Articles | Volume 12, issue 3
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-747-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-747-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
15 May 2024
Research article |
| 15 May 2024
| 15 May 2024
3D shear wave velocity imaging of the subsurface structure of granite rocks in the arid climate of Pan de Azúcar, Chile, revealed by Bayesian inversion of HVSR curves
Rahmantara Trichandi
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany
Klaus Bauer
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Trond Ryberg
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Benjamin Heit
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Jaime Araya Vargas
Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó, Chile
Friedhelm von Blanckenburg
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Charlotte M. Krawczyk
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Ferdinand J. Hampl, Ferry Schiperski, Christopher Schwerdhelm, Nicole Stroncik, Casey Bryce, Friedhelm von
Blanckenburg, and Thomas Neumann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 511–528, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-511-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-511-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the mineral content and geochemical composition of the upper 6 m of regolith, formed by weathering of granitic rocks in Mediterranean and humid climate zones. We found that the development of the upper regolith in the Mediterranean climate is controlled by secondary minerals which cause fracturing and thus facilitate fluid infiltration to depth. The upper regolith in the humid climate is controlled by secondary minerals that cause a reduction of fluid infiltration to depth.
Sonja H. Wadas, Hermann Buness, Raphael Rochlitz, Peter Skiba, Thomas Günther, Michael Grinat, David C. Tanner, Ulrich Polom, Gerald Gabriel, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 13, 1673–1696, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1673-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1673-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The dissolution of rocks poses a severe hazard because it can cause subsidence and sinkhole formation. Based on results from our study area in Thuringia, Germany, using P- and SH-wave reflection seismics, electrical resistivity and electromagnetic methods, and gravimetry, we develop a geophysical investigation workflow. This workflow enables identifying the initial triggers of subsurface dissolution and its control factors, such as structural constraints, fluid pathways, and mass movement.
Evgeniia Martuganova, Manfred Stiller, Ben Norden, Jan Henninges, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 13, 1291–1307, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1291-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1291-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We demonstrate the applicability of vertical seismic profiling (VSP) acquired using wireline distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology for deep geothermal reservoir imaging and characterization. Borehole DAS data provide critical input for seismic interpretation and help assess small-scale geological structures. This case study can be used as a basis for detailed structural exploration of geothermal reservoirs and provide insightful information for geothermal exploration projects.
Martin Peter Lipus, Felix Schölderle, Thomas Reinsch, Christopher Wollin, Charlotte Krawczyk, Daniela Pfrang, and Kai Zosseder
Solid Earth, 13, 161–176, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-161-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-161-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
A fiber-optic cable was installed along a freely suspended rod in a deep geothermal well in Munich, Germany. A cold-water injection test was monitored with fiber-optic distributed acoustic and temperature sensing. During injection, we observe vibrational events in the lower part of the well. On the basis of a mechanical model, we conclude that the vibrational events are caused by thermal contraction of the rod. The results illustrate potential artifacts when analyzing downhole acoustic data.
Djamil Al-Halbouni, Robert A. Watson, Eoghan P. Holohan, Rena Meyer, Ulrich Polom, Fernando M. Dos Santos, Xavier Comas, Hussam Alrshdan, Charlotte M. Krawczyk, and Torsten Dahm
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 3351–3395, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3351-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-3351-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The rapid decline of the Dead Sea level since the 1960s has provoked a dynamic reaction from the coastal groundwater system, with physical and chemical erosion creating subsurface voids and conduits. By combining remote sensing, geophysical methods, and numerical modelling at the Dead Sea’s eastern shore, we link groundwater flow patterns to the formation of surface stream channels, sinkholes and uvalas. Better understanding of this karst system will improve regional hazard assessment.
Gilda Currenti, Philippe Jousset, Rosalba Napoli, Charlotte Krawczyk, and Michael Weber
Solid Earth, 12, 993–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-993-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-993-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the capability of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) to record dynamic strain changes related to Etna volcano activity in 2019. To validate the DAS measurements, we compute strain estimates from seismic signals recorded by a dense broadband array. A general good agreement is found between array-derived strain and DAS measurements along the fibre optic cable. Localised short wavelength discrepancies highlight small-scale structural heterogeneities in the investigated area.
Jan Henninges, Evgeniia Martuganova, Manfred Stiller, Ben Norden, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 12, 521–537, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-521-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-521-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We performed a seismic survey in two 4.3 km deep geothermal research wells using the novel method of distributed acoustic sensing and wireline cables. The characteristics of the acquired data, methods for data processing and quality improvement, and interpretations on the geometry and structure of the sedimentary and volcanic reservoir rocks are presented. The method enables measurements at high temperatures and reduced cost compared to conventional sensors.
Daniel A. Frick, Rainer Remus, Michael Sommer, Jürgen Augustin, Danuta Kaczorek, and Friedhelm von Blanckenburg
Biogeosciences, 17, 6475–6490, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6475-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6475-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Silicon is taken up by some plants to increase structural stability and to develop stress resistance and is rejected by others. To explore the underlying mechanisms, we used the stable isotopes of silicon that shift in their relative abundance depending on the biochemical transformation involved. On species with a rejective (tomato, mustard) and active (wheat) uptake mechanism, grown in hydroculture, we found that the transport of silicic acid is controlled by the precipitation of biogenic opal.
