Articles | Volume 7, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-393-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-393-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
02 May 2019
Research article |
| 02 May 2019
| 02 May 2019
Cosmogenic 10Be in river sediment: where grain size matters and why
Renee van Dongen
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Earth Surface
Geochemistry, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Dirk Scherler
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Earth Surface
Geochemistry, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Geological Sciences, 12249
Berlin, Germany
Hella Wittmann
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Earth Surface
Geochemistry, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Friedhelm von Blanckenburg
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Earth Surface
Geochemistry, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Geological Sciences, 12249
Berlin, Germany
Related authors
Emma Lodes, Dirk Scherler, Renee van Dongen, and Hella Wittmann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 305–324, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-305-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-305-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We explored the ways that boulders and bedrock affect the shapes of hills and valleys by testing how quickly they erode compared to soil. We found that bedrock and boulders mostly erode more slowly than soil and predict that fracture patterns affect where they exist. We also found that streams generally follow fault orientations. Together, our data imply that fractures influence landscapes by weakening bedrock, causing it to erode faster and to eventually form a valley where a stream may flow.
Renee van Dongen, Dirk Scherler, Dadiyorto Wendi, Eric Deal, Luca Mao, Norbert Marwan, and Claudio I. Meier
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1234, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1234, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a climatic phenomenon that causes abnormal climatic conditions in Chile. We investigated how ENSO affects catchment hydrology and found strong seasonal and spatial differences in the hydrological response to ENSO which was caused by different hydrological processes in catchments that are dominated by snowmelt-generated runoff or rainfall-generated runoff. These results are relevant for water resources management and ENSO mitigation in Chile.
Andreas Ruby, Taylor F. Schildgen, Fergus McNab, Andrew D. Wickert, Apolline Mariotti, Hella Wittmann, Bolot Moldobekov, Thomas Kolb, and Markus Fuchs
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3489, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-3489, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
River terraces host information about past environmental processes that formed them. However, these processes may act simultaneously, which can hinder their accurate interpretation. Here, we map, date and model terraces of such a complex location, the Naryn River in the Central Asian Tien Shan. We reveal spatially limited impacts of terrace formation in response the rapid drainage of a large landslide-dammed lake, while climatic variations represent a regional terrace formation driver.
Charlotte Läuchli, Nestor Gaviria-Lugo, Anne Bernhardt, Hella Wittmann, Patrick J. Frings, Mahyar Mohtadi, Andreas Lückge, and Dirk Sachse
Clim. Past, 21, 2083–2113, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2083-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2083-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Large-scale atmospheric pathways connecting climate across latitudes are poorly documented in the past. Using a high-resolution spatial and temporal reconstruction of the evolution of the Southern Hemisphere Westerlies since the Last Glacial Maximum and comparing it with the evolution of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, we identified the dominant atmospheric pathways that shaped past South American climate.
Ingolf Kühn, Christian Hecht, Ulrike Herzschuh, and Dirk Scherler
Web Ecol., 25, 157–168, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-25-157-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-25-157-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Since 1850, glaciers have retreated in the Alps, providing ground for vegetation succession. Such systems were studied intensively in other parts of the Alps, but excluding the Northern Limestone Alps. Hence, we initiated a long-term research programme, which we introduce here. Initial findings show an increase in plant species richness and cover with age since deglaciation. This is, however, by far slower than observed elsewhere in the Alps, likely due to the specific geology and geomorphology.
Elizabeth N. Orr, Taylor F. Schildgen, Stefanie Tofelde, Hella Wittmann, and Ricardo N. Alonso
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1391–1413, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1391-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1391-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial terraces and alluvial fans in the Toro Basin, NW Argentina, record river evolution and global climate cycles over time. Landform dating reveals lower-frequency climate cycles (100 kyr) preserved downstream and higher-frequency cycles (21/40 kyr) upstream, supporting theoretical predications that longer rivers filter out higher-frequency climate signals. This finding improves our understanding of the spatial distribution of sedimentary paleoclimate records within landscapes.
Deniz Tobias Gök, Dirk Scherler, and Hendrik Wulf
The Cryosphere, 18, 5259–5276, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5259-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-5259-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We derived Landsat Collection 2 land surface temperature (LST) trends in the Swiss Alps using a harmonic model with a linear trend. Validation with LST data from 119 high-altitude weather stations yielded robust results, but Landsat LST trends are biased due to unstable acquisition times. The bias varies with topographic slope and aspect. We discuss its origin and propose a simple correction method in relation to modeled changes in shortwave radiation.
