aeolian, hillslope and glacial geomorphology)
Inertial drag and lift forces for coarse grains on rough alluvial beds measured using in-grain accelerometers
GERALDINE (Google Earth Engine supRaglAciaL Debris INput dEtector): a new tool for identifying and monitoring supraglacial landslide inputs
Short communication: Multiscalar roughness length decomposition in fluvial systems using a transform-roughness correlation (TRC) approach
Evolution of events before and after the 17 June 2017 rock avalanche at Karrat Fjord, West Greenland – a multidisciplinary approach to detecting and locating unstable rock slopes in a remote Arctic area
Complementing scale experiments of rivers and estuaries with numerically modelled hydrodynamics
Characterization of morphological units in a small, forested stream using close-range remotely piloted aircraft imagery
Topographic controls on divide migration, stream capture, and diversification in riverine life
Ice sheet and palaeoclimate controls on drainage network evolution: an example from Dogger Bank, North Sea
Experimental study of sediment supply control on step formation, evolution, and stability
A bed load transport equation based on the spatial distribution of shear stress – Oak Creek revisited
Morphometric properties of alternate bars and water discharge: a laboratory investigation
Timing of exotic, far-traveled boulder emplacement and paleo-outburst flooding in the central Himalayas
A 6-year lidar survey reveals enhanced rockwall retreat and modified rockfall magnitudes/frequencies in deglaciating cirques
Short communication: Field data reveal that the transport probability of clasts in Peruvian and Swiss streams mainly depends on the sorting of the grains
How do modeling choices impact the representation of structural connectivity and the dynamics of suspended sediment fluxes in distributed soil erosion models?
Alluvial cover on bedrock channels: applicability of existing models
Scale breaks of suspended sediment rating in large rivers in Germany induced by organic matter
Coupling threshold theory and satellite image derived channel width to estimate the formative discharge of Himalayan Foreland rivers
Modelling impacts of spatially variable erosion drivers on suspended sediment dynamics
Mātauranga Māori in geomorphology: existing frameworks, case studies, and recommendations for incorporating Indigenous knowledge in Earth science
The impact of earthquakes on orogen-scale exhumation
Different coastal marsh sites reflect similar topographic conditions for bare patches and vegetation recovery
Implications of present ground temperatures and relict stone stripes in the Ethiopian Highlands for the palaeoclimate of the tropics
Quantifying sediment mass redistribution from joint time-lapse gravimetry and photogrammetry surveys
Parameterization of river incision models requires accounting for environmental heterogeneity: insights from the tropical Andes
Measuring river planform changes from remotely sensed data – a Monte Carlo approach to assessing the impact of spatially variable error
Entrainment and suspension of sand and gravel
Morphological evolution of bifurcations in tide-influenced deltas
Short communication: Landlab v2.0: a software package for Earth surface dynamics
Storm-induced sediment supply to coastal dunes on sand flats
Emerging crescentic patterns in modelled double sandbar systems under normally incident waves
Experimental evidence for bifurcation angles control on abandoned channel fill geometry
Large wood as a confounding factor in interpreting the width of spring-fed streams
River patterns reveal two stages of landscape evolution at an oblique convergent margin, Marlborough Fault System, New Zealand
Estimating sand bed load in rivers by tracking dunes: a comparison of methods based on bed elevation time series
Mass balance, grade, and adjustment timescales in bedrock channels
Determining flow directions in river channel networks using planform morphology and topology
Stabilising large grains in self-forming steep channels
Dynamic allometry in coastal overwash morphology
Potential links between Baltic Sea submarine terraces and groundwater seeping
Estimating the disequilibrium in denudation rates due to divide migration at the scale of river basins
Permafrost distribution in steep rock slopes in Norway: measurements, statistical modelling and implications for geomorphological processes
Reconstruction of river valley evolution before and after the emplacement of the giant Seymareh rock avalanche (Zagros Mts., Iran)
Experiments on patterns of alluvial cover and bedrock erosion in a meandering channel
How does the downstream boundary affect avulsion dynamics in a laboratory bifurcation?
River channel width controls blocking by slow-moving landslides in California's Franciscan mélange
Introducing PebbleCounts: a grain-sizing tool for photo surveys of dynamic gravel-bed rivers
Quantifying the restoration success of wood introductions to increase coho salmon winter habitat
Seismic and geologic controls on spatial clustering of landslides in three large earthquakes
Evaluating the potential of post-processing kinematic (PPK) georeferencing for UAV-based structure- from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry and surface change detection
Georgios Maniatis, Trevor Hoey, Rebecca Hodge, Dieter Rickenmann, and Alexandre Badoux
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 1067–1099, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1067-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1067-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
One of the most interesting problems in geomorphology concerns the conditions that mobilise sediments grains in rivers. Newly developed
smartpebbles allow for the measurement of those conditions directly if a suitable framework for analysis is followed. This paper connects such a framework with the physics used to described sediment motion and presents a series of laboratory and field smart-pebble deployments. Those quantify how grain shape affects the motion of coarse sediments in rivers.
William D. Smith, Stuart A. Dunning, Stephen Brough, Neil Ross, and Jon Telling
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 1053–1065, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1053-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1053-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial landslides are difficult to detect and likely underestimated due to rapid covering or dispersal. Without improved detection rates we cannot constrain their impact on glacial dynamics or their potential climatically driven increases in occurrence. Here we present a new open-access tool (GERALDINE) that helps a user detect 92 % of these events over the past 38 years on a global scale. We demonstrate its ability by identifying two new, large glacial landslides in the Hayes Range, Alaska.
David L. Adams and Andrea Zampiron
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 1039–1051, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1039-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1039-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a novel method of estimating the relative contribution of different physical scales of river bed topography to the total roughness length, based on thalweg elevation profiles. By providing more detailed information regarding the interaction between surface topography and fluid dynamics, the proposed technique may contribute to advances in hydraulics, channel morphodynamics, and bedload transport. Also, it may provide alternatives to existing representative roughness metrics.
Kristian Svennevig, Trine Dahl-Jensen, Marie Keiding, John Peter Merryman Boncori, Tine B. Larsen, Sara Salehi, Anne Munck Solgaard, and Peter H. Voss
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 1021–1038, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1021-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1021-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The 17 June 2017 Karrat landslide in Greenland caused a tsunami that killed four people. We apply a multidisciplinary workflow to reconstruct a timeline of events and find that three historic landslides occurred in 2009, 2016, and 2017. We also find evidence of much older periods of landslide activity. Three newly discovered active slopes might pose a future hazard. We speculate that the trigger for the recent events is melting permafrost due to a warming climate.
Steven A. H. Weisscher, Marcio Boechat-Albernaz, Jasper R. F. W. Leuven, Wout M. Van Dijk, Yasuyuki Shimizu, and Maarten G. Kleinhans
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 955–972, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-955-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-955-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate and continuous data collection is challenging in physical scale experiments. A novel means to augment measurements is to numerically model flow over the experimental digital elevation maps. We tested this modelling approach for one tidal and two river scale experiments and showed that modelled water depth and flow velocity closely resemble the measurements. The implication is that conducting experiments requires fewer measurements and results in flow data of better overall quality.
Carina Helm, Marwan A. Hassan, and David Reid
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 913–929, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-913-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-913-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Forested, gravel-bed streams possess complex channel morphologies which are difficult to objectively characterize. This paper describes a novel technique using a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) to characterize these systems below the forest canopy. The results demonstrate the accuracy and coverage of RPAs for objectively characterizing and classifying these systems relative to more traditional, time-consuming techniques that are generally used in these environments.
Nathan J. Lyons, Pedro Val, James S. Albert, Jane K. Willenbring, and Nicole M. Gasparini
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 893–912, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-893-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-893-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Organisms evolve in ever-changing environments under complex process interactions. We applied a new software modelling tool to assess how changes in river course impact the evolution of riverine species. Models illustrate the climatically and tectonically forced landscape changes that can drive riverine biodiversity, especially where topographic relief is low. This research demonstrates that river course changes can contribute to the high riverine biodiversity found in real-world lowland basins.
Andy R. Emery, David M. Hodgson, Natasha L. M. Barlow, Jonathan L. Carrivick, Carol J. Cotterill, Janet C. Richardson, Ruza F. Ivanovic, and Claire L. Mellett
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 869–891, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-869-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-869-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
During the last ice age, sea level was lower, and the North Sea was land. The margin of a large ice sheet was at Dogger Bank in the North Sea. This ice sheet formed large rivers. After the ice sheet retreated down from the high point of Dogger Bank, the rivers had no water supply and dried out. Increased precipitation during the 15 000 years of land exposure at Dogger Bank formed a new drainage network. This study shows how glaciation and climate changes can control how drainage networks evolve.
Matteo Saletti and Marwan A. Hassan
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 855–868, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-855-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-855-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Mountain streams often display a stepped morphology but the conditions under which these steps form, remain stable, and eventually collapse are still not entirely clear. We run flume experiments to study how (a) the amount of sediment input and (b) channel width variations affect step dynamics in steep channels. Steps form preferentially in areas of flow convergence (channel narrowing) and their frequency is higher when sediment supply is larger than zero but smaller than the transport capacity.
Angel Monsalve, Catalina Segura, Nicole Hucke, and Scott Katz
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 825–839, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-825-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-825-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Part of the inaccuracies when estimating bed load transport in
gravel-bed rivers is because we are not considering the wide distributions of shear stress in these systems. We modified a subsurface-based bed load transport equation to include these distributions. By doing so, our approach accurately predicts bed load transport rates when the pavement layer is still present, while the original one predicts zero transport. For high flows, our method had similar performance to the original equation.
Marco Redolfi, Matilde Welber, Mattia Carlin, Marco Tubino, and Walter Bertoldi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 789–808, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-789-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-789-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Alternate bars are large sediment deposits that tend to naturally form in rivers when the channel width is sufficiently large. Our laboratory experiments on a scaled model reveal that equilibrium properties of self-formed alternate bars highly depend on the water discharge with respect to the relevant theoretical thresholds. This work provides fundamental information for predicting the response of rivers to natural or human alterations of the flow regime.