Travis Clow, Jane K. Willenbring, Mirjam Schaller, Joel D. Blum, Marcus Christl, Peter W. Kubik, and Friedhelm von Blanckenburg
Geochronology, 2, 411–423, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-411-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2-411-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Meteoric beryllium-10 concentrations in soil profiles have great capacity to quantify Earth surface processes, such as erosion rates and landform ages. However, determining these requires an accurate estimate of the delivery rate of this isotope to local sites. Here, we present a new method to constrain the long-term delivery rate to an eroding western US site, compare it against existing delivery rate estimates (revealing considerable disagreement between methods), and suggest best practices.
Benjamin Schwarz and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 11, 1891–1907, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1891-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1891-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Intricate fault and fracture networks cut through the upper crust, and their detailed delineation and characterization play an important role in the Earth sciences. While conventional geophysical sounding techniques only provide indirect means of detection, we present scale-spanning field data examples, in which coherent diffraction imaging – a framework inspired by optics and visual perception – enables the direct imaging of these crustal features at an unprecedented spatial resolution.
Ralf A. Oeser and Friedhelm von Blanckenburg
Biogeosciences, 17, 4883–4917, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4883-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4883-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present a novel strategy to decipher the relative impact of biogenic and abiotic drivers of weathering. We parameterized the nutrient fluxes in four ecosystems along a climate and vegetation gradient situated on the Chilean Coastal Cordillera. We investigated how nutrient demand by plants drives weathering. We found that the increase in biomass nutrient demand is accommodated by faster nutrient recycling rather than an increase in the weathering–release rates.
Aurèle Vuillemin, André Friese, Richard Wirth, Jan A. Schuessler, Anja M. Schleicher, Helga Kemnitz, Andreas Lücke, Kohen W. Bauer, Sulung Nomosatryo, Friedhelm von Blanckenburg, Rachel Simister, Luis G. Ordoñez, Daniel Ariztegui, Cynthia Henny, James M. Russell, Satria Bijaksana, Hendrik Vogel, Sean A. Crowe, Jens Kallmeyer, and the Towuti Drilling Project
Science team
Biogeosciences, 17, 1955–1973, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1955-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1955-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Ferruginous lakes experience restricted primary production due to phosphorus trapping by ferric iron oxides under oxic conditions. We report the presence of large crystals of vivianite, a ferrous iron phosphate, in sediments from Lake Towuti, Indonesia. We address processes of P retention linked to diagenesis of iron phases. Vivianite crystals had light Fe2+ isotope signatures and contained mineral inclusions consistent with antecedent processes of microbial sulfate and iron reduction.
Renee van Dongen, Dirk Scherler, Hella Wittmann, and Friedhelm von Blanckenburg
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 393–410, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-393-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-393-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The concentration of cosmogenic 10Be is typically measured in the sand fraction of river sediment to estimate catchment-average erosion rates. Using the sand fraction in catchments where the 10Be concentrations differ per grain size could potentially result in biased erosion rates. In this study we investigated the occurrence and causes of grain size-dependent 10Be concentrations and identified the types of catchments which are sensitive to biased catchment-average erosion rates.
Ulrich Polom, Hussam Alrshdan, Djamil Al-Halbouni, Eoghan P. Holohan, Torsten Dahm, Ali Sawarieh, Mohamad Y. Atallah, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 9, 1079–1098, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1079-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-9-1079-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The alluvial fan of Ghor Al-Haditha (Dead Sea) is affected by subsidence and sinkholes. Different models and hypothetical processes have been suggested in the past; high-resolution shear wave reflection surveys carried out in 2013 and 2014 showed the absence of evidence for a massive shallow salt layer as formerly suggested. Thus, a new process interpretation is proposed based on both the dissolution and physical erosion of Dead Sea mud layers.
Sonja H. Wadas, David C. Tanner, Ulrich Polom, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 2335–2350, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-2335-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-2335-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
In 2010 a sinkhole opened up in the urban area of Schmalkalden, Germany. Shear-wave reflection seismic profiles were carried out around the sinkhole to investigate the reasons for the collapse. A strike-slip fault and a fracture network were identified that serve as fluid pathways for water-leaching soluble rocks near the surface. The more complex the fault geometry and interaction between faults, the more prone an area is to sinkhole occurrence.
David Uhlig, Jan A. Schuessler, Julien Bouchez, Jean L. Dixon, and Friedhelm von Blanckenburg
Biogeosciences, 14, 3111–3128, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3111-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3111-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Plants and soil microbiota play an active role in rock weathering. Here we show that the coupling between erosion and weathering might be established by nutrients that are taken up by trees, are not recycled from plant litter and are missing in the dissolved river flux due to forest re-growth after clear cutting or due to erosion as coarse woody debris. To track this nutrient pathway we used magnesium stable isotopes in combination with innovative metrics over annual and millennial timescales.
Jean L. Dixon, Friedhelm von Blanckenburg, Kurt Stüwe, and Marcus Christl
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 895–909, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-895-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-895-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the glacial legacy of Holocene erosion at the eastern edge of the European Alps and add insight to the debate on drivers of Alpine erosion. We present the first data explicitly comparing 10Be-based erosion rates in previously glaciated and non-glaciated basins (n = 26). Erosion rates vary 5-fold across the region, correlating with local topography and glacial history. Our approach and unique study site allow us to isolate the role of glacial topographic legacies from other controls.
Sonja H. Wadas, Ulrich Polom, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 7, 1491–1508, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1491-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1491-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Subrosion is the subsurface leaching of soluble rocks. It is a global phenomenon and a geohazard in urban areas because it causes depressions and sinkholes. This is the case in the study area, the town of Bad Frankenhausen, in northern Thuringia, Germany. Using shear-wave seismic reflection we are able to image these structures at high resolution to a depth of ca. 100 m. We observe that the underground is strongly fractured and there are indications of cavities.