Rahmantara Trichandi, Klaus Bauer, Trond Ryberg, Benjamin Heit, Jaime Araya Vargas, Friedhelm von Blanckenburg, and Charlotte M. Krawczyk
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 747–763, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-747-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-747-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates subsurface weathering zones, revealing their structure through shear wave velocity variations. The research focuses on the arid climate of Pan de Azúcar National Park, Chile, using seismic ambient noise recordings to construct pseudo-3D models. The resulting models show the subsurface structure, including granite gradients and mafic dike intrusions. Comparison with other sites emphasizes the intricate relationship between climate, geology, and weathering depth.
Nestor Gaviria-Lugo, Charlotte Läuchli, Hella Wittmann, Anne Bernhardt, Patrick Frings, Mahyar Mohtadi, Oliver Rach, and Dirk Sachse
Biogeosciences, 20, 4433–4453, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4433-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-4433-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed how leaf wax hydrogen isotopes in continental and marine sediments respond to climate along one of the strongest aridity gradients in the world, from hyperarid to humid, along Chile. We found that under extreme aridity, the relationship between hydrogen isotopes in waxes and climate is non-linear, suggesting that we should be careful when reconstructing past hydrological changes using leaf wax hydrogen isotopes so as to avoid overestimating how much the climate has changed.
Katharina Wetterauer and Dirk Scherler
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1013–1033, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1013-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1013-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In glacial landscapes, debris supply rates vary spatially and temporally. Rockwall erosion rates derived from cosmogenic 10Be concentrations in medial moraine debris at five Swiss glaciers around Pigne d'Arolla indicate an increase in erosion from the end of the Little Ice Age towards deglaciation but temporally more stable rates over the last ∼100 years. Rockwall erosion rates are higher where rockwalls are steep and north-facing, suggesting a potential slope and temperature control.
Ferdinand J. Hampl, Ferry Schiperski, Christopher Schwerdhelm, Nicole Stroncik, Casey Bryce, Friedhelm von
Blanckenburg, and Thomas Neumann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 511–528, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-511-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-511-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the mineral content and geochemical composition of the upper 6 m of regolith, formed by weathering of granitic rocks in Mediterranean and humid climate zones. We found that the development of the upper regolith in the Mediterranean climate is controlled by secondary minerals which cause fracturing and thus facilitate fluid infiltration to depth. The upper regolith in the humid climate is controlled by secondary minerals that cause a reduction of fluid infiltration to depth.
Emma Lodes, Dirk Scherler, Renee van Dongen, and Hella Wittmann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 305–324, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-305-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-305-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We explored the ways that boulders and bedrock affect the shapes of hills and valleys by testing how quickly they erode compared to soil. We found that bedrock and boulders mostly erode more slowly than soil and predict that fracture patterns affect where they exist. We also found that streams generally follow fault orientations. Together, our data imply that fractures influence landscapes by weakening bedrock, causing it to erode faster and to eventually form a valley where a stream may flow.
Ugo Nanni, Dirk Scherler, Francois Ayoub, Romain Millan, Frederic Herman, and Jean-Philippe Avouac
The Cryosphere, 17, 1567–1583, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1567-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1567-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Surface melt is a major factor driving glacier movement. Using satellite images, we have tracked the movements of 38 glaciers in the Pamirs over 7 years, capturing their responses to rapid meteorological changes with unprecedented resolution. We show that in spring, glacier accelerations propagate upglacier, while in autumn, they propagate downglacier – all resulting from changes in meltwater input. This provides critical insights into the interplay between surface melt and glacier movement.
Deniz Tobias Gök, Dirk Scherler, and Leif Stefan Anderson
The Cryosphere, 17, 1165–1184, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1165-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-1165-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We performed high-resolution debris-thickness mapping using land surface temperature (LST) measured from an unpiloted aerial vehicle (UAV) at various times of the day. LSTs from UAVs require calibration that varies in time. We test two approaches to quantify supraglacial debris cover, and we find that the non-linearity of the relationship between LST and debris thickness increases with LST. Choosing the best model to predict debris thickness depends on the time of the day and the terrain aspect.
Renee van Dongen, Dirk Scherler, Dadiyorto Wendi, Eric Deal, Luca Mao, Norbert Marwan, and Claudio I. Meier
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1234, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1234, 2022
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a climatic phenomenon that causes abnormal climatic conditions in Chile. We investigated how ENSO affects catchment hydrology and found strong seasonal and spatial differences in the hydrological response to ENSO which was caused by different hydrological processes in catchments that are dominated by snowmelt-generated runoff or rainfall-generated runoff. These results are relevant for water resources management and ENSO mitigation in Chile.
Aaron Bufe, Kristen L. Cook, Albert Galy, Hella Wittmann, and Niels Hovius
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 513–530, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-513-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-513-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Erosion modulates Earth's carbon cycle by exposing a variety of lithologies to chemical weathering. We measured water chemistry in streams on the eastern Tibetan Plateau that drain either metasedimentary or granitoid rocks. With increasing erosion, weathering shifts from being a CO2 sink to being a CO2 source for both lithologies. However, metasedimentary rocks typically weather 2–10 times faster than granitoids, with implications for the role of lithology in modulating the carbon cycle.