Marius L. Huber, Maarten Lupker, Sean F. Gallen, Marcus Christl, and Ananta P. Gajurel
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 769–787, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-769-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-769-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Large boulders found in two Himalayan valleys show signs of long fluvial transport (>10 km). Paleo-discharges required to mobilize these boulders exceed typical monsoon discharges. Exposure dating shows that a cluster of these boulders was emplaced ca. 5 kyr ago. This period is coeval with a weakening of the Indian monsoon and glacier retreat in the area. We, therefore, suggest that glacier lake outburst floods are likely mechanisms that can explain these exceptional transport processes.
Ingo Hartmeyer, Markus Keuschnig, Robert Delleske, Michael Krautblatter, Andreas Lang, Lothar Schrott, Günther Prasicek, and Jan-Christoph Otto
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 753–768, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-753-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-753-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Rockfall size and frequency in two deglaciating cirques in the Central Alps, Austria, is analysed based on 6-year rockwall monitoring with terrestrial lidar (2011–2017). The erosion rates derived from this dataset are very high due to a frequent occurrence of large rockfalls in freshly deglaciated areas. The results obtained are important for rockfall hazard assessments, as, in rockwalls affected by glacier retreat, historical rockfall patterns are not good predictors of future events.
Fritz Schlunegger, Romain Delunel, and Philippos Garefalakis
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 717–728, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-717-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-717-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We calculated the probability of sediment transport in coarse-grained mountainous streams in the Alps and the Andes where data on water discharge is available. We find a positive correlation between the predicted probability of sediment transport and the grain size sorting of the bed material. We suggest that besides sediment discharge, the bedload sorting exerts a significant influence on the mobility of sediment and thus on the stability of gravel bars in mountainous streams.
Magdalena Uber, Guillaume Nord, Cédric Legout, and Luis Cea
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-64, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-64, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
Soil erosion and suspended sediment transport understanding is an important issue in terms of soil and water resources management. This study analyzes the impact of choices made during numerical model set-up on the modelled suspended sediment dynamics at the outlet of two meso scale watersheds. While the modelled liquid and solid discharges were found to be sensitive to these choices, the actual location of sediment sources in each catchment was the most important feature.
Jagriti Mishra and Takuya Inoue
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 695–716, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-695-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-695-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides an extensive review of field- and laboratory-scale studies and mathematical models used for predicting the sediment processes in bedrock river channels. We tested the model capabilities by reproducing and comparing the results with laboratory-scale experiments. This study provides an insight into the strengths and shortcomings of various available models.
Thomas O. Hoffmann, Yannik Baulig, Helmut Fischer, and Jan Blöthe
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 661–678, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-661-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-661-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We study the dynamics of suspended matter and associated nutrients in large rivers in Germany. The relationship between suspended sediment concentration and discharge is diagnostic of the processes and sources of suspended matter. We show that suspended matter originates from organic growth within the river at low flow and from soil erosion at high flow. In a warmer climate with increased frequency of droughts, low flow states are likely to be more prolonged, affecting the behavior of rivers.
Kumar Gaurav, François Métivier, AV Sreejith, Rajiv Sinha, Amit Kumar, and Sampat Kumar Tandon
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-60, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-60, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
This study demonstrates an innovative methodology to estimate the formative discharge of alluvial rivers from remote sensing images. We have developed an automated algorithm in python-3 to extract the width of a river channel from satellite images. Finally, this channel width is translated into to discharge by using a semi-empirical regime equation developed from field measurements and threshold channel theory, that explains the first-order geometry of alluvial channels.
Giulia Battista, Peter Molnar, and Paolo Burlando
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 619–635, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-619-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-619-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Suspended sediment load in rivers is highly uncertain because of spatial and temporal variability. By means of a hydrology and suspended sediment transport model, we investigated the effect of spatial variability in precipitation and surface erodibility on catchment sediment fluxes in a mesoscale river basin.
We found that sediment load depends on the spatial variability in erosion drivers, as this affects erosion rates and the location and connectivity to the channel of the erosion areas.
Clare Wilkinson, Daniel C. H. Hikuroa, Angus H. Macfarlane, and Matthew W. Hughes
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 595–618, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-595-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-595-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This review highlights potential contributions that Indigenous knowledge can make to geomorphic research. We evaluate several frameworks and models for including Indigenous knowledge in geomorphic research and discuss how they can be adapted for use with Indigenous communities across the world. We propose that weaving Indigenous knowledge with geomorphic science has the potential to create new solutions and understandings that neither body of knowledge could produce in isolation.
Oliver R. Francis, Tristram C. Hales, Daniel E. J. Hobley, Xuanmei Fan, Alexander J. Horton, Gianvito Scaringi, and Runqiu Huang
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 579–593, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-579-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-579-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Large earthquakes can build mountains by uplifting bedrock, but they also erode them by triggering large volumes of coseismic landsliding. Using a zero-dimensional numerical model, we identify that the storage of sediment produced by earthquakes can affect surface uplift and exhumation rates across the mountain range. However, the storage also reduces the time span at which the impact of the earthquake can be measured, preventing the recognition of single earthquakes in many long-term records.
Chen Wang, Lennert Schepers, Matthew L. Kirwan, Enrica Belluco, Andrea D'Alpaos, Qiao Wang, Shoujing Yin, and Stijn Temmerman
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-56, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-56, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal marshes are valuable natural habitats with normally dense vegetation. The presence of bare patches is a symptom of habitat degradation. We found that the occurrence of bare patches and regrowth of vegetation, is related to spatial variations in soil surface elevation, and to distance and connectivity to tidal creeks. These relations are similar in three marshes at very different geographical locations. Our results may help nature managers to conserve and restore coastal marshes.
Alexander R. Groos, Janik Niederhauser, Luise Wraase, Falk Hänsel, Thomas Nauss, Naki Akçar, and Heinz Veit
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-53, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-53, 2020
Revised manuscript under review for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
The magnitude of cooling in tropical high mountains during the last glacial period is controversially debated. Here, we report on enigmatic large sorted stone polygons and stripes from the ~ 4000 m high Sanetti Plateau in Ethiopia. Geomorphological features of that size are associated with seasonal or permanent frost and have yet only been described for few locations in the mid and high latitudes. The presence of these features implies a strong tropical cooling at high elevations in the past.
Maxime Mouyen, Philippe Steer, Kuo-Jen Chang, Nicolas Le Moigne, Cheinway Hwang, Wen-Chi Hsieh, Louise Jeandet, Laurent Longuevergne, Ching-Chung Cheng, Jean-Paul Boy, and Frédéric Masson
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 555–577, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-555-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-555-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Land erosion creates sediment particles that are redistributed from mountains to oceans through climatic, tectonic and human activities, but measuring the mass of redistributed sediment is difficult. Here we describe a new method combining gravity and photogrammetry measurements, which make it possible to weigh the mass of sediment redistributed by a landslide and a river in Taiwan from 2015 to 2017. Trying this method in other regions will help us to better understand the erosion process.
Benjamin Campforts, Veerle Vanacker, Frédéric Herman, Matthias Vanmaercke, Wolfgang Schwanghart, Gustavo E. Tenorio, Patrick Willems, and Gerard Govers
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 447–470, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-447-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-447-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this contribution, we explore the spatial determinants of bedrock river incision in the tropical Andes. The model results illustrate the problem of confounding between climatic and lithological variables, such as rock strength. Incorporating rock strength explicitly into river incision models strongly improves the explanatory power of all tested models and enables us to clarify the role of rainfall variability in controlling river incision rates.
Timothée Jautzy, Pierre-Alexis Herrault, Valentin Chardon, Laurent Schmitt, and Gilles Rixhon
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 471–484, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-471-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-471-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Remote sensing is widely used to document historical fluvial dynamics. However, the geometric error affecting the inferred planform changes can result in undesired geomorphological misinterpretation. Here, we present a novel approach to quantify the uncertainty associated with eroded/deposited surfaces. Concluding that this uncertainty depends on the magnitude and the shape of the surficial changes, restoration programs targeting lateral mobility of streams can benefit from our approach.
Jan de Leeuw, Michael P. Lamb, Gary Parker, Andrew J. Moodie, Daniel Haught, Jeremy G. Venditti, and Jeffrey A. Nittrouer
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 485–504, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-485-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-485-2020, 2020
Arya P. Iwantoro, Maarten van der Vegt, and Maarten G. Kleinhans
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 413–429, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-413-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-413-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the effect of tides on the morphodynamic evolution of bifurcations in tide-influenced deltas. Using results from a numerical morphodynamic model (Delft3D), we found that tides cause less asymmetric bifurcations and thereby keep both downstream channels open. Our results explain why avulsion rarely occurs in tide-influenced deltas, whereas it occurs more often in river-dominated deltas.
Katherine R. Barnhart, Eric W. H. Hutton, Gregory E. Tucker, Nicole M. Gasparini, Erkan Istanbulluoglu, Daniel E. J. Hobley, Nathan J. Lyons, Margaux Mouchene, Sai Siddhartha Nudurupati, Jordan M. Adams, and Christina Bandaragoda
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 379–397, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-379-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-379-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Landlab is a Python package to support the creation of numerical models in Earth surface dynamics. Since the release of the 1.0 version in 2017, Landlab has grown and evolved: it contains 31 new process components, a refactored model grid, and additional utilities. This contribution describes the new elements of Landlab, discusses why certain backward-compatiblity-breaking changes were made, and reflects on the process of community open-source software development.
Filipe Galiforni-Silva, Kathelijne M. Wijnberg, and Suzanne J. M. H. Hulscher
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 335–350, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-335-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-335-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Storm surges are often related to coastal dune erosion. We found that, for specific coastal settings, storm surges may enhance dune growth rather than only undermine it. Using a computer model and elevation data, we noticed that storm surges could deposit sand onto the sand flat from sand previously deposited closer to the sea. As they move to areas farther from the sea, it becomes easier for the wind to move this sand to the dunes. These findings may help coastal managers and policymakers.