Joaquina Alvarez-Marrón, Fernando Bastida, Ernest Rutter, Ramon Carbonell, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 7, 1199–1205, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1199-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1199-2016, 2016
Matthias Halisch, Holger Steeb, Steven Henkel, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 7, 1141–1143, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1141-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1141-2016, 2016
T. Burschil, T. Beilecke, and C. M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 6, 33–47, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-33-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-33-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we compared, measured and simulated reflection seismology data for different wave types. P wave and shear wave land data were acquired in the field while the synthetic data were generated by finite-difference modelling. Major features of the P waves were imaged, but simulations cannot clarify the signal-to-noise ratio of the shear wave field data. Future modelling approaches will consider additional features for a better understanding of near-surface seismic measurements.
S. Emmanuel, J. A. Schuessler, J. Vinther, A. Matthews, and F. von Blanckenburg
Biogeosciences, 11, 5493–5502, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5493-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-5493-2014, 2014
K. Becker, D. Franke, R. Trumbull, M. Schnabel, I. Heyde, B. Schreckenberger, H. Koopmann, K. Bauer, W. Jokat, and C. M. Krawczyk
Solid Earth, 5, 1011–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1011-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-5-1011-2014, 2014
C. M. Krawczyk, M.-L. Buddensiek, O. Oncken, and N. Kukowski
Solid Earth, 4, 93–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-93-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-4-93-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Physical: Geophysics
Identifying fracture-controlled resonance modes for structural health monitoring: insights from Hunter Canyon Arch (Utah, USA)
Machine learning prediction of the mass and the velocity of controlled single-block rockfalls from the seismic waves they generate
Subaerial and subglacial seismic characteristics of the largest measured jökulhlaup from the eastern Skaftá cauldron, Iceland
Short communication: Potential of Sentinel-1 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and offset tracking in monitoring post-cyclonic landslide activities on Réunion
Automated classification of seismic signals recorded on the Åknes rock slope, Western Norway, using a convolutional neural network
Short communication: A tool for determining multiscale bedform characteristics from bed elevation data
Probabilistic estimation of depth-resolved profiles of soil thermal diffusivity from temperature time series
Vibration of natural rock arches and towers excited by helicopter-sourced infrasound
An update on techniques to assess normal-mode behavior of rock arches by ambient vibrations
Precise water level measurements using low-cost GNSS antenna arrays
Locating rock slope failures along highways and understanding their physical processes using seismic signals
Reconstructing the dynamics of the highly similar May 2016 and June 2019 Iliamna Volcano (Alaska) ice–rock avalanches from seismoacoustic data
Seismo-acoustic energy partitioning of a powder snow avalanche
Comment on “Dynamics of the Askja caldera July 2014 landslide, Iceland, from seismic signal analysis: precursor, motion and aftermath” by Schöpa et al. (2018)
Seismic location and tracking of snow avalanches and slush flows on Mt. Fuji, Japan
Acoustic wave propagation in rivers: an experimental study
Automatic detection of avalanches combining array classification and localization
Potentials and pitfalls of permafrost active layer monitoring using the HVSR method: a case study in Svalbard
Short Communication: Monitoring rockfalls with the Raspberry Shake
Towards a standard typology of endogenous landslide seismic sources
Seismic detection of rockslides at regional scale: examples from the Eastern Alps and feasibility of kurtosis-based event location
Characterizing the complexity of microseismic signals at slow-moving clay-rich debris slides: the Super-Sauze (southeastern France) and Pechgraben (Upper Austria) case studies
Glacial isostatic adjustment modelling: historical perspectives, recent advances, and future directions
Single-block rockfall dynamics inferred from seismic signal analysis
Guglielmo Grechi, Jeffrey R. Moore, Molly E. McCreary, Erin K. Jensen, and Salvatore Martino
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 81–95, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-81-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-81-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the dynamic behavior of a rock arch to understand how fractures influence its stability. Using geophones, we measured its modes of vibration and used numerical modeling to replicate them. We found that higher-order resonance modes are the most sensitive to fractures, indicating their potential as early indicators of structural damage. Therefore, monitoring these higher-order modes could provide a more accurate tool to assess the structural integrity of natural rock landforms.
Clément Hibert, François Noël, David Toe, Miloud Talib, Mathilde Desrues, Emmanuel Wyser, Ombeline Brenguier, Franck Bourrier, Renaud Toussaint, Jean-Philippe Malet, and Michel Jaboyedoff
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 641–656, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-641-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-641-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Natural disasters such as landslides and rockfalls are mostly difficult to study because of the impossibility of making in situ measurements due to their destructive nature and spontaneous occurrence. Seismology is able to record the occurrence of such events from a distance and in real time. In this study, we show that, by using a machine learning approach, the mass and velocity of rockfalls can be estimated from the seismic signal they generate.
Eva P. S. Eibl, Kristin S. Vogfjörd, Benedikt G. Ófeigsson, Matthew J. Roberts, Christopher J. Bean, Morgan T. Jones, Bergur H. Bergsson, Sebastian Heimann, and Thoralf Dietrich
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 933–959, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-933-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-933-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Floods draining beneath an ice cap are hazardous events that generate six different short- or long-lasting types of seismic signals. We use these signals to see the collapse of the ice once the water has left the lake, the propagation of the flood front to the terminus, hydrothermal explosions and boiling in the bedrock beneath the drained lake, and increased water flow at rapids in the glacial river. We can thus track the flood and assess the associated hazards better in future flooding events.