Cited articles
Aguilar, G., Carretier, S., Regard, V., Vassallo, R., Riquelme, R., and
Martinod, J.: Grain size-dependent 10Be concentrations in alluvial stream
sediment of the Huasco Valley, a semi-arid Andes region, Quat. Geochronol.,
19, 163–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2013.01.011, 2014.
Allen, P. A., Armitage, J. J., Whittaker, A. C., Michael, N. A.,
Roda-boluda, D., and Arcy, M. D.: Fragmentation Model of the Grain Size Mix
of Sediment Supplied to Basins, J. Geol., 123, 405–427, https://doi.org/10.1086/683113,
2015.
Anderson, S. P., von Blanckenburg, F., and White, A.: Physical and Chemical
Controls on the Chritical Zone, Elements, 3, 315–319,
https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.3.5.315, 2007.
Attal, M. and Lavé, J.: Pebble abrasion during fluvial transport:
Experimental results and implications for the evolution of the sediment load
along rivers, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 114, 1–22,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001328, 2009.
Attal, M., Mudd, S. M., Hurst, M. D., Weinman, B., Yoo, K., and Naylor, M.: Impact of change in erosion rate and
landscape
steepness on hillslope and fluvial sediments grain size in the Feather River basin (Sierra Nevada, California),
Earth Surf. Dynam., 3,
201–222, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-201-2015, 2015.
Balco, G., Stone, J. O., Lifton, N. A. and Dunai, T. J.: A complete and
easily accessible means of calculating surface exposure ages or erosion
rates from 10Be and 26Al measurements, Quat. Geochronol., 3, 174–195,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2007.12.001, 2008.
Belmont, P., Pazzaglia, F. J., and Gosse, J. C.: Cosmogenic 10Be as a tracer
for hillslope and channel sediment dynamics in the Clearwater River, western
Washington State, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 264, 123–135,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.09.013, 2007.
Bernhard, N., Moskwa, L. M., Schmidt, K., Oeser, R. A., Aburto, F., Bader, M. Y., Baumann, K., von Blanckenburg, F., Boy, J., van den Brink, L.,
Brucker, E., Büdel, B., Canessa, R., Dippold, M. A., Ehlers, T. A., Fuentes, J. P., Godoy, R., Jung, P., Karsten, U., Köster, M., Kuzyakov, Y.,
Leinweber, P., Neidhardt, H., Matus, F., Mueller, C. W., Oelmann, Y., Oses, R., Osses, P., Paulino, L., Samolov, E., Schaller, M., Schmid, M.,
Spielvogel, S., Spohn, M., Stock, S., Stroncik, N., Tielbörger, K., Übernickel, K., Scholten, T., Seguel, O., Wagner, D., and Kühn, P.:
Pedogenic and microbial interrelations to regional climate and local topography: new insights from a climate gradient (arid to humid) along
the Coastal Cordillera of Chile, Catena, 170, 335–355, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.06.018, 2018.
Bierman, P. R. and Steig, E. J.: Estimating rates of denudation using
cosmogenic isotope abundances in sediment, Earth Surf. Proc. Land.,
21, 125–139, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199602)21:2<125::AID-ESP511>3.0.CO;2-8, 1996.
Binnie, S. A., Phillips, W. M., Summerfield, M. A., and Keith Fifield, L.:
Sediment mixing and basin-wide cosmogenic nuclide analysis in rapidly
eroding mountainous environments, Quat. Geochronol., 1, 4–14,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2006.06.013, 2006.
Binnie, S. A., Phillips, W. M., Summerfield, M. A., and Fifield, L. K.:
Tectonic uplift, threshold hillslopes, and denudation rates in a developing
mountain range, Geology, 35, 743–746, https://doi.org/10.1130/G23641A.1, 2007.
Borchers, B., Marrero, S., Balco, G., Caffee, M., Goehring, B., Lifton, N.,
Nishiizumi, K., Phillips, F., Schaefer, J., and Stone, J.: Geological
calibration of spallation production rates in the CRONUS- Earth project,
Quat. Geochronol., 31, 188–198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.01.009, 2016.
Brown, E. T., Stallard, R. F., Larsen, M. C., Raisbeck, G. M., and Yiou, F.:
Denudation rates determined from the accumulation of in situ-produced 10Be
in the luquillo experimental forest, Puerto Rico, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
129, 193–202, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(94)00249-X, 1995.