Giovanni Coco, Daniel Calvete, Francesca Ribas, Huib E. de Swart, and Albert Falqués
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 323–334, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-323-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-323-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Sandbars are ubiquitous features of the surf zone. They are rarely straight and often develop crescentic shapes. Double sandbar systems are also common, but the possibility of feedback between inner and outer sandbars has not been fully explored. The presence of double sandbar systems affects wave transformation and can result in a variety of spatial patterns. Here we model the conditions, waves and initial bathymetry that lead to the emergence of different patterns.
Léo Szewczyk, Jean-Louis Grimaud, and Isabelle Cojan
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 275–288, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-275-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-275-2020, 2020
Dana Ariel Lapides and Michael Manga
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 195–210, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-195-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-195-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Spring-fed streams throughout volcanic regions of the western United States are wider than runoff-fed streams with similar flow levels. We used high-resolution satellite imagery in combination with flow and climate data to examine the relationship between wood loading and stream width in 38 spring-fed and 20 runoff-fed streams. This study identifies distinct wood dynamics in spring-fed and runoff-fed streams and a strong correlation between stream width and wood length in spring-fed streams.
Alison R. Duvall, Sarah A. Harbert, Phaedra Upton, Gregory E. Tucker, Rebecca M. Flowers, and Camille Collett
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 177–194, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-177-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-177-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we examine river patterns and the evolution of the landscape within the Marlborough Fault System, South Island, New Zealand, where the Australian and Pacific tectonic plates collide. We find that faulting, uplift, river capture and the long-lived nature of the drainage network all dictate river patterns at this site. Based on these results and a wealth of previous geologic studies, we propose two broad stages of landscape evolution over the last 25 million years of orogenesis.
Kate C. P. Leary and Daniel Buscombe
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 161–172, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-161-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-161-2020, 2020
Jens Martin Turowski
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 103–122, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-103-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-103-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Bedrock channels are the conveyor belts of mountain regions, evacuating sediment produced by erosion. Bedrock channel morphology and dynamics affect sediment transport rates and local erosion and set the base level for hillslope response. Here, using mechanistic considerations of the processes of fluvial erosion and transport, and considerations of the mass balance of sediment and bedrock, I discuss the principles governing steady-state channel morphology and the dynamic paths to achieve it.
Jon Schwenk, Anastasia Piliouras, and Joel C. Rowland
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 87–102, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-87-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-87-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Standing on a riverbank, it is usually obvious which direction the river flows. However, when observing a river from space, we cannot see the flowing water and must use other clues to determine flow directions. For complicated river channel networks like those of deltas and braided rivers, determining the flow direction of each channel within the network is not trivial. We present and demonstrate a method to automatically determine flow directions for each link in aerially viewed river channels.
William H. Booker and Brett C. Eaton
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 51–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-51-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-51-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Using experiments, we found that the form and behaviour of a river depends on its ability to move the larger of its constituents. The manner in which all particles move depends upon the rate and calibre of the supplied material, as well as the rate of supplied water. This goes against the prevailing theory of a single important and representative grain size under depositing conditions, and these results may alter how we interpret river deposits to explain their formation.
Eli D. Lazarus, Kirstin L. Davenport, and Ana Matias
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 37–50, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-37-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-37-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Scaling relationships mathematically describe how two geometric traits of a geomorphic feature change relative to each other in a systematic way (how length changes with area in drainage basins and sedimentary deposits, for example). Here we demonstrate the emergence of scaling relationships in coastal overwash morphology. These findings may help to predict overwash deposition and offer insight into how spatial patterns in overwash morphology may self-organise.
Martin Jakobsson, Matt O'Regan, Carl-Magnus Mörth, Christian Stranne, Elizabeth Weidner, Jim Hansson, Richard Gyllencreutz, Christoph Humborg, Tina Elfwing, Alf Norkko, Joanna Norkko, Björn Nilsson, and Arne Sjöström
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We studied coastal sea floor terraces in parts of the Baltic Sea using various types of sonar data, sediment cores, and video. Terraces (~1 m high, > 100 m long) are widespread in depths < 15 m and are formed in glacial clay. Our study supports an origin from groundwater flow through silty layers, undermining overlying layers when discharged at the sea floor. Submarine groundwater discharge like this may be a significant source of freshwater to the Baltic Sea that needs to be studied further.
Timothée Sassolas-Serrayet, Rodolphe Cattin, Matthieu Ferry, Vincent Godard, and Martine Simoes
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 1041–1057, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-1041-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-1041-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The topographic steady-state assumption is often used in geomorphology. However, recent studies suggest that a drainage network is more mobile than previously thought. Using landscape evolution models, we show that those migrations have a significant impact on basin-wide denudation rates even if an overall topographic steady state is achieved at large scale. Our approach provides new tools to derive minimal uncertainties in basin-scale denudation rates due to this topographic disequilibrium.
Florence Magnin, Bernd Etzelmüller, Sebastian Westermann, Ketil Isaksen, Paula Hilger, and Reginald L. Hermanns
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 1019–1040, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-1019-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-1019-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study proposes the first permafrost (i.e. ground with temperature permanently < 0 °C) map covering the steep rock slopes of Norway. It was created by using rock temperature data collected at the near surface of 25 rock walls spread across the country between 2010 and 2018. The map shows that permafrost mostly exists above 1300–1400 m a.s.l. in southern Norway and close to sea level in northern Norway. The results have strong potential for the study of rock wall sliding and failure.
Michele Delchiaro, Marta Della Seta, Salvatore Martino, Maryam Dehbozorgi, and Reza Nozaem
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 929–947, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-929-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-929-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This study provides insights into the causes and effects of the largest landslide and related damming that occurred on the emerged Earth surface. Understanding the hazard conditions is important for refining risk mitigation strategies for extreme landslide scenarios. We mapped and dated lacustrine and fluvial terrace sediments constraining the evolutionary model of the valley, thus providing the basis for future studies on the possible seismic trigger for such an extreme case study.
Roberto Fernández, Gary Parker, and Colin P. Stark
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 949–968, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-949-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-949-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This paper describes the case of a meandering bedrock river with loose sediment on the bed. In such rivers, the sediment hits and erodes the bed as it moves with the flow. We did experiments in a laboratory flume to identify the areas where the sediment moves and those where it deposits. We discovered that the size and location of those areas change with the amount of sediment in the channel and its curvature. The fluctuations of sediment cover over the bed drive the erosion potential.
Gerard Salter, Vaughan R. Voller, and Chris Paola
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 911–927, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-911-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-911-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Bifurcations are the switches that steer water and sediment in delta and multithread river networks, playing an important role in shaping the landscape. In lab experiments, we found that when the downstream branches grow through time, frequent switching in the water and sediment partitioning occurs. In contrast, once sediment freely exits the downstream boundary, long periods of time when one branch dominates occur; however, unlike our theoretical prediction, these are not permanent.
Noah J. Finnegan, Kiara N. Broudy, Alexander L. Nereson, Joshua J. Roering, Alexander L. Handwerger, and Georgina Bennett
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 879–894, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-879-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-879-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In some settings, landslides trigger valley blockages that impound huge volumes of sediment, often drastically changing river habitat and habitability. In other settings, landslides appear to have little effect on rivers. In this study, we explore what governs the different sensitivity of rivers to blocking from landslide debris. We accomplish this by comparing two sites in California with dramatic differences in blocking from otherwise similar slow-moving landslides.
Benjamin Purinton and Bodo Bookhagen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 859–877, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-859-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-859-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We develop and test new methods for counting pebble-size distributions in photos of gravel-bed rivers. Our open-source algorithms provide good estimates in complex imagery from high-energy mountain rivers. We discuss methods of river cross-section photo collection and processing into seamless georeferenced imagery. Application of a semi-automated version of the algorithm in small patches can be used as validation data for upscaling to entire survey sites using a fully automated version.
Russell T. Bair, Catalina Segura, and Christopher M. Lorion
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 841–857, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-841-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-841-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Large wood (LW) pieces are often part of fish habitat restoration projects. We investigated reach-scale changes after the addition of LW that are relevant to juvenile coho salmon. A survivable habitat for juvenile coho was characterized in terms of critical swim speed and bed stability. Model predictions showed that survivable habitat increased by 86–128 % in terms of flow velocity and bed stability. Our findings are applicable to stream restoration efforts throughout the Pacific Northwest.
Claire Rault, Alexandra Robert, Odin Marc, Niels Hovius, and Patrick Meunier
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 829–839, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-829-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-829-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Large earthquakes trigger thousands of landslides in the area of their epicentre. For three earthquake cases, we have determined the position of these landslides along hillslopes. These co-seismic landslides tend to cluster at ridge crests and slope toes. We show that crest clustering is specific to seismic triggering. But although co-seismic landslides locate higher in the landscape than rainfall-induced landslides, geological features strongly modulate their position along the hillslopes.
He Zhang, Emilien Aldana-Jague, François Clapuyt, Florian Wilken, Veerle Vanacker, and Kristof Van Oost
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 807–827, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-807-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-807-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the performance of a drone system to reconstruct 3-D topography. We used a direct georeferencing method to make the pictures have precise coordinates, which also improves the survey efficiency. With both consumer-grade and professional-grade camera and drone setups, we obtained centimetric accuracy, which provides a flexible application in topography remote sensing using drones.
Cited articles
Agassiz L.: Discours prononcé á l'ouverture des séances de la Soc. helv. sci. natur. à Neuchâtel, le 24 juillet 1837, par L. Agassiz, président: actes, Soc. helv. sci. natur., réunie à Neuchâtel, 22. sess., Neuchâtel, 5–32, 1837.
Aitken, M. J.: Thermoluminescence dating, Academic press, 1985.
Aitken, M. J.: An Introduction to Optical Dating The Dating of Quaternary: Sediments by the Use of Photon-stimulated Luminescence, Oxford University press, 1998.
Anderson, R. S.: Near-Surface Thermal Profiles in Alpine Bedrock: Implications for
the Frost Weathering of Rock, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 30, 362–372, 1998.
Anderson, R. S. and Anderson, S. P.: Geomorphology: The Mechanics and Chemistry of Landscapes, United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge, ISBN 9780521519786, 2010.
André, M.-F.: Rock weathering rates in arctic and subarctic environments (Abisko Mts, Swedish Lappland), Z. Geomorphol., 40, 499–517, 1996.