Marcello de Michele, Daniel Raucoules, Claire Rault, Bertrand Aunay, and Michael Foumelis
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 451–460, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-451-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-451-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Landslide processes are causes of major concern to population and infrastructures on Réunion. In this study, we used data from the Copernicus Sentinel-1 satellite to map ground motion in Cirque de Salazie. We concentrate on the cyclonic season 2017–2018. Our results show ground motion in the Hell-Bourg, Ilet à Vidot,
Grand-Ilet, Camp Pierrot, and Le Bélier landslides. Moreover, we show an unknown pattern of ground motion situated in a non-instrumented, uninhabited area on the ground.
Nadège Langet and Fred Marcus John Silverberg
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 89–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-89-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-89-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Microseismic events recorded on the Åknes rock slope in Norway during the past 15 years are automatically divided into eight classes. The results are analysed and compared to meteorological data, showing a strong increase in the microseismic activity in spring mainly due to freezing and thawing processes.
Judith Y. Zomer, Suleyman Naqshband, and Antonius J. F. Hoitink
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 865–874, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-865-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-865-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Riverbeds are often composed of different scales of dunes, whose sizes and shapes are highly variable over time and space. Characterization of these dunes is important in many research studies focused on fluvial processes. A tool is presented here that aims to identify different scales of dunes from riverbed elevation maps. A first step is to separate two scales of bedforms without smoothing steep slopes of the larger dunes. In a second step, dunes are identified and properties are computed.
Carlotta Brunetti, John Lamb, Stijn Wielandt, Sebastian Uhlemann, Ian Shirley, Patrick McClure, and Baptiste Dafflon
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 687–704, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-687-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-687-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This paper proposes a method to estimate thermal diffusivity and its uncertainty over time, at numerous locations and at an unprecedented vertical spatial resolution from soil temperature time series. We validate and apply this method to synthetic and field case studies. The improved quantification of soil thermal properties is a cornerstone for advancing the indirect estimation of the fraction of soil components needed to predict subsurface storage and fluxes of water, carbon, and nutrients.
Riley Finnegan, Jeffrey R. Moore, and Paul R. Geimer
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1459–1479, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1459-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1459-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We performed controlled helicopter flights near seven rock arches and towers in Utah, USA, and recorded how their natural vibrations changed as the helicopter performed different maneuvers. We found that arches and towers vibrate up to 1000 times faster during these flights compared to time periods just before the helicopter's approach. Our study provides data that can be used to predict long-term damage to culturally significant rock features from sustained helicopter flights over time.
Mauro Häusler, Paul Richmond Geimer, Riley Finnegan, Donat Fäh, and Jeffrey Ralston Moore
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1441–1457, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1441-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1441-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Natural rock arches are valued landmarks worldwide. As ongoing erosion can lead to rockfall and collapse, it is important to monitor the structural integrity of these landforms. One suitable technique involves measurements of resonance, produced when mainly natural sources, such as wind, vibrate the spans. Here we explore the use of two advanced processing techniques to accurately measure the resonant frequencies, damping ratios, and deflection patterns of several rock arches in Utah, USA.
David J. Purnell, Natalya Gomez, William Minarik, David Porter, and Gregory Langston
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 673–685, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-673-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-673-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new technique for precisely monitoring water levels (e.g. sea level, rivers or lakes) using low-cost equipment (approximately USD 100–200) that is simple to build and install. The technique builds on previous work using antennas that were designed for navigation purposes. Multiple antennas in the same location are used to obtain more precise measurements than those obtained when using a single antenna. Software for analysis is provided with the article.
Jui-Ming Chang, Wei-An Chao, Hongey Chen, Yu-Ting Kuo, and Che-Ming Yang
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 505–517, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-505-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-505-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Seismic techniques applied in rock slope failure research do not provide rapid notifications, as for earthquakes, due to the lack of connections between seismic signals and events. We studied 10 known events in Taiwan and developed a GeoLoc scheme to locate rock slope failures, estimate the event volume, and understand their physical process using available videos. With real-time seismic data transmission, a rapid report can be created for the public within several minutes of the event.
Liam Toney, David Fee, Kate E. Allstadt, Matthew M. Haney, and Robin S. Matoza
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 271–293, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-271-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-271-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Large avalanches composed of ice and rock are a serious hazard to mountain communities and backcountry travellers. These processes shake the Earth and disturb the atmosphere, generating seismic waves and sound waves which can travel for hundreds of kilometers. In this study, we use the seismic waves and sound waves produced by two massive avalanches on a volcano in Alaska to reconstruct how the avalanches failed. Our method may assist with rapid emergency response to these global hazards.
Emanuele Marchetti, Alec van Herwijnen, Marc Christen, Maria Cristina Silengo, and Giulia Barfucci
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 399–411, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-399-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-399-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present infrasonic and seismic array data of a powder snow avalanche, that was released on 5 February 2016, in the Dischma valley nearby Davos, Switzerland. Combining information derived from both arrays, we show how infrasound and seismic energy are radiated from different sources acting along the path. Moreover, infrasound transmits to the ground and affects the recorded seismic signal. Results highlight the benefits of combined seismo-acoustic array analyses for monitoring and research.