Burbank, D. W., Leland, J., Fielding, E., Anderson, R. S., Brozovic, N.,
Reid, M. R., and Duncan, C.: Bedrock incision, rock uplift and threshold
hillslopes in the northwestern Himalayas, Nature, 379, 505–510,
https://doi.org/10.1038/379505a0, 1996.
Carretier, S. and Regard, V.: Is it possible to quantify pebble abrasion and
velocity in rivers using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides?, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 116, 1–17,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF001968, 2011.
Carretier, S., Regard, V., and Soual, C.: Theoretical cosmogenic nuclide
concentration in river bed load clasts: Does it depend on clast size?, Quat.
Geochronol., 4, 108–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2008.11.004, 2009.
Carretier, S., Regard, V., Vassallo, R., Aguilar, G., Martinod, J.,
Riquelme, R., Christophoul, F., Charrier, R., Gayer, E., Farías, M.,
Audin, L., and Lagane, C.: Differences in 10Be concentrations between river
sand, gravel and pebbles along the western side of the central Andes, Quat.
Geochronol., 27, 33–51, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2014.12.002, 2015.
Casagli, N., Ermini, L., and Rosati, G.: Determining grain size distribution
of the material composing landslide dams in the Northern Apennines: Sampling
and processing methods, Eng. Geol., 69, 83–97,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(02)00249-1, 2003.
Chang, K. T., Chiang, S. H., and Hsu, M. L.: Modeling typhoon- and
earthquake-induced landslides in a mountainous watershed using logistic
regression, Geomorphology, 89, 335–347,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.12.011, 2007.
Chen, H., Dadson, S., and Chi, Y. G.: Recent rainfall-induced landslides and
debris flow in northern Taiwan, Geomorphology, 77, 112–125,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.01.002, 2006.
Clapp, E. M., Bierman, P. R., and Caffee, M.: Using 10Be and 26Al to
determine sediment generation rates and identify sediment source areas in an
arid region drainage basin, Geomorphology, 45, 89–104,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00191-X, 2002.
Clarke, B. A. and Burbank, D. W.: Quantifying bedrock – fracture patterns
within the shallow subsurface?: Implications for rock mass strength,
bedrock landslides, and erodibility, J. Geophys. Res., 116, F04009,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF001987, 2011.
Codilean, A. T., Munack, H., Cohen, T. J., Saktura, W. M., Gray, A., and Mudd, S. M.: OCTOPUS: an open
cosmogenic
isotope and luminescence database, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 2123–2139, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-2123-2018,
2018.
Crosby, B. T. and Whipple, K. X.: Knickpoint initiation and distribution
within fluvial networks: 236 waterfalls in the Waipaoa River, North Island,
New Zealand, Geomorphology, 82, 16–38,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.08.023, 2006.
Derrieux, F., Siame, L. L., Bourlès, D. L., Chen, R. F., Braucher, R.,
Léanni, L., Lee, J. C., Chu, H. T., and Byrne, T. B.: How fast is the
denudation of the Taiwan mountain belt? Perspectives from in situ cosmogenic
10Be, J. Asian Earth Sci., 88, 230–245, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.03.012,
2014.
DiBiase, R. A. and Whipple, K. X.: The influence of erosion thresholds and
runoff variability on the relationships among topography, climate, and
erosion rate, J. Geophys. Res., 116, F04036, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002095,
2011.
DiBiase, R. A., Whipple, K. X., Heimsath, A. M., and Ouimet, W. B.: Landscape form and millenial erosion
rates in the San Gabriel Mountains, Ca, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 289, 134–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.10.036, 2010.
Didan, K.: MOD13Q1 MODIS/Terra Vegetation Indices 16-Day L3 Global 250m SIN
Grid V006 [Data set], https://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD13Q1.006, 2015.
Dixon, J. L. and von Blanckenburg, F.: Soils as pacemakers and limiters of
global silicate weathering, C. R. Geosci., 344, 597–609,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2012.10.012, 2012.
Dixon, J. L., Chadwick, O. A., and Vitousek, P. M.: Climate-driven threshold
for chemical weathering in postglacial soils of New Zealand, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 121, 1619–1634,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003864, 2016.
Drever, J. I.: The effect of land plants on weathering rates of silicate
minerals, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 58, 2325–2332,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90013-2, 1994.
Ehrlich, H. L.: Geomicrobiology: Its significance for geology, Earth Sci.
Rev., 45, 45–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(98)00034-8, 1998.
Ferguson, R., Hoey, T., Wathen, S., and Werritty, A.: Field evidence for
rapid downstream fining of river gravels through selective transport,
Geology, 24, 179–182, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0179:FEFRDF>2.3.CO;2, 1996.
Gabet, E. J. and Dunne, T.: Landslides on coastal sage-scrub and grassland
hillslopes in a severe El Niño winter: The effects of vegetation
conversion on sediment delivery, B. Geol. Soc. Am., 114, 983–990,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0983:LOCSSA>2.0.CO;2,
2002.