André, M.-F.: Do periglacial landscapes evolve under periglacial conditions?, Geomorphology, 52, 149–164, 2003.
Armesto-González, J., Riveiro-Rodríguez, B., González-Aguilera, D., and Rivas-Brea, M. T.: Terrestrial laser scanning intensity data applied to damage detection for historical buildings, J. Archaeol. Sci., 37, 3037–3047, 2010.
Bailey, R. M.: Paper I-simulation of dose absorption in quartz over geological timescales and its implications for the precision and accuracy of optical dating, Radiat. Meas., 38, 299–310, 2004.
Baillie, M. G. L. and Pilcher, J. R.: A simple cross-dating program for tree-ring research, Tree-ring Bull. 33, 7–14, 1973.
Baillie, M. G. L.: A Slice Through Time: dendrochronology and precision dating, London, Routledge, 176 pp., 1995.
Balco, G., Stone, J. O., Lifton, N. A., and Dunai, T. J.: A complete and easily accessible means of calculating surface exposure ages or erosion rates from 10Be and 26Al measurements, Quat. Geochronol., 3, 174–195, 2008.
Balco, G.: Contributions and unrealized potential contributions of cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating to glacier chronology, 1990–2010, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 3–27, 2011.
Ballantyne, C. K.: Paraglacial geomorphology, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 21, 1935–2017, 2002.
Ballantyne, C. K. and Stone, J. O.: Trimlines, blockfields and the vertical extent of the last ice sheet in southern Ireland, Boreas, 44, 277–287, 2015.
Beedle, M. J., Menounos, B., Luckman, B. H., and Wheate, R.: Annual push moraines as climate proxy, Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L20501, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039533, 2009.
Bennett, M. and Glasser, N. F.: Glacial geology: ice sheets and landforms, Chichester, UK, Hoboken, NJ Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
Berthel, N., Schworer, C., and Tinner, W.: Impact of Holocene climate changes on alpine and treeline vegetation at Sanetsch Pass, Bernese Alps, Switzerland, Rev. Palaeobot. Palyno., 174, 91–100, 2012.
Bierman, P. R. and Nichols, K. K.: Rock to sediment—slope to sea with 10Be—rates of landscape change, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 32, 215–255, 2004.
Bini, A., Buoncristiani, J.-F., Couterrand, S., Ellwanger, D., Felber, M., Florineth, D., Graf, H. R., Keller, O., Kelly, M., Schlüchter, C., and Schoeneich, P: Die Schweiz w'́ahrend des letzteiszeitlichen Maximums (LGM), Bundesamt für Landestopografie swisstopo, 2009.
Biswas, R. H., Herman, F., King, G. E., and Braun, J.: Thermoluminescence of feldspar as a multi-thermochronometer to constrain the temporal variation of rock exhumation in the recent past, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 495, 56–68, 2018.
Blarquez, O., Carcaillet, C., Bremond, L., Mourier, B., and Radakovitch, O.: Trees in the subalpine belt since 11 700 cal. BP: origin, expansion and alteration of the modern forest, Holocene, 20, 139–146, 2010.
Blumthaler, M., Ambach, W., and Ellinger, R.: Increase in solar UV radiation with altitude, J. Photochem. Photobio. B, 39, 130–134, 1997.
Boch, R. and Spötl, C.: Reconstructing palaeoprecipitation from an active cave flowstone, J. Quaternary Sci., 26, 675–687, 2011.
Bond, G., Heinrich, H., Broecker, W. S., Labeyrie, L., McManus, J., Andrews, J., Huon, S., Jantschik, R., Clasen, S., Simet, C., Tedesco, K., Klas, M., Bonani G., and Ivy, S.: Evidence for massive discharge of icebergs into the North Atlantic Ocean during the last glacial period, Nature, 360, 245–249, 1992.
Botter-Jensen, L., Thomsen, K. J., and Jain, M.: Review of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) instrumental developments for retrospective dosimetry, Radiat. Meas., 45, 253–257, 2010.
Brandmeier, M., Kuhlemann, J., Krumrei, I., Kappler, A., and Kubik, P. W.: New challenges for tafoni research, A new approach to understand processes and weathering rates, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 36, 839–852, 2011.
Broecker, W. and Denton, G.: What drives glacial cycles?, Sci. Am., 262, 43–50, 1990.
Brown, N. D., Rhodes, E. J., and Harrison, T. M.: Using thermoluminescence signals from feldspars for low-temperature thermochronology, Quat. Geochronol., 42, 31–41, 2017.
Brozović, N., Burbank, D. W., and Meigs, A. J.: Climatic limits on landscape development in the northwestern Himalaya, Science, 276, 571–574, 1997.
Burbank, D. W., Leland, J., Fielding, E., Anderson, R. S., Brozović, N., Reid, M. R., and Duncan, C.: Bedrock incision, rock uplift and threshold hillslopes in the northwestern Himalayas, Nature, 379, 505–510, 1996.
Buylaert, J.-P., Murray, A. S., Thomsen, K. J., and Jain, M.: Testing the potential of an elevated temperature IRSL signal from K-feldspar, Radiat. Meas., 44, 560–565, 2009.
Castiglioni, B.: L'Italia nell'etá quaternaria, Carta delle Alpi nel Glaciale, (1:200 000 scale), in: Atlante fisico-economico d'Italia, edited by: Dainelli, G., Consociazione Turistica Italiana, Milano, Italy, Table 3.
Clark, P. U., Dyke, A. S., Shakun, J. D., Carlson, A. E., Clark, J., Wohlfarth, Mitrovica, J. X. B., Hostetler, S. W., and McCabe, A. M.: The last glacial maximum, Science, 325, 710–714, 2009.
Chapot, M. S., Sohbati, R., Murray, A. S., Pederson, J. L., and Rittenour, T. M.: Constraining the age of rock art by dating a rockfall event using sediment and rock-surface luminescence dating techniques, Quat. Geochronol., 13, 18–25, 2012.
Champagnac, J-D., Molnar, P., Anderson, R. S., Sue, S., and Delacou, B.: Quaternary erosion-induced isostatic rebound in the western Alps, Geology, 35, 195–197, 2007.
Choi, K. H., Seong, Y. B., Jung, P. M., and Lee, S. Y.: Using cosmogenic 10Be dating to unravel the antiquity of a rocky shore platform on the West Coast of Korea, J. Coast. Res., 28, 641–657, 2012.
Christl, M., Vockenhuber, C., Kubik, P. W., Wacker, L., Lachner, J., Alfimov, V., and Synal, H. A.: The ETH Zurich AMS facilities: performance parameters and reference materials, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 294, 29–38, 2013.
Claude, A., Ivy-Ochs, S., Kober, F., Antognini, M., Salcher, B., and Kubik, P. W.: The Chironico landslide (Valle Leventina, southern Swiss Alps); age and evolution, Swiss J. Geosci., 107, 273–291, 2014.
Cohen, D., Gillet-Chaulet, F., Haeberli, W., Machguth, H., and Fischer, U. H.: Numerical reconstructions of the flow and basal conditions of the Rhine glacier, European Central Alps, at the Last Glacial Maximum, The Cryosphere, 12, 2515–2544, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-2515-2018, 2018.
Colman, S. M.: Rock-Weathering Rates as Functions of Time, Quaternary Res., 15, 250–264, 1980.
Cossart, E., Fort, M., Bourlés, D., Braucher, R., Perrier, R., and Siame, L.: Deglaciation pattern during the Lateglacial/Holocene transition in the southern French Alps, Chronological data and geographical reconstruction from the Clarée Valley (upper Durance catchment, southeastern France), Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 315–316, 109–123, 2012.
Coutard, J. P. and Francou, B.: Rock temperature measurements in two alpine environments: implications for frost shattering, Arct. Alp. Res., 21, 399–416, 1989.
Coutterand, S. and Buoncristiani, J.-F.: Paléogéographie du dernier maximum glaciaire du Pléistocène récent de la région du massif du Mont Blanc, France, Quaternaire, Revue de l'Association française pour l'étude du Quaternaire, 17, 35–43, 2006.
Coutterand, S.: Etude géomorphologique des flux glaciaires dans les Alpes nord-occidentales au Pléistocène récent: du maximum de la dernière glaciation aux premières étapes de la déglaciation, PhD thesis, Université de Savoie, 2010.
Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S. J., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Gundestrup, N. S., Hammer, C. U., Hvidberg, C. S., Steffensen, J. P., Sveinbjornsdottir, A. E., Jouzel, J., and Bond, G.: Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record, Nature, 364, 218–220, 1993.
Deline, P., Gardent, M., Magnin, F., and Ravanel, L.: The morphodynamics of the Mont Blanc massif in a changing cryosphere: a comprehensive review, Geogr. Ann. A, 94, 265–283, 2012.
Denton, G. H. and Karlçen, W.: Holocene climatic variations: their pattern and possible cause, Quaternary Res., 3, 155–205, 1973.
Dielforder, A. and Hetzel, R.: The deglaciation history of the Simplon region (southern Swiss Alps) constrained by 10Be exposure dating of ice-molded bedrock surfaces, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 84, 26–38, 2014.
Dixon, J. C. and Thorn, C. E.: Chemical weathering and landscape development in midlatitude alpine environments, Geomorphology, 67, 127–145, 2005.
Dobmeier, C.: Variscan P-T deformation paths from the southwestern Aiguilles Rouges massif (External massif, western Alps) and their implication for its tectonic evolution, Geol. Rundsch., 87, 107–123, 1998.
Duffy, S., Bryan, P., Graeme, E., Beale, G., Pagi, H., and Kotoula, E.: Multi-light Imaging Techniques for heritage application: PTM Guidelines, English Heritage, UK, 2013.
Duller, G. A. T.: Luminescence Analyst, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, 2005.
Duller, G. A. T.: Single-grain optical dating of Quaternary sediments: why aliquot size matters in luminescence dating, Boreas, 37, 589–612, 2008.
Dunne, J., Elmore, D., and Muzikar, P.: Scaling factors for the rates of production of cosmogenic nuclides for geometric shielding and attenuation at depth on sloped surfaces, Geomorphology, 27, 3–11, 1999.