Tómas Jóhannesson, Jón Kristinn Helgason, and Sigríður Sif Gylfadóttir
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 173–175, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-173-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-173-2020, 2020
Cristina Pérez-Guillén, Kae Tsunematsu, Kouichi Nishimura, and Dieter Issler
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 989–1007, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-989-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-989-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Avalanches and slush flows from Mt. Fuji are a major natural hazard as they may attain run-out distances of up to 4 km and destroy parts of the forest and infrastructure. We located and tracked them for the first time using seismic data. Numerical simulations were conducted to assess the precision of the seismic tracking. We also inferred dynamical properties characterizing these hazardous mass movements. This information is indispensable for assessing avalanche risk in the Mt. Fuji region.
Thomas Geay, Ludovic Michel, Sébastien Zanker, and James Robert Rigby
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 537–548, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-537-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-537-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This research has been conducted to develop the use of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) for bedload monitoring in rivers. Monitored bedload acoustic signals depend on bedload characteristics (e.g., grain size distribution, fluxes) but are also affected by the environment in which the acoustic waves are propagated. This study focuses on the determination of propagation effects in rivers. An experimental approach has been conducted in several streams to estimate acoustic propagation laws.
Matthias Heck, Alec van Herwijnen, Conny Hammer, Manuel Hobiger, Jürg Schweizer, and Donat Fäh
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 491–503, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-491-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-491-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We used continuous seismic data from two small aperture geophone arrays deployed in the region above Davos in the eastern Swiss Alps to develop a machine learning workflow to automatically identify signals generated by snow avalanches. Our results suggest that the method presented could be used to identify major avalanche periods and highlight the importance of array processing techniques for the automatic classification of avalanches in seismic data.
Andreas Köhler and Christian Weidle
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-1-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-1-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The uppermost part of permanently frozen ground can thaw during summer and refreeze during winter. We use a method based on naturally generated seismic waves to continuously monitor these changes close to the research settlement of Ny-Ålesund in Svalbard between April and August 2016. Our results reveal some potential pitfalls when interpreting temporal variations in the data. However, we show that a careful data analysis makes this method a very useful tool for long-term permafrost monitoring.
Andrea Manconi, Velio Coviello, Maud Galletti, and Reto Seifert
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 1219–1227, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-1219-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-1219-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We evaluated the performance of the low-cost seismic Raspberry Shake (RS) sensors to identify and monitor rockfall activity in alpine environments. The sensors have been tested for a 1-year period in a high alpine environment, recording numerous rock failure events as well as local and distant earthquakes. This study demonstrates that the RS instruments provide a good option to build low seismic monitoring networks to monitor different kinds of geophysical phenomena.
Floriane Provost, Jean-Philippe Malet, Clément Hibert, Agnès Helmstetter, Mathilde Radiguet, David Amitrano, Nadège Langet, Eric Larose, Clàudia Abancó, Marcel Hürlimann, Thomas Lebourg, Clara Levy, Gaëlle Le Roy, Patrice Ulrich, Maurin Vidal, and Benjamin Vial
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 1059–1088, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-1059-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-1059-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Seismic sources generated by the deformation of unstable slopes are diverse in terms of signal properties and mechanisms. Standardized catalogues of landslide endogenous seismicity can help understanding the physical processes controlling slope dynamics. We propose a generic typology of seismic sources based on the analysis of signals recorded at various instrumented slopes. We demonstrate that the seismic signals present similar features at different sites and discuss their mechanical sources.
Florian Fuchs, Wolfgang Lenhardt, Götz Bokelmann, and the AlpArray Working Group
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 955–970, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-955-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-955-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The work demonstrates how seismic networks installed in the Alps can be used for country-wide real-time monitoring of rockslide activity. We suggest simple methods that allow us to detect, locate, and characterize rockslides using the seismic signals they generate. We developed an automatic procedure to locate rockslides with kilometer accuracy over hundreds of kilometers of distance. Our findings highlight how seismic networks can help us to understand the triggering of rockslides.
Naomi Vouillamoz, Sabrina Rothmund, and Manfred Joswig
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 525–550, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-525-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-525-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Seismic monitoring of active landslides enables the detection of microseismic signals generated by slope activity. We propose a classification of
microseismic signals observed at two active clay-rich debris slides and a simple method to constrain their source origin and their size
based on their signal amplitudes. A better understanding of landslide-induced microseismicity is crucial for the development of early warning systems
based on landslide-induced microseismic signal precursors.
Pippa L. Whitehouse
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 401–429, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-401-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-401-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This article is a contribution to a special issue on
Two centuries of modelling across scales. It describes the historical observations, evolving hypotheses, and early calculations that led to the development of the field of glacial isostatic sdjustment (GIA) modelling, which seeks to understand feedbacks between ice-sheet change, sea-level change, and solid Earth deformation. Recent and future advances are discussed. Future progress will likely involve an interdisciplinary approach.
Clément Hibert, Jean-Philippe Malet, Franck Bourrier, Floriane Provost, Frédéric Berger, Pierrick Bornemann, Pascal Tardif, and Eric Mermin
Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 283–292, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-283-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-283-2017, 2017
Cited articles
Acevedo, J.: Análisis petrológico/mineralógico y estructural del Plutón Cerros del Vetado, comuna de Chañaral, región de Atacama, Universidad de Atacama, https://repositorioacademico.uda.cl/bitstream/handle/20.500.12740/16421/Bib 29.439.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (last access: 5 May 2024), 2022.
Arai, H. and Tokimatsu, K.: S-Wave Velocity Profiling by Inversion of Microtremor H/V Spectrum, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 94, 53–63, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120030028, 2004.