Gabet, E. J. and Mudd, S. M.: Bedrock erosion by root fracture and tree
throw: A coupled biogeomorphic model to explore the humped soil production
function and the persistence of hillslope soils, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 115, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001526,
2010.
Gabet, E. J., Reichman, O. J., and Seabloom, E. W.: The Effects of
Bioturbation on Soil Processes and Sediment Transport, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 31, 249–273,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141314,
2003.
Glodny, J., Graaefe, K., and Rosenau, M.: Mesozoic to Quaternary
continental margin dynamics in South-Central Chile (36–42 ∘ S): the apatite and zircon fission track
perspective, Int. J. Earth Sci., 97,
1271–1291, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-007-0203-1, 2008.
Gonzalez, V. S., Schmidt, A. H., Bierman, P. R., and Rood, D. H.: Spatial and
temporal replicability of meteoric and in situ 10Be concentrations in
fluvial sediment, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 42, 2570–2584,
https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4205, 2017.
Gosse, J. C. and Phillips, F. M.: Terrestrial in situ cosmogenic
nuclides:theory and application, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 20, 1475–1560,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00171-2, 2001.
Granger, D., Kirchner, J., and Finkel, R.: Spatially averaged long-term
erosion rates measured from in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides in alluvial
sediment, J. Geol., 104, 249–257, https://doi.org/10.1086/629823, 1996.
Grömping, U.: R package relaimpo: relative importance for linear
regression, J. Stat. Softw., 17, 139–147,
https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v017.i01, 2006.
Hartmann, J. and Moosdorf, N.: The new global lithological map database
GLiM: A representation of rock properties at the Earth surface,
Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 13, 1–37, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GC004370,
2012.
Heimsath, A. M., Fink, D., and Hancock, G. R.: The “humped” soil production
function?: eroding Arnhem Land, Australia, Earth Surf. Proc. Land.,
1684, 1674–1684, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1859, 2009.
Hoey, T. B. and Ferguson, R.: Numerical simulation of downstream fining by
selective transport in gravel bed rivers: Model development and
illustration, Water Resour., 30, 2251–2260,
https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR00556, 1994.
Hovius, N., Stark, C. A., and Allen, P. A.: Sediment flux from a mountain
belt derived by landsliding mapping, Geology, 25, 231–234,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0231:SFFAMB>2.3.CO;2,
1997.
Jarvis, A., Reuter, H. I., Nelson, A., and Guevara, E.: Hole-filled SRTM for
the globe Version 4, available from the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90m Database,
available at: http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org (last access: 15 October 2018), 2008.
Kodama, Y: Downstream changes in the lithology and grain size of fluvial gravels, the Watarase River, Japan; evidence of the role of
abrasion in downstream fining. J. Sediment. Res., 64, 68–75,
https://doi.org/10.1306/D4267D0C-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D,
1994a.
Kodama, Y: Experimental Study of Abrasion and Its Role in Producing Downstream Fining in Gravel-Bed Rivers,
J. Sediment. Res., 64, 76–85, https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.64.76,
1994b.
Kohl, C. P. and Nishiizumi, K.: Chemical isolation of quartz for measurement
of in-situ -produced cosmogenic nuclides, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 56,
3583–3587, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90401-4, 1992.
Kolmogorov, A.: Sulla determinazione empirica di una legge di
distribuzione, G. dell'Instituto Ital. degli Attuari, 4, 83–91, 1933.
Krumbein, W. C.: Size frequency distributions of sediments, J. Sediment.
Petrol., 4, 65–77, 1934.
Krumbein, W. C.: Size frequency distributions of sediments and the normal
phi curve, J. Sediment. Petrol., 8,
84–90, 1938.
Lal, D.: Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces?: in situ nuclide
production rates and erosion models, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 104,
424–439, 1991.
Larsen, I. J. and Montgomery, D. R.: Landslide erosion coupled to tectonics
and river incision, Nat. Geosci., 5, 468–473, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1479,
2012.
Lasaga, A. C., Soler, J. M., Ganor, J., Burch, T. E., and Nagy, K. L.:
Chemical weathering rate laws and global geochemical cycles, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 58, 2361–2386,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90016-7, 1994.
Lebedeva, M. I. and Brantley, S. L.: Weathering and erosion of fractured
bedrock systems, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 42, 2090–2108,
https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4177, 2017.
Lewin, J. and Brewer, P. A.: Laboratory Simulation of Clast Abrasion, Earth
Surf. Proc. Land., 27, 145–164, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.306, 2002.
Lin, G. W., Chen, H., Chen, Y. H., and Horng, M. J.: Influence of typhoons
and earthquakes on rainfall-induced landslides and suspended sediments
discharge, Eng. Geol., 97, 32–41, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2007.12.001,
2008.