Durcan, J. A., King, G. E., and Duller, G. A. T.: DRAC: Dose Rate and Age Calculator for trapped charge dating, Quat. Geochronol., 28, 54–61, 2015.
Egholm, D., Nielsen, S., Pedersen, V. K., and Lesemann, J.-E.: Glacial effects limiting mountain height, Nature, 460, 884–887, 2009.
Ehlers, J. and Gibbard, P. L.: The extent and chronology of Cenozoic Gobal Glaciation, Quatern. Int., 164–165, 6–20, 2007.
Emiliani, C: Pleistocene Temperatures, J. Geol., 63, 538–578, 1955.
EPICA community members: Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core, Nature, 429, 623–628, 2004.
Fabel, D., Ballantyne, C. K., and Xu, S.: Trimlines, blockfields, mountain-top erratics and the vertical dimensions of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet in NW Scotland, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 55, 91–102, 2012.
Fischer, M., Huss, M., and Hoelzle, M.: Surface elevation and mass changes of all Swiss glaciers 1980–2010, The Cryosphere, 9, 525–540, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-525-2015, 2015.
Florineth, D.: Surface geometry of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in the southeastern Swiss Alps (Graubünden) and its paleoclimatological significance, E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 48, 23–37, https://doi.org/10.3285/eg.48.1.03, 1998.
Florineth, D., and Schluchter, C.: Alpine evidence for atmospheric circulation patterns in Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Res., 54, 295–308, 2000.
Fontana, A., Monegato, G., Zavagno, E., Devoto, S., Burla, I., and Cucchi, F.: Evolution of an alpine fluvioglacial system at the LGM decay: the cormor megafan (NE Italy), Geomorphology, 204, 136–153, 2014.
Freiesleben, T., Sohbati, R., Murray, A., Jain, M., Al Khasawneh, S., Hvidt, S., and Jakobsen, B.: Mathematical model quantifies multiple daylight exposure and burial events for rock surfaces using luminescence dating, Radiat. Meas., 81, 16–22, 2015.
Fuchs, M. and Owen, L. A.: Luminescence dating of glacial and associated sediments: review, recommendations and future directions, Boreas, 37, 636–659, 2008.
Gallach, X., Ravanel, L., Egli, M., Brandova, D., Schaepman, M., Christl, M., Gruber, S., Deline, P., Carcaillet, J., and Pallandre, F.: Timing of rockfalls in the Mont Blanc massif (Western Alps): evidence from surface exposure dating with cosmogenic 10Be, Landslides, 15, 1–10, 2018.
Ganti, V., von Hagke, C., Scherler, D., Lamb, M. P., Fischer, W. W., and Avouac, J. P.: Time scale bias in erosion rates of glaciated landscapes, Sci. Adv., 2, e1600204, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600204, 2016.
Gardent, M., Rabatel, A., Dedieu, J.-P., and Deline, P.: Multitemporal glacier inventory of the French Alps from the late 1960s to the late 2000s, Global Planet. Change, 120, 24–37, 2014.
Gianotti, F., Forno, M. G., Ivy-Ochs, S., and Kubik, P.: New chronological and stratigaphical data on the Ivrea amphitheatre (Piedmont, NW Italy), Quatern. Int., 190, 123–135, 2008.
Gianotti, F., Forno, M. G., Ivy-Ochs, S., Monegato, G., Pini, R., and Ravazzi, C.: Stratigraphy of the Ivrea Morainic Amphitheatre (NW Italy): an updated Synthesis, Alpine and Mediterranean Quaternary, 28, 29–58, 2015.
Giguet-Covex, C., Pansu, J., Arnaud, F., Rey, P.-J., Griggo, C., Gielly, L., Domaizon, I., Coissac, E., David, F., Choler, P., Poulenard, J., and Taberlet, P.: Long livestock farming history and human landscape shaping revealed by lake sediment DNA, Nat. Commun., 5, 3211, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4211, 2014.
Gliganic, L. A., Meyer, M. C., Sohbati, R., and Jain, M.: OSL Surface Exposure Dating of a Lithic Quarry in Tibet: Laboratory Validation and Application, Quat. Geochronol Special Issue related to the LED Cape Town, 2018.
Goehring, B. M., Schaefer, J. M., Schluechter, C., Lifton, N. A., Finkel, R. C., Jull, A. T., Akçar, N., and Alley, R. B.: The Rhone Glacier was smaller than today for most of the Holocene, Geology, 39, 679–682, 2011.
Goehring, B. M., Vacco, D. A., Alley, R. B., and Schaefer, J. M.: Holocene dynamics of the Rhone Glacier, Switzerland, deduced from ice flow models and cosmogenic nuclides, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 351, 27–35, 2012.
Goss, J. C. and Phillips, F. M.: Terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides: theory and application, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 20, 1475–1560, 2000.
Grab, S.: Rock-surface temperatures of basalt in the Drakensberg alpine environment, Lesotho. Geogr. Ann. Ser. A Phys. Geogr., 89, 185–193, 2007.
Gruber, S., Hoelzle, M., and Haeberli, W.: Rock-wall temperatures in the Alps: modelling their topographic distribution and regional differences, Permafrost Periglac., 15, 299–307, 2004a.
Guralnik, B., Jain, M., Herman, F., Ankjærgaard, C., Murray, A. S., Valla, P. G., Preusser, F., King, G. E., Chen, R., and Lowick, S. E.: OSL-thermochronometry of feldspar from the KTB borehole, Germany, Earth Planet. sSc. Lett., 423, 232–243, 2015.
Haas, J. N., Richoz, I., Tinner, W., and Wick, L.: Synchronous Holocene oscillations recorded on the Swiss Plateau and at timberline in the Alps, Holocene, 8, 301–309, 1998.
Habermann, J., Schilles, T., Kalchgruber, R., and Wagner, G. A.: Steps towards surface dating using luminescence, Radiat. Meas., 32, 847–851, 2000.
Haeberli, W., and Alean J.: Temperature and accumulation of high altitude firn in the Alps, Ann. Glaciol., 6, 161–163, 1985.
Haeberli, W. and Funk, M.: Borehole temperatures at the Colle Gnifetti core-drilling site (Monte Rosa, Swiss Alps), J. Glaciol., 37, 37–46, 1991.
Hajdas, I.: Radiocarbon dating and its applications in Quaternary studies, Quaternary. Sci. J., 57, 24, 2008.
Hales, T. C. and Roering, J. J.: Climatic controls on frost cracking and implications for the evolution of bedrock landscapes, J. Geophys. Res.,
112, F02033, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000616, 2007.
Hallet, B., Walder, J., and Stubbs, C. W.: Weathering by segregation ice growth in microcracks at sustained sub-zero temperatures: verification from an experimental study using acoustic emissions, Permafrost Periglac., 2, 283–300, 1991.
Hall, K., Thorn, C., and Sumner, P.: On the persistence of “weathering”, Geomorphology, 149–150, 1–10, 2012.
Hantke, R.: Eiszeitalter: Kalt-/Warmzeit-Zyklen und Eistransport im alpinen und voralpinen Raum, Ott, Bern, 2011.
Häuselmann, P.: Surface corrosion of an alpine karren field: recentmeasurements at Innerbergli (Siebenhengste, Switzerland), Int. J. Speleol., 37, 107–111, 2008.
Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J., and Shackleton, N. J.: Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages, Science, 194, 1121–1132, 1976.
Heiri, O., Lotter, A. F., Hausmann, S., and Kienast, F.: A chironomid-based Holocene summer air temperature reconstruction from the Swiss Alps, Holocene, 13, 477–484, 2003.
Heiri, O., Koinig, K. A., Spotl, C., Barrett, S., Brauer, A., Drescher-Schneider, R., Gaar, D., Ivy-Ochs, S., Kerschner, H., Luetscher, M., Moran, A., Nicolussi, K., Preusser, F., Schmidt, R., Schoeneich, P., Schworer, C., Sprafke, T., Terhorst, B., and Tinner, W.: Palaeoclimate records 60-8 ka in the Austrian and Swiss Alps and their forelands, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 106, 186–205, 2014.
Herbert, T. D., Lawrence, K. T., Tzanova, A., Peterson, L. C., Caballero-Gill, R., and Kelly, C. S.: Late Miocene global cooling and the rise of modern ecosystems, Nat. Geosci., 9, 843–847, 2016.
Herman, F., Seward, D., Valla, P. G., Carter, A., Kohn, B., Willett, S. D., and Ehlers, T. A.: Worldwide acceleration of mountain erosion under a cooling climate, Nature, 504, 423–426, 2013.
Herman, F., Beyssac, O., Brughelli, M., Lane, S. T., Leprince, S., Adatte, T., Lin, J. Y. Y., Avouac, J.-P., and Cox, S. C.: Erosion by an Alpine glacier, Science, 350, 193–195, 2015.
Herman, F. and Champagnac, J.-D.: Plio-Pleistocene increase in erosion rates in mountain belts in response to climate change, Terra Nova, 28, 2–10, 2016.
Hippe, K.: Constraining processes of landscape change with combined in situ cosmogenic 14C-10Be analysis, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 173, 1–19, 2017.
Hippe, K., Ivy-Ochs, S., Kober, F., Zasadni, J., Wieler, R., Wacker, L., Kubik, P. W., and Schlüchter, C.: Chronology of Lateglacial ice flow reorganization and deglaciation in the Gotthard Pass area, Central Swiss Alps, based on cosmogenic 10Be and in situ 14C, Quat. Geochronol., 19, 14–26, 2014.
Hoelzle, M., Haeberli, W., Dischl, M., Peschke, W.: Secular glacier mass balances derived from cumulative glacier length changes, Global Planet. Change, 36, 77–89, 2003.
Hoke, G. D. and Turcotte, D. L.: The weathering of stones due to dissolution, Environ. Geol., 46, 305–310, 2002
Holzhauser, H., Magny, M., and Zumbühl, H. J.: Glacier and lake-level variations in west-central Europe over the last 3500 years, Holocene, 15, 789–801, 2005.
Huntley, D. J., Godfrey-Smith, D. I., and Thewalt, M. L.: Optical dating of sediments, Nature, 313, 105–107, 1985.