Befus, K. M. M., Sheehan, A. F. F., Leopold, M., Anderson, S. P. P., and Anderson, R. S. S.: Seismic Constraints on Critical Zone Architecture, Boulder Creek Watershed, Front Range, Colorado, Vadose Zone J., 10, 915, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2010.0108, 2011.
Berg, K. and Baumann, A.: Plutonic and metasedimentary rocks from the Coastal Range of northern Chile: RbSr and UPb isotopic systematics, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 75, 101–115, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(85)90093-7, 1985.
Bodin, T.: Transdimensional Approaches to Geophysical Inverse Problems, PhD thesis, 243 pp., https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00151a027, 2010.
Bodin, T., Sambridge, M., Tkalćić, H., Arroucau, P., Gallagher, K., and Rawlinson, N.: Transdimensional inversion of receiver functions and surface wave dispersion, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 117, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008560, 2012.
Brantley, S. L., Lebedeva, M. I., Balashov, V. N., Singha, K., Sullivan, P. L., and Stinchcomb, G.: Toward a conceptual model relating chemical reaction fronts to water flow paths in hills, Geomorphology, 277, 100–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.09.027, 2017.
Brocher, T. M.: Empirical relations between elastic wavespeeds and density in the Earth's crust, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 95, 2081–2092, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120050077, 2005.
Christensen, N. I.: Poisson's ratio and crustal seismology, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 101, 3139–3156, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB03446, 1996.
Cipta, A., Cummins, P., Dettmer, J., Saygin, E., Irsyam, M., Rudyanto, A., and Murjaya, J.: Seismic velocity structure of the Jakarta Basin, Indonesia, using trans-dimensional Bayesian inversion of horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios, Geophys. J. Int., 215, 431–449, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggy289, 2018.
Cox, B. R., Cheng, T., Vantassel, J. P., and Manuel, L.: A statistical representation and frequency-domain window-rejection algorithm for single-station HVSR measurements, Geophys. J. Int., 221, 2170–2183, https://doi.org/10.1093/GJI/GGAA119, 2021.
Dahlström, S. I. R., Cooper, F. J., Blundy, J., Tapster, S., Yáñez, J. C., and Evenstar, L. A.: Pluton Exhumation in the Precordillera of Northern Chile (17.8°–24.2° S): Implications for the Formation, Enrichment, and Preservation of Porphyry Copper Deposits, Econ. Geol., 117, 1043–1071, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4912, 2022.
Dal Bo, I., Klotzsche, A., Schaller, M., Ehlers, T. A., Kaufmann, M. S., Fuentes Espoz, J. P., Vereecken, H., and van der Kruk, J.: Geophysical imaging of regolith in landscapes along a climate and vegetation gradient in the Chilean coastal cordillera, Catena, 180, 146–159, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.04.023, 2019.
Dallmeyer, R. D., Brown, M., Grocott, J., Taylor, G. K., and Treloar, P. J.: Mesozoic Magmatic and Tectonic Events within the Andean Plate Boundary Zone, 26°–27°30′ S, North Chile: Constraints from 40 Ar
Ellis, J. F. and Blenkinsop, T.: Analogue modelling of fracturing in cooling plutonic bodies, Tectonophysics, 766, 14–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.05.019, 2019.
Fäh, D., Kind, F., and Giardini, D.: Inversion of local S-wave velocity structures from average
Flinchum, B. A., Steven Holbrook, W., Rempe, D., Moon, S., Riebe, C. S., Carr, B. J., Hayes, J. L., Clair, J. S., and Peters, M. P.: Critical zone structure under a granite ridge inferred from drilling and three-dimensional seismic refraction data, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 123, 1317–1343, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JF004280, 2018.
Godoy, E. and Lara, L.: Hojas Chañaral y Diego de Almagro, Región de Atacama, Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Mapas Geológicos No. 5–6, 1 mapa escala 1:100.000, Santiago, https://tiendadigital.sernageomin.cl/en/basic-geology/887-1998hojas-chanaral-y-diego-de-almagro-region-de-atacama-escala-1-100000.html (last access: 5 May 2024), 1998.
Hampl, F. J., Schiperski, F., Schwerdhelm, C., Stroncik, N., Bryce, C., von Blanckenburg, F., and Neumann, T.: Feedbacks between the formation of secondary minerals and the infiltration of fluids into the regolith of granitic rocks in different climatic zones (Chilean Coastal Cordillera), Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 511–528, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-511-2023, 2023.
Handoyo, H., Defelipe, I., Martín-Banda, R., García-Mayordomo, J., Martí, D., Martínez-Díaz, J. J., Insua-Arévalo, J. M., Teixidó, T., Alcalde, J., Palomeras, I., and Carbonell, R.: Characterization of the shallow subsurface structure across the Carrascoy Fault System (SE Iberian Peninsula) using P-wave tomography and Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves, Geol. Acta, 20, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1344/GeologicaActa2022.20.9, 2022.
Hobiger, M., Cornou, C., Wathelet, M., Di Giulio, G., Knapmeyer-Endrun, B., Renalier, F., Bard, P. Y., Savvaidis, A., Hailemikael, S., Le Bihan, N., Ohrnberger, M., and Theodoulidis, N.: Ground structure imaging by inversions of Rayleigh wave ellipticity: Sensitivity analysis and application to European strong-motion sites, Geophys. J. Int., 192, 207–229, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggs005, 2013.
Holbrook, W. S., Riebe, C. S., Elwaseif, M., Hayes, J. L., Basler-Reeder, K., Harry, D. L., Malazian, A., Dosseto, A., Hartsough, P. C., and Hopmans, J. W.: Geophysical constraints on deep weathering and water storage potential in the Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 39, 366–380, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3502, 2014.