Lindeman, R. H., Merenda, P. F., and Gold, R. Z.: Introduction to Bivariate
and Multivariate Analysis, Scott, Foresman, Glenview, IL, 1, 1980.
Lukens, C. E., Riebe, C. S., Sklar, L. S., and Shuster, D. L.: Grain size
bias in cosmogenic nuclide studies of stream sediment in steep terrain, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 121, 978–999,
https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003859,
2016.
Lupker, M., Lavé, J., France-Lanord, C., Christl, M., Bourlès, D., Carcaillet, J., Maden, C., Wieler,
R., Rahman, M.,
Bezbaruah, D., and Xiaohan, L.: 10Be systematics in the Tsangpo-Brahmaputra catchment: the cosmogenic
nuclide legacy of the
eastern Himalayan syntaxis, Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 429–449, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-429-2017, 2017.
Maher, K.: The dependence of chemical weathering rates on fluid residence
time, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 294, 101–110,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.03.010, 2010.
Mather, A. E., Hartley, A. J., and Griffiths, J. S.: The giant coastal
landslides of Northern Chile: Tectonic and climate interactions on a classic
convergent plate margin, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 388, 249–256,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.019, 2014.
Matmon, A., Bierman, P. R., Larsen, J., Southworth, S., Pavich, M., Finkel,
R., and Caffee, M.: Erosion of an ancient mountain range, the Great Smoky
Mountains, North Carolina and Tennessee, Am. J. Sci., 303, 817–855,
https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.303.9.817, 2003.
Melnick, D.: Rise of the central Andean coast by earthquakes straddling the
Moho, Nat. Geosci., 9, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2683, 2016.
Melnick, D., Bookhagen, B., Strecker, M. R., and Echtler, H. P.: Segmentation
of megathrust rupture zones from fore-arc deformation patterns over hundreds
to millions of years, Arauco peninsula, Chile, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea.,
114, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB005788, 2009.
Meyer-Christoffer, A., Becker, A., Finger, P., Rudolf, B., Schneider, U., and
Ziese, M.: GPCC Climatology Version 2015 at 0.25∘: Monthly
Land-Surface Precipitation Climatology for Every Month and the Total Year
from Rain-Gauges built on GTS-based and Historic Data, https://doi.org/10.5676/DWD_GPCC/CLIM_M_V2015_025, 2015.
Montgomery, D. R. and Brandon, M. T.: Topographic controls on erosion rates
in tectonically active mountain ranges, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 201,
481–489, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00725-2, 2002.
Neilson, T. B., Schmidt, A. H., Bierman, P. R., Rood, D. H., and Sosa
Gonzalez, V.: Efficacy of in situ and meteoric 10Be mixing in fluvial
sediment collected from small catchments in China, Chem. Geol.,
471, 119–130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.09.024, 2017.
Niemi, N. A., Oskin, M., Burbank, D. W., Heimsath, A. M., and Gabet, E. J.:
Effects of bedrock landslides on cosmogenically determined erosion rates,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 237, 480–498,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.07.009, 2005.
Oberlander, T. M.: Morphogenesis of Granitic Boulder Slopes in the Mojave
Desert, California, J. Geol., 80, 1–20, 1972.
Oeser, R. A., Stroncik, N., Moskwa, L., Bernhard, N., Schaller, M., Canessa,
R., Brink, L. Van Den, Köster, M., Brucker, E., Stock, S., Pablo, J.,
Godoy, R., Javier, F., Oses, R., Osses, P., Paulino, L., Seguel, O., Bader,
M. Y., Boy, J., Dippold, M. A., Ehlers, T. A., Kühn, P., Kuzyakov, Y.,
Leinweber, P., Scholten, T., Spielvogel, S., Spohn, M., Übernickel, K.,
Tielbörger, K., Wagner, D., and Blanckenburg, F. Von: Chemistry and
microbiology of the Critical Zone along a steep climate and vegetation
gradient in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera, Catena, 170, 183–203,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.06.002, 2018.
Ouimet, W. B., Whipple, K. X., and Granger, D. E.: Beyond threshold
hillslopes: Channel adjustment to base-level fall in tectonically active
mountain ranges, Geology, 37, 579–582, https://doi.org/10.1130/G30013A.1, 2009.
Palumbo, L., Hetzel, R., Tao, M., and Li, X.: Topographic and lithologic control on catchment-wide denudation rates derived from
cosmogenic 10Be in two mountain ranges at the margin of NE Tibet, Geomorphology, 117, 130–142,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.11.019, 2010.
Perras, M. A. and Diederichs, M. S.: A Review of the Tensile Strength of
Rock: Concepts and Testing, Geotech. Geol. Eng., 32, 525–546,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-014-9732-0, 2014.