Ilyashuk, E. A., Koinig, K. A., Heiri, O., Ilyashuk, B. P., and Psenner, R.: Holocene temperature variations at a high-altitude site in the Eastern Alps: a chironomid record from Schwarzsee ob Solden, Austria, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 30, 176–191, 2011.
Ivy-Ochs, S.: The Dating of Rock Surfaces Using in Situ Produced 10Be, 26Al and 36Cl, with Examples from Antarctica and the Swiss Alps (PhD thesis), ETH, Zurich, 1996.
Ivy-Ochs, S., Schaefer, J., Kubik, P., Synal, H. A., and Schlüchter, C.: Timing of deglaciation on the northern Alpine foreland (Switzerland), Eclogae Geol. Helv., 97, 47–55, 2004.
Ivy-Ochs, S., Kerschner, H., Reuther, A., Maisch, M., Sailer, R., Schaefer, J., Kubik, P. W., Synal, H.-A., and Schluchter, C.: The timing of glacier advances in the northern European Alps based on surface exposure dating with cosmogenic 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl, and 21Ne, Geol. S. Am. S., 415, 43–60, 2006.
Ivy-Ochs, S., Kerschner, H., Maisch, M., Christl, M., Kubik, P. W., and Schluchter, C.: Latest Pleistocene and Holocene glacier variations in the European Alps, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 28, 2137–2149, 2009.
Ivy-Ochs, S. and Briner, J. P.: Dating disappearing ice with cosmogenic nuclides, Elements, 10, 351–356, 2014.
Ivy-Ochs, S.: Glacier variations in the European Alps at the end of the last glaciation, Cuadernos de investigación geográfica, 41, 295–315, 2015.
Jenkins, G. T. H., Duller, G. A. T., Roberts, H. M., Chiverrell, R. C., and Glasser, N. F.: A new approach for luminescence dating glaciofluvial deposits – high precision optical dating of cobbles, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 192, 263–273, 2018.
Joerin, U., Stocker, T. F., and Schlüchter, C.: Multicentury glacier fluctuations in the Swiss Alps, Holocene, 16, 697–704, 2006.
Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Cattani, O., Dreyfus, G., Falourd, S., Hoffmann, G., Minster, B., Nouet, J., Barnola, J. M., Chappellaz, J., Fischer, H., Gallet, J. C., Johnsen, S., Leuenberger, M., Loulergue, L., Luethi, D., Oerter, H., Parrenin, F., Raisbeck, G., Raynaud, D., Schilt, A., Schwander, J., Selmo, E., Souchez, R., Spahni, R., Stauffer, B., Steffensen, J. P., Stenni, B., Stocker, T. F., Tison, J. L., Werner, M., and Wolff, E. W.: Orbital and Millennial Antarctic Climate Variability over the Past 800,000 Years, Science, 317, 793–796, 2007.
Kars, R. H., Reimann, T., and Wallinga, J.: Are feldspar SAR protocols appropriate for post-IR IRSL dating?, Quat. Geochronol., 22, 126–136, 2014.
Kellerer-Pirklbauer, A.: Potential weathering by freeze-thaw action in alpine rocks in the European Alps during a nine year monitoring period, Geomorphology, 296, 113–131, 2017.
Kelly, M. A., Buoncristiani, J.-F., and Schlüchter, C.: A reconstruction of the last glacial maximum (LGM) ice surface geometry in the western Swiss Alps and contiguous Alpine regions in Italy and France, Eclogae Geol. Helv., 97, 57–75, 2004.
King, G., Herman, F., Lambert, R., Valla, P., and Guralnik, B.: Multi-OSL-thermochronometry of feldspar, Quat. Geochronol., 33, 76–87, 2016.
King, G. E., Valla, P. G., and Lehmann, B.: OSL Rock Surface and Rock Surface-Exposure Dating, Invited contribution to “Handbook of Luminescence Dating”, edited by: Bateman, M. and Bailiff, I., 2018.
Kirkbride, M. P. and Bell, C. M.: Edge-roundness of boulders of Torridonian Sandstone (northwest Scotland): applications for relative dating and implications for warm and cold climate weathering rates, Boreas, 39, 187–198, 2010.
Klasen, N., Fiebig, M., Preusser, F., Reitner, J. M., and Radtke, U.: Luminescence dating of proglacial sediments from the Eastern Alps, Quat. Int., 164, 21–32, 2007.
Kleman, J.: Preservation of landforms under ice sheets and ice caps, Geomorphology, 9, 19–32, 1994.
Kleman, J. and Borgstrom, I.: Glacial land forms indicative of a partly frozen bed, J. Glaciol., 40, 255–264, 2006.
Kleman, J., Hattestrand, C., Stroeven, A. P., Jansson, K. N., De Angelis, H., and Borgstrom, I.: Reconstruction of Palaeo- Ice Sheets – Inversion of their Glacial Geomorphological Record, in: Glacier Science and Environmental Change, edited by: Knight, P. G., Blackwell, Malden, MA, 2006.
Kleman, J., Jansson, K., De Angelis, H., Stroeven, A., Hattestrand, C., Alm, G., and Glasser, N.: North American ice sheet build-up during the last glacial cycle, 115-21 kyr, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 29, 2036–2051, 2010.
Kohl, C. P. and Nishiizumi, K.: Chemical isolation of quartz for measurement of in-situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 56, 3583–3587, 1992.
Koppes, M. and Montgomery, D.: The relative efficacy of fluvial and glacial erosion over modern to orogenic timescales, Nat. Geosci., 2, 644–647, 2009.
Kuhlemann, J., Rohling, E. J., Krumrei, I., Kubik, P., Ivy-Ochs, S., and Kucera, M.: Regional synthesis of Mediterranean atmospheric circulation during the Last Glacial Maximum, Science, 321, 1338–1340, 2008.
Laj, C., Kissel, C., and Beer, J.: High resolution global Paleointensity Stack since 75 kyr (GLOPIS-75) calibrated to Absolute values, Timescales Paleomagnetic Field, Geoph. Monog. Series, 145, 255–265, 2004.
Lal, D. and Peters, B.: Cosmic ray produced radioactivity on the Earth, in Handbuch der Physick, Springer, Berlin, XLVI, 551–612, 1967.
Lal, D.: Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces: in situ nuclide production rates and erosion models, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 104, 424–439, 1991.
Lang, A. and Honscheidt, S.: Age and source of colluvial sediments at Vaihingen-Enz, Germany, Catena, 38, 89–107, 1999.
Lasaga, A. C., Soler, J. M., Ganor, J., Burch, T. E., and Nagy, K. L.: Chemical weathering rate laws and global geochemical cycles, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 58, 2361–2386, 1994.
Laskaris, N. and Liritzis, I.: A new mathematical approximation of sunlight attenuation in rocks for surface luminescence dating, J. Lumin., 131, 1874–1884, 2011.
Le Roy, M., Nicolussi, K., Deline, P., Astrade, L., Edouard, J.-L., Miramont, C., and Arnaud, F.: Calendar-dated glacier variations in the western European Alps during the Neoglacial: the Mer de Glace record, Mont Blanc massif, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 108, 1–22, 2015.
Lean, J.: Solar Ultraviolet Irradiance Variations: A review, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 839–968, 1987.
Lehmann, B., Valla, P. G., King, G. E., and Herman, F.: Investigation of OSL surface exposure dating to reconstruct post-LIA glacier fluctuations in the French Alps (Mer de Glace, Mont Blanc massif), Quat. Geochronol., 44, 63–74, 2018.
Leloup, P. H., Arnaud, N., Sobel, E. R., and Lacassin, R.: Alpine thermal and structural evolution of the highest external crystalline massif: The Mont Blanc, Tectonics, 24, TC4002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004TC001676, 2005.
Lifton, N. A., Sato, T., and Dunai, T. J.: Scaling in situ cosmogenic nuclide production rates using analytical approximations to atmospheric cosmic-ray fluxes, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 386, 149–160, 2014.
Liritzis, I.: A new dating method by thermoluminescence of carved megalithic stone building, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences, Série 2, Sciences de la terre et des planètes, 319, 603–610, 1994.
Liritzis, I.: Surface dating by luminescence: an overview, Geochronometria, 38, 292–302, 2011.
Lisiecki, L. E. and Raymo, M. E.: Plio-Pleistocene climate evolution: trends and transitions in glacial cycle dynamics, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 56–69, 2007.
Lister, G. S.: A 15,000-year isotopic record from Lake Zürich of deglaciation and climatic change in Switzerland, Quaternary Res., 29, 129–141, 1988.
Liu, T. and Broecker, W. S.: Holocene rock varnish microstratigraphy and its chronometric application in the drylands of western USA, Geomorphology, 84, 1–21, 2007.
Łoziński, M. W.: uber die mechanische Verwitterung der Sandsteine im gemassibten Klima. Académie des sciences de cracovie, Bulletin internationale, classe de science, mathématiques et naturelles 1: 1–25, 1909. (English translation by Mrozek Teresa: On the mechanical weathering of sandstones in temperate climates, In Cold Climate Landforms, Evans DJA , Wiley, Chichester, 119–134, 1992).
Luetscher, M., Boch, R., Sodemann, H., Spotl, C., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Frisia, S., and Muller, W.: North Atlantic storm track changes during the Last Glacial Maximum recorded by Alpine speleothems, Nat. Commun., 6, 6344, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7344, 2015.
Luthi, M. and Funk, M.: Modelling heat flow in a cold, high-altitude glacier: Interpretation of measurements from Colle Gnifetti, Swiss Alps, J. Glaciol., 47, 314–324, 2001.
Martin, L. C. P., Blard, P.-H., Balco, G., Lave J., Delunel, R., Lifton, N., and Laurent V.: The CREp program and the ICE-D production rate calibration database: A fully parameterizable and updated online tool to compute cosmicray exposure ages, Quat. Geochronol., 38, 25–49, 2017.
Matsuoka, N.: The rate of bedrock weathering by frost action: field measurements and a predictive model, Earth Surf. Process. Landf., 15, 73–90, 1990.