Jara, J. J., Barra, F., Reich, M., Morata, D., Leisen, M., and Romero, R.: Geochronology and petrogenesis of intrusive rocks in the Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile: Insights from zircon U–Pb dating and trace element geochemistry, Gondwana Res., 93, 48–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2021.01.007, 2021.
Juez-Larré, J., Kukowski, N., Dunai, T. J., Hartley, A. J., and Andriessen, P. A. M.: Thermal and exhumation history of the Coastal Cordillera arc of northern Chile revealed by thermochronological dating, Tectonophysics, 495, 48–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.06.018, 2010.
Karger, D. N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R. W., Zimmermann, N. E., Linder, H. P., and Kessler, M.: Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas, Sci. Data, 4, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122, 2017.
Koesuma, S., Ridwan, M., Nugraha, A. D., Widiyantoro, S., and Fukuda, Y.: Preliminary estimation of engineering bedrock depths from microtremor array measurements in Solo, Central Java, Indonesia, J. Math. Fundam. Sci., 49, 306–320, https://doi.org/10.5614/j.math.fund.sci.2017.49.3.8, 2017.
Krone, L. V, Hampl, F. J., Schwerdhelm, C., Bryce, C., Ganzert, L., Kitte, A., Übernickel, K., Dielforder, A., Aldaz, S., Oses-Pedraza, R., Perez, J. P. H., Sanchez-Alfaro, P., Wagner, D., Weckmann, U., and von Blanckenburg, F.: Deep weathering in the semi-arid Coastal Cordillera, Chile, Sci. Rep., 11, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90267-7, 2021.
Lehnert, L. W., Thies, B., Trachte, K., Achilles, S., Osses, P., Baumann, K., Schmidt, J., Samolov, E., Jung, P., Leinweber, P., Karsten, U., Büdel, B., and Bendix, J.: A case study on fog/low stratus occurrence at las lomitas, atacama desert (Chile) as a water source for biological soil crusts, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 18, 254–269, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2017.01.0021, 2018.
Liu, X., Zhu, T., and Hayes, J.: Critical Zone Structure by Elastic Full Waveform Inversion of Seismic Refractions in a Sandstone Catchment, Central Pennsylvania, USA, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 127, 1–17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JB023321, 2022.
Lodes, E., Scherler, D., van Dongen, R., and Wittmann, H.: The story of a summit nucleus: hillslope boulders and their effect on erosional patterns and landscape morphology in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera, Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 305–324, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-305-2023, 2023.
Maghami, S., Sohrabi-Bidar, A., Bignardi, S., Zarean, A., and Kamalian, M.: Extracting the shear wave velocity structure of deep alluviums of “Qom” Basin (Iran) employing HVSR inversion of microtremor recordings, J. Appl. Geophys., 185, 104246, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2020.104246, 2021.
Mahajan, A. K., Mundepi, A. K., Chauhan, N., Jasrotia, A. S., Rai, N., and Gachhayat, T. K.: Active seismic and passive microtremor HVSR for assessing site effects in Jammu city, NW Himalaya, India – A case study, J. Appl. Geophys., 77, 51–62, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2011.11.005, 2012.
Maksaev, V., Munizaga, F., and Tassinari, C.: Timing of the magmatism of the paleo-pacific border of Gondwana: U–Pb geochronology of Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic igneous rocks of the north Chilean Andes between 20° and 31° S, Andean Geol., 41, 447–506, https://doi.org/10.5027/andgeoV41n3-a01, 2014.
Moon, S. W., Subramaniam, P., Zhang, Y., Vinoth, G., and Ku, T.: Bedrock depth evaluation using microtremor measurement: empirical guidelines at weathered granite formation in Singapore, J. Appl. Geophys., 171, 103866, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2019.103866, 2019.
Nagamani, D., Sivaram, K., Rao, N. P., and Satyanarayana, H. V. S.: Ambient noise and earthquake HVSR modelling for site characterization in southern mainland, Gujarat, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 129, 195, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-020-01443-8, 2020.
Nakamura, Y.: A method for dynamic characteristics estimation of subsurface using microtremor on ground surface, Railw. Tech. Res. Institute, Q. Reports, 30, 25–33, 1989.
Nelson, S. and McBride, J.: Application of HVSR to estimating thickness of laterite weathering profiles in basalt, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 44, 1365–1376, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4580, 2019.
Oeser, R. A. and von Blanckenburg, F.: Do degree and rate of silicate weathering depend on plant productivity?, Biogeosciences, 17, 4883–4917, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4883-2020, 2020.
Oeser, R. A., Stroncik, N., Moskwa, L. M., Bernhard, N., Schaller, M., Canessa, R., van den Brink, L., Köster, M., Brucker, E., Stock, S., Fuentes, J. P., Godoy, R., Matus, F. J., Oses Pedraza, R., Osses McIntyre, P., Paulino, L., Seguel, O., Bader, M. Y., Boy, J., Dippold, M. A., Ehlers, T. A., Kühn, P., Kuzyakov, Y., Leinweber, P., Scholten, T., Spielvogel, S., Spohn, M., Übernickel, K., Tielbörger, K., Wagner, D., and von Blanckenburg, F.: Chemistry and microbiology of the Critical Zone along a steep climate and vegetation gradient in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera, Catena, 170, 183–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.06.002, 2018.