Phillips, F. M., Argento, D. C., Balco, G., Caffee, M. W., Clem, J., Dunai,
T. J., Finkel, R., Goehring, B., Gosse, J. C., Hudson, A. M., Jull, A. J.
T., Kelly, M. A., Kurz, M., Lal, D., Lifton, N., Marrero, S. M., Nishiizumi,
K., Reedy, R. C., Schaefer, J., Stone, J. O. H., Swanson, T., and Zreda, M.
G.: The CRONUS-Earth Project: A synthesis, Quat. Geochronol., 31, 119–154,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2015.09.006, 2016.
Pinto, L., Hérail, G., Sepúlveda, S. A., and Krop, P.: A Neogene
giant landslide in Tarapacá, northern Chile: A signal of instability of
the westernmost Altiplano and palaeoseismicity effects, Geomorphology,
102, 532–541, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.05.044, 2008.
Portenga, E. W. and Bierman, P. R.: Understanding earth's eroding surface
with 10Be, GSA Today, 21, 4–10, https://doi.org/10.1130/G111A.1, 2011.
Puchol, N., Lavé, J., Lupker, M., Blard, P. H., Gallo, F., and
France-Lanord, C.: Grain-size dependent concentration of cosmogenic 10Be and
erosion dynamics in a landslide-dominated Himalayan watershed,
Geomorphology, 224, 55–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.06.019,
2014.
Reinhardt, L. J., Hoey, T. B., Barrows, T. T., Dempster, T. J., Bishop, P.,
and Fifield, L. K.: Interpreting erosion rates from cosmogenic radionuclide
concentrations measured in rapidly eroding terrain, Earth Surf. Proc.
Land., 32, 390–406, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1415, 2007.
Riebe, C. S., Kirchner, J. W., and Finkel, R. C.: Long-term rates of chemical
weathering and physical erosion from cosmogenic nuclides and geochemical
mass balance, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 67, 4411–4427,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(03)00382-X, 2003.
Riebe, C. S., Kirchner, J. W., and Finkel, R. C.: Erosional and climatic
effects on long-term chemical weathering rates in granitic landscapes
spanning diverse climate regimes, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 224,
547–562, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.05.019, 2004.
Roda-Boluda, D. C., D'Arcy, M., McDonald, J., and Whittaker, A. C.:
Lithological controls on hillslope sediment supply: insights from landslide
activity and grain size distributions, Earth Surf. Proc. Land.,
43, 956–977, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4281, 2018.
Roering, J. J., Kirchner, J. W., and Dietrich, W. E.: Evidence for nonlinear,
diffusive sediment transport on hillslopes and implications for landscape
morphology, Water Resour. Res., 35, 853–870, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998WR900090,
1999.
Roering, J. J., Marshall, J., Booth, A. M., Mort, M., and Jin, Q.: Evidence
for biotic controls on topography and soil production, Earth Planet. Sc.
Lett., 298, 183–190, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.07.040, 2010.
Ruxton, B. P. and Berry, L.: Weathering of granite and associated erosional
features in Hong Kong, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 68, 1263–1292,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1957)68[1263:WOGAAE]2.0.CO;2, 1957.
Safran, E. B., Bierman, P. R., Aalto, R., Dunne, T., Whipple, K. X., and Caffee, M.: Erosion rates driven by channel
network incision in the Bolivian Andes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 30, 1007–1024, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1259,
2005.
Schaller, M., Ehlers, T. A., Lang, K. A. H., Schmid, M., and Fuentes-Espoz,
J. P.: Addressing the contribution of climate and vegetation cover on
hillslope denudation, Chilean Coastal Cordillera (26∘–38∘S), Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 489,
111–122,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.02.026, 2018.
Scherler, D., Lamb, M. P., Rhodes, E. J., and Avouac, J. P.: Climate-change
versus landslide origin of fill terraces in a rapidly eroding bedrock
landscape: San Gabriel River, California, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 128,
1228–1248, https://doi.org/10.1130/B31356.1, 2016.
Schwanghart, W. and Scherler, D.: Short Communication: TopoToolbox 2 – MATLAB-based software for topographic
analysis and modeling in
Earth surface sciences, Earth Surf. Dynam., 2, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-1-2014, 2014.
Sklar, L. S. and Dietrich, W. E.: Sediment and rock strength controls on
river incision into bedrock, Geology, 29(12), 1087–1090,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1087:SARSCO>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Sklar, L. S. and Dietrich, W. E.: Implications of the Saltation-Abrasion
Bedrock Incision Model for Steady-State River Longitudinal Profile Relief
and Concavity, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 33, 1129–1151,
https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1689, 2008.