Matsuoka, N. and Murton, J.: Frost weathering: recent advances and future directions, Permafrost Periglac., 19, 195–210, 2008.
Meyer, M. C., Gliganic, L. A., Jain, M., and Sohbati, R.: Lithological controls on light penetration into rock surfaces – implications for OSL and IRSL surface exposure dating, LED proceedings, Radiat. Meas., 120, 298–304, 2018.
Millet, L., Arnaud, F., Heiri, O., Magny, M., Verneaux, V., and Desmet, M.: Late-Holocene summer temperature reconstruction from chironomid assemblages of Lake Anterne, northern French Alps, Holocene, 19, 317–328, 2009.
Miller, K. G., Fairbanks, R. G., and Mountain, G. S.: Tertiary oxygen isotope synthesis, sea level history, and continental margin erosion, Paleoceanography, 2, 1–19, 1987.
Mitchell, S. G. and Montgomery, D. R.: Influence of a glacial buzzsaw on the height and morphology of the Cascade Range in central Washington State, USA, Quaternary Res., 65, 96–107, 2006.
Molnar, P. and England, P.: Late Cenozoic uplift of mountain ranges and global climate change: Chicken or egg?, Nature, 346, 29–34, 1990.
Monegato, G., Ravazzi, C., Donegana, M., Pini, R., Calderoni, G., and Wick, L.: Evidence of a two-fold glacial advance during the last glacial maximum in the Tagliamento end moraine system (eastern Alps), Quaternary Res., 68, 284–302, 2007.
Montgomery, D. R.: Valley formation by fluvial and glacial erosion, Geology, 30, 1047–1050, 2002.
Moses, C., Robinson, D., and Barlow, J.: Methods for measuring rock surface weathering and erosion: A critical review, Earth-Sci. Rev., 135, 141–161, 2014.
Murray, A. S. and Roberts, R. G.: Measurement of the equivalent dose in quartz using a regenerative-dose single-aliquot protocol, Radiat. Meas., 29, 503–515, 1998.
Murray, A. S. and Wintle, A. G.: Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol, Radiat. Meas., 32, 57–73, 2000.
Nicholson, D. T.: Rock control on microweathering of bedrock surfaces in a periglacial environment, Geomorphology, 101, 655–665, 2008.
Nicolussi, K. and Schlüchter, C.: The 8.2 ka event e calendar dated glacier response in the Alps, Geology, 40, 819–822, 2012.
Nicolussi, K., Kaufmann, M., Patzelt, G., van der Plicht, J., and Thurner, A.: Holocene tree-line variability in the Kauner Valley, Central Eastern Alps, indicated by dendrochronological analysis of living trees and subfossil logs, Veg. Hist. Archaeobot., 14, 221–234, 2005.
Nishiizumi, K., Imamura, M., Caffee, M. W., Southon, J. R., Finkel, R. C., and McAninch, J.: Absolute calibration of 10Be AMS standards, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 258, 403–413, 2007.
Noetzli, J., Gruber, S., Kohl, T., Salzmann, N., and Haeberli,W.: Three-dimensional distribution and evolution of permafrost temperatures in idealized high-mountain topography, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 112, F02S13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000545, 2007.
Nussbaumer, S., Zumbuhl, H. J., and Steiner, D.: Fluctuations of the Mer de glace (Mont Blanc area, France) AD 1500-2050, An interdisciplinary approach using new historical data and neural network simulations, Zeitschrift fur Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie ZGG, 5–175, 2007.
Ou, X. J., Roberts, H. M., Duller, G. A. T., Gunn, M. D., and Perkins, W. T.: Attenuation of light in different rock types and implications for rock surface luminescence dating, Radiat. Meas., 120, 305–311, 2018.
Pavon-Carrasco, F. J., Osete, M. L., Torta, J. M., and De Santis, A.: A geomagnetic field model for the Holocene based on archaeomagnetic and lava flow data, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 388, 98–109, 2014.
Peizhen, Z., Molnar, P., and Downs, W. R.: Increased sedimentation rates and grain sizes 2-4 Myr ago due to the influence of climate change on erosion rates, Nature, 410, 891–897, 2001.
Penck, A. and Brückner, E.: Die Alpen im Eiszeitalter, Tauchitz, Leipzig, 1901/1909.
Penck, A.: Glacial features in the surface of the Alps, J. Geol., 13, 1–19, 1905.
Polikreti, K., Michael, C., and Maniatis, Y.: Authenticating marble sculpture with thermoluminescence, Ancient TL, 20, 11–18, 2002.
Polikreti, K., Michael, C., and Maniatis, Y.: Thermoluminescence characteristics of marble and dating of freshly excavated marble objects, Radiat. Meas., 37, 87–94, 2003.
Portenga, E. W. and Bierman, P. R.: Understanding earth's eroding surface with 10Be, GSA Today 21, 4–10, 2011.
Preusser, F.: Towards a chronology of the Late Pleistocene in the northern Alpine Foreland, Boreas, 33, 195–210, 2004.
Preusser, F., Graf, H. R., Keller, O., Krayss, E., and Schlüchter, C.: Quaternary glaciation history of northern Switzerland, Quaternary Sci. J., 60, 282–305, 2011.
Rabatel, A., Letréguilly, A., Dedieu, J.-P., and Eckert, N.: Changes in glacier equilibrium-line altitude in the western Alps from 1984 to 2010: evaluation by remote sensing and modeling of the morpho-topographic and climate controls, The Cryosphere, 7, 1455–1471, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1455-2013, 2013.
Rabatel, A., Dedieu, J. P., and Vincent, C.: Spatio-temporal changes in glacier-wide mass balance quantified by optical remote sensing on 30 glaciers in the French Alps for the period 1983-2014, J. Glaciol., 62, 1153–1166, 2016.
Rades, E. F., Sohbati, R., Luthgens, C., Jain, M., and Murray, A. S.: First luminescence-depth profiles from boulders from moraine deposits: Insights into glaciation chronology and transport dynamics in Malta valley, Austria, Radiat. Meas., 120, 281–289, 2018.
Raup, B., Racoviteanu A., Khalsa S. J. S., Helm C., Armstrong R., and Arnaud Y.: The GLIMS geospatial glacier database: a new tool for studying glacier change, Global Planet. Change, 56, 101–110, 2007a.
Ravazzi, C., Badino, F., Marsetti, D., Patera, G., and Reimer, P. J.: Glacial to paraglacial history and forest recovery in the Oglio glacier system (Italian Alps) between 26 and 15 ka cal BP, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 58, 146–161, 2012.
Raymo, M. E. and Ruddiman, W. F.: Tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic climate, Nature, 359, 117–122, 1992.
Reber, R., Akcar, N., Ivy-Ochs, S., Tikhomirov, D., Burkhalter, R., Zahno, C., Lüthold A., Kubik, P. W., Vockenhuber, C., and Schluchter, C.: Timing of retreat of the Reuss glacier (Switzerland) at the end of the last glacial maximum, Swiss, J. Geosci., 1–15, 2014.
Regard, V., Dewez, T., Bourlès, D. L., Anderson, R. S., Duperret, A., Costa, S., Leanni, L., Lasseur, E., Pedoja, K., and Maillet, G. M.: Late Holocene seacliff retreat recorded by 10Be profiles across a coastal platform: theory and example from the English Channel, Quat. Geochronol., 11, 87–97, 2012.
Reitner, J.: Glacial dynamics at the beginning of Termination I in the Eastern Alps and their stratigraphic implications, Quatern. Int. ,164–165, 64–84, 2007.
Rhodes, E. J.: Optically stimulated luminescence dating of sediments over the past 200,000 years, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 39, 461–488, 2011.
Richards, M.P .: Luminescence dating of quartzite from the Diring Yuriakh site, MA Thesis, Simon Fraser University, unpublished, 1994.
Scherler, D.: Climatic limits to headwall retreat in the Khumbu Himalaya, eastern Nepal, Geology, 42, 1019–1022, 2015.
Schimmelpfennig, I., Schaefer, J. M., Akçar, N., Koffman, T., Ivy-Ochs, S., Schwartz, R., Finkel, R. C., Zimmerman, S., and Schluchter, C.: A chronology of Holocene and Little Ice Age glacier culminations of the Steingletscher, Central Alps, Switzerland, based on high-sensitivity beryllium-10 moraine dating, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 393, 220–230, 2014.
Schindelwig, I., Akçar, N., Kubik, P., and Schluchter, C.: Lateglacial and early Holocene dynamics of adjacent valley glaciers in the Western Swiss Alps, J. Quaternary Sci., 27, 114–124, 2012.
Schluchter, C.: A non-classical summary of the Quaternary stratigraphy in the northern alpine foreland of Switzerland, Bulletin de la Société Neuchâteloise de Géographie, 32, 143–157, 1988.
Schluchter, C. and Rothlisberger, C.: 100,000 jahre gletschergeschichte, in: Gletscher im standigen Wandel, 47–63, 1995.
Schmidt, R., Roth, M., Tessadri, R., and Weckstrom, K.: Disentangling late- Holocene climate and land use impacts on an Austrian alpine lake using seasonal temperature anomalies, ice-cover, sedimentology, and pollen tracers, J. Paleolimnol., 40, 453–469, 2008.
Schumer, R. and Jerolmack, D. J.: Real and apparent changes in sediment deposition rates through time, J. Geophys. Res., 114, F00A06, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001266, 2009.
Schweingruber, F. H.: Wood structure and Environment, in: Springer Series in Wood Science, Springer, Heidelberg, 279 pp., 2007.
Seguinot, J., Ivy-Ochs, S., Jouvet, G., Huss, M., Funk, M., and Preusser, F.: Modelling last glacial cycle ice dynamics in the Alps, The Cryosphere, 12, 3265–3285, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3265-2018, 2018.
Shackleton, N. J. and Opdyke, N. D.: Oxygen isotope and palaeomagnetic stratigraphy of Equatorial Pacific core V28-238: Oxygen isotope temperatures and ice volumes on a 105 year and 106 year scale, Quaternary Res., 3, 39–55, 1973.