Olona, J., Pulgar, J. A., Fernández-Viejo, G., López-Fernández, C., and González-Cortina, J. M.: Weathering variations in a granitic massif and related geotechnical properties through seismic and electrical resistivity methods, Near Surf. Geophys., 8, 585–599, https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2010043, 2010.
Parolai, S., Picozzi, M., Richwalski, S. M., and Milkereit, C.: Joint inversion of phase velocity dispersion and
Pastén, C., Sáez, M., Ruiz, S., Leyton, F., Salomón, J., and Poli, P.: Deep characterization of the Santiago Basin using HVSR and cross-correlation of ambient seismic noise, Eng. Geol., 201, 57–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.12.021, 2016.
Pilz, M., Parolai, S., Picozzi, M., Wang, R., Leyton, F., Campos, J., and Zschau, J.: Shear wave velocity model of the Santiago de Chile basin derived from ambient noise measurements: A comparison of proxies for seismic site conditions and amplification, Geophys. J. Int., 182, 355–367, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04613.x, 2010.
Piña-Flores, J., Cárdenas-Soto, M., García-Jerez, A., Seivane, H., Luzón, F., and Sánchez-Sesma, F. J.: Use of peaks and troughs in the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio of ambient noise for Rayleigh-wave dispersion curve picking, J. Appl. Geophys., 177, 104024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2020.104024, 2020.
Riebe, C. S., Kirchner, J. W., and Finkel, R. C.: Long-term rates of chemical weathering and physical erosion from cosmogenic nuclides and geochemical mass balance, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 67, 4411–4427, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00382-X, 2003.
Rodríguez, M. P., Charrier, R., Brichau, S., Carretier, S., Farías, M., Parseval, P., and Ketcham, R. A.: Latitudinal and Longitudinal Patterns of Exhumation in the Andes of North-Central Chile, Tectonics, 37, 2863–2886, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC004997, 2018.
Ryberg, T. and Haberland, C.: Bayesian simultaneous inversion for local earthquake hypocentres and 1-D velocity structure using minimum prior knowledge, Geophys. J. Int., 218, 840–854, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz177, 2019.
Sernageomin: Mapa Geológico de Chile, Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería Santiago, https://tiendadigital.sernageomin.cl/es/geologia-basica/3209-mapa-geologico-de-chile.html (last access: 5 May 2024), 1982.
SESAME: Guidelines for The Implementation of The H/V Spectral Ratio Technique on Ambient Vibrations-Measurements, Processing and Interpretations, SESAME European Research Project, SESAME Site Eff. Assess. using Ambient Excit., 62 pp., https://sesame.geopsy.org/Delivrables/Del-D23-HV_User_Guidelines.pdf (last access: 5 May 2024), 2004.
Stannard, D., Meyers, J., and Dronfield, T.: Passive seismic horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) surveying to help define bedrock depth, structure and layering in shallow coal basins, ASEG Ext. Abstr., 2019, 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1080/22020586.2019.12073175, 2019.
Stierman, D. J. and Healy, J. H.: A study of the depth of weathering and its relationship to the mechanical properties of near-surface rocks in the Mojave Desert, Pure Appl. Geophys., 122, 425–439, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00874609, 1984.
Trichandi, R., Bauer, K., Ryberg, T., Scherler, D., Bataille, K., and Krawczyk, C. M.: Combined seismic and borehole investigation of the deep granite weathering structure – Santa Gracia Reserve case in Chile, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 47, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5457, 2022.
Trichandi, R., Bauer, K., Ryberg, T., Wawerzinek, B., Araya Vargas, J., von Blanckenburg, F., and Krawczyk, C. M.: Shear-wave velocity imaging of weathered granite in La Campana (Chile) from Bayesian inversion of micro-tremor
Vantassel, J.: hvsrpy, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3666956, 2020.
Vázquez, M., Ramírez, S., Morata, D., Reich, M., Braun, J. J., and Carretier, S.: Regolith production and chemical weathering of granitic rocks in central Chile, Chem. Geol., 446, 87–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.09.023, 2016.
Wathelet, M., Chatelain, J. L., Cornou, C., Giulio, G. Di, Guillier, B., Ohrnberger, M., and Savvaidis, A.: Geopsy: A user-friendly open-source tool set for ambient vibration processing, Seismol. Res. Lett., 91, 1878–1889, https://doi.org/10.1785/0220190360, 2020.
Wathelet, M., Jongmans, D., and Ohrnberger, M.: Surface-wave inversion using a direct search algorithm and its application to ambient vibration measurements, Near Surf. Geophys., 2, 211–221, https://doi.org/10.3997/1873-0604.2004018, 2004.
Werner, C., Schmid, M., Ehlers, T. A., Fuentes-Espoz, J. P., Steinkamp, J., Forrest, M., Liakka, J., Maldonado, A., and Hickler, T.: Effect of changing vegetation and precipitation on denudation – Part 1: Predicted vegetation composition and cover over the last 21 thousand years along the Coastal Cordillera of Chile, Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 829–858, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-829-2018, 2018.
Xu, R. and Wang, L.: The horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio and its applications, EURASIP J. Adv. Sig. Pr., 2021, 75, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13634-021-00765-z, 2021.
Short summary
This study investigates subsurface weathering zones, revealing their structure through shear wave velocity variations. The research focuses on the arid climate of Pan de Azúcar National Park, Chile, using seismic ambient noise recordings to construct pseudo-3D models. The resulting models show the subsurface structure, including granite gradients and mafic dike intrusions. Comparison with other sites emphasizes the intricate relationship between climate, geology, and weathering depth.
This study investigates subsurface weathering zones, revealing their structure through shear...