Siman-Tov, S., Stock, G. M., Brodsky, E. E., and White, J. C.: The coating layer of glacial polish, Geol. Soc. Am., 11, 987–990, 2017.
Simkins, L. M., Simms, A. R., and DeWitt, R.: Relative sea-level history of Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula derived from optically stimulated luminescence-dated beach cobbles, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 77, 141–155, 2013.
Simms, A. R., DeWitt, R., Kouremenos, P., and Drewry, A. M.: A new approach to reconstructing sea levels in Antarctica using optically stimulated luminescence of cobble surfaces, Quat. Geochronol., 6, 50–60, 2011.
Singarayer, J. S.: Linearly modulated optically stimulated luminescence of sedimentary quartz: Physical mechanisms and implications for dating, D. Phil. thesis, University of Oxford, 345 pp., 2002.
Six, D. and Vincent, C.: Sensitivity of mass balance and equilibrium-line altitude to climate change in the French Alps, J. Glaciol., 60, 867–878, 2014.
Smiraglia, C., Azzoni, R. S., D'Agata, C., Matagno, D., Fugazza D., and Diolaiutu, G. A.: The evolution of the italian glaciers from the previous data base to the new italian inventory, Preliminary considerations and results, Geogr. Fis. Din. Quat., 38, 79–87, 2015.
Sohbati, R., Murray, A., Jain, M., Buylaert, J.-P., and Thomsen, K.: Investigating the resetting of OSL signals in rock surfaces, Geochronometria, 38, 249–258, 2011.
Sohbati, R., Jain, M., and Murray, A.: Surface exposure dating of non-terrestrial bodies using optically stimulated luminescence: A new method, Icarus, 221, 160–166, 2012a.
Sohbati, R., Murray, A. S., Buylaert, J.-P., Almeida, N. A. C., and Cunha, P. P.: Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of quartzite cobbles from the Tapada do Montinho archaeological site (east-central Portugal), Boreas, 41, 452–462, 2012b.
Sohbati, R., Murray, A. S., Porat, N., Jain, M., and Avner, U.: Age of a prehistoric “Rodedian” cult site constrained by sediment and rock surface luminescence dating techniques, Quat. Geochronol., 30, 90–99, 2015.
Sohbati, R., Liu, J., Jain, M., Murray, A., Egholm, D., Paris, R., and Guralnik, B.: Centennial-to millennial-scale hard rock erosion rates deduced from luminescence-depth profiles, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 493, 218–230, 2018.
Stephenson, W. J. and Finlayson, B. L.: Measuring erosion with the microerosion meter—contributions to understanding landform evolution, Earth-Sci. Rev., 95, 53–62, 2009.
Stewart, M., Grosjean, M., Kuglitsch, F. G., Nussbaumer, S. U.,and von Gunten, L.: Reconstructions of Late Holocene paleofloods and glacier length changes in the Upper Engadine, Switzerland (ca. 1450 BC – AD 420), Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 311, 215–123, 2011b.
Stone, J. O.: Air pressure and cosmogenic isotope production, J. Geophys. Res., 105759, 753–823, 2000.
Strandberg, G., Brandefelt, J., Kjellstrom, E., and Smith, B.: High resolution regional simulation of last glacial maximum climate in Europe, Tellus A, 63, 107–125, 2001.
Sugden, D. E., Glasser, N., and Clapperton, C. M.: Evolution of large roches moutonnées, Geograska Annaler Series A, Phys. Geogr., 74, 253–264, 1992.
Suter, S., Laternser, M., Haeberli, W., Hoelzle, M., and Frauenfelder, R.: Cold firn and ice of high-altitude glaciers in the Alps: Measurements and distribution modeling, J. Glaciol., 47, 85–96, 2001.
Suter, S.: Cold firn and ice in the Monte Rosa and Mont Blanc areas: Spatial occurrence, surface energy balance and climate evidence, PhD thesis, Versuchsanst. fur Wasserbau, Hydrol. und Glaziol., ETH Zurich, Switzerland, 2002.
Tachiya, M. and Mozumder, A.: Decay of trapped electronics by tunnelling to scavenger molecules in low-temperature glasses, Chem. Phys. Lett., 28, 87–89, 1974.
Theocaris, P., Liritzis, I., and Galloway, R.: Dating of two Hellenic pyramids by a novel application of thermoluminescence, J. Archaeol. Sci., 24, 399–405, 1997.
Tinner, W. and Theurillat, J. P.: Uppermost limit, extent, and fluctuations of the timberline and treeline ecocline in the Swiss Central Alps during the past 11 500 years, Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res., 35, 158–169, 2003.
Turowski, J. M. and Cook, K. L.: Field techniques for measuring bedrock erosion and denudation, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 42, 109–127, 2017.
Uppala, S. M., Kallberg, P. W., Simmons, A. J., Andrae, U., Bechtold, V. D. C., Fiorino, M., Gibson, J. K., Haseler, J., Hernandez, A., Kelly, G. A., Li, X., Onogi, K., Saarinen, S., Sokka, N., Allan, R. P., Andersson, E., Arpe, K., Balmaseda, M. A., Beljaars, A. C. M., Van De Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Caires, S., Chevallier, F., Dethof, A., Dragosavac, M., Fisher, M., Fuentes, M., Hagemann, S., Holm, E., Hoskins, B.J., Isaksen, L., Janssen, P. A. E. M., Jenne, R., Mcnally, A. P., Mahfouf, J.-F., Morcrette, J.-J., Rayner, N. A., Saunders, R. W., Simon, P., Sterl, A., Trenberth, K. E., Untch, A., Vasiljevic, D., Viterbo, P., and Woollen, J.: The ERA-40 re-analysis, Q. J. Royal Meteor. Soc., 131, 2961–3012, 2005.
Vafiadou, A., Murray, A., and Liritzis, I.: Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating investigations of rock and underlying soil from three case studies, J. Archaeol. Sci., 34, 1659–1669, 2007.
Valla, P. G., Lowick, S. E., Herman, F., Champagnac, J.-D., Steer, P., and Guralnik, B.: Exploring IRSL50 fading variability in bedrock feldspars and implications for OSL thermochronometry, Quat. Geochronol., 36, 55–66, 2016.
van Husen, D.: Die Ostalpen in den Eiszeiten, Geologische Bundesanstalt, Wien, 1987.
van Husen, D.: LGM and late-glacial fluctuations in the Eastern Alps, Quatern. Int., 38–39, 109–118, 1997.
Vescovi E., Ravazzi C., Arpenti E., Finsinger W., Pini R., Valsecchi V., Wick L., Ammann B., and Tinner W.: Interactions between climate and vegetation during the Lateglacial period as recorded by lake and mire sediment archives in Northern Italy and Southern Switzerland, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 26, 1650–1669, 2007.
Vincent, C., Le Meur E., Six, D., Possenti, P., Lefebvre E., and Funk, M.: Climate warming revealed by englacial temperatures at Col du Dôme (4250 m, Mont Blanc area), Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L16502, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL029933, 2007.
Vincent, C., Harter, M., Gilbert, A., Berthier, E., and Six, D.: Future fluctuations of Mer de Glace, French Alps, assessed using a parameterized model calibrated with past thickness changes, Ann. Glaciol., 55, 15–24, 2014.
Visocekas, R.: Tunneling in afterglow, its coexistence and interweaving with thermally stimulated luminescence, Radiat. Prot. Dosim., 100, 45–54, 2002.
Vis̆njević, V., Herman, F., and Podladchikov, Y.: Reconstructing spatially variable mass balances from past ice extents by inverse modeling, J. Glaciol., 64, 957–968, 2018.
Vollweiler, N., Scholz, D., Muhlinghaus, C., Mangini, A., and Spotl, C.: A precisely dated climate record for the last 9 kyr from three high alpine stalagmites, Spannagel Cave, Austria, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L20703, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027662, 2006.
von Blanckenburg, F. and Willenbring, J. K., Cosmogenic nuclides: Dates and rates of Earth-surface change, Elements, 10, 341–346, 2014.
Wallinga, J., Murray, A., and Wintle, A.: The single-aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol applied to coarse-grain feldspar, Radiat. Meas., 32, 529–533, 2000.
West, A. J.: Thickness of the chemical weathering zone and implications for erosional and climatic drivers of weathering and for carbon cycle feedbacks, Geology, 40, 811–814, 2012.
Winkler, S.: Lichenometric dating of the “Little Ice Age” maximum in Mt Cook National Park, Southern Alps, New Zealand, Holocene, 12, 911–920, 2004.
Wintle, A. G.: Anomalous fading of thermo-luminescence in mineral samples, Nature, 245, 143–144, 1973.
Wintle, A. G. and Murray, A. S.: A review of quartz optically stimulated luminescence characteristics and their relevance in single-aliquot regeneration dating protocols, Radiat. Meas., 41, 369–391, 2006.
Wirsig, C., Zasadni, J., Ivy-Ochs, S., Christl, M., Kober, F., and Schluchter, C.: A deglaciation model of the Oberhasli, Switzerland, J. Quaternary Sci., 31, 46–59, 2016a.
Wirsig, C., Zasadni, J., Christl, M., Akçar, N., and Ivy-Ochs, S.: Dating the onset of LGM ice surface lowering in the High Alps, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 143, 37–50, 2016b.
Zachos, J. C., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K.: Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present, Science, 292, 686–693, 2001.
Zimmerman, S. G., Evenson, E. B., Gosse, J. C., and Erskine, C. P.: Extensive boulder erosion resulting from a range fire on the type-Pinedale moraines, Fremont Lake, Wyoming, Quaternary Res., 42, 255–265, 1994.
Download
The requested paper has a corresponding corrigendum published. Please read the corrigendum first before downloading the article.
- Article
(16060 KB) - Full-text XML
Short summary
Assessing the impact of glaciation at the Earth's surface requires simultaneous quantification of the impact of climate variability on past glacier fluctuations and on bedrock erosion. Here we present a new approach for evaluating post-glacial bedrock surface erosion in mountainous environments by combining two different surface exposure dating methods. This approach can be used to estimate how bedrock erosion rates vary spatially and temporally since glacier retreat in an alpine environment.
Assessing the impact of glaciation at the Earth's surface requires simultaneous quantification...