Sklar, L. S., Dietrich, W. E., Foufoula-Georgiou, E., Lashermes, B., and
Bellugi, D.: Do gravel bed river size distributions record channel network
structure?, Water Resour. Res., 42, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005035,
2006.
Sklar, L. S., Riebe, C. S., Marshall, J. A., Genetti, J., Leclere, S.,
Lukens, C. L., and Merces, V.: The problem of predicting the size
distribution of sediment supplied by hillslopes to rivers, Geomorphology,
277, 31–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.05.005, 2017.
Smirnov, N. V.: On the estimation of the discrepancy between empirical
curves of distribution for two independent samples, Bull. Math. Univ.
Moscou, 2, 3–16, 1939.
Sosa Gonzalez, V., Bierman, P. R., Fernandes, N. F., and Rood, D. H.:
Long-term background denudation rates of southern and southeastern Brazilian
watersheds estimated with cosmogenic 10 Be, Geomorphology, 268, 54–63,
2016a.
Sosa Gonzalez, V., Bierman, P. R., Nichols, K. K., and Rood, D. H.: Long-term
erosion rates of Panamanian drainage basins determined using in situ 10 Be,
Geomorphol. Tech., 275, 1–15, 2016b.
Stock, G. M., Frankel, K. L., Ehlers, T. a., Schaller, M., Briggs, S. M., and
Finkel, R. C.: Spatial and temporal variations in denudation of the Wasatch
Mountains, Utah, USA, Lithosphere, 1, 34–40, https://doi.org/10.1130/L15.1, 2009.
Stone, J. O.: Air pressure and cosmogenic isotope production, J. Geophys.
Res., 105, 753–759, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900181, 2000.
Sullivan, C. L.: 10Be Erosion Rates and Landscape Evolution of the Blue
Ridge Escarpment, Southern Appalachian Mountains, MS thesis, The University of Vermont, 2007.
Tofelde, S., Duesing, W., Schildgen, T. F., Wickert, A. D., Wittmann, H.,
Alonso, R. N., and Strecker, M.: Effects of deep-seated versus shallow
hillslope processes on cosmogenic10Be concentrations in fluvial sand and
gravel, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 39, 3086–3098,
https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4471, 2018.
von Blanckenburg, F.: The control mechanisms of erosion and weathering at
basin scale from cosmogenic nuclides in river sediment, Earth Planet. Sc.
Lett., 237, 462–479, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.030, 2005.
von Blanckenburg, F., Hewawasam, T., and Kubik, P. W.: Cosmogenic nuclide
evidence for low weathering and denudation in the wet, tropical highlands
of Sri Lanka, J. Geophys. Res., 109, F03008,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JF000049, 2004.
van Dongen, R., Scherler, D., Wittmann, H., and von Blanckenburg, F.: Data
supplement to: Cosmogenic 10Be in river sediment: where grain size matters
and why, GFZ Ger. Res. Cent. Geosci.,
https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.3.3.2019.002, 2019.
West, A. J., Hetzel, R., Li, G., Jin, Z., Zhang, F., Hilton, R. G., and
Densmore, A. L.: Dilution of 10 Be in detrital quartz by earthquake-induced
landslides?: Implications for determining denudation rates and potential to
provide insights into landslide sediment dynamics, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
396, 143–153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.03.058, 2014.
Whipple, K. X. and Tucker, G. E.: Dynamics of the stream-power river
incision model: Implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape
response timescales and research needs, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 661–674,
1999.
White, A. F., Blum, A. E., Bullen, T. D., Vivit, D. V., Schulz, M., and
Fitzpatrick, J.: The effect of temperature on experimental and natural
chemical weathering rates of granitoid rocks, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac.,
63, 3277–3291, 1999.
Willenbring, J. K., Gasparini, N. M., Crosby, B. T., and Brocard, G.: What
does a mean mean? The temporal evolution of detrital cosmogenic denudation
rates in a transient landscape, Geology, 41, 1215–1218,
https://doi.org/10.1130/G34746.1, 2013.
Wolman, M. G.: A method of sampling coarse river-bed material, Trans. Am.
Geophys. Union, 35, 951–956,
https://doi.org/10.1029/TR035i006p00951, 1954.
Yanites, B. J., Tucker, G. E., and Anderson, R. S.: Numerical and analytical
models of cosmogenic radionuclide dynamics in landslide-dominated drainage
basins, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 114, 114, F01007,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001088,
2009.
Short summary
The concentration of cosmogenic 10Be is typically measured in the sand fraction of river sediment to estimate catchment-average erosion rates. Using the sand fraction in catchments where the 10Be concentrations differ per grain size could potentially result in biased erosion rates. In this study we investigated the occurrence and causes of grain size-dependent 10Be concentrations and identified the types of catchments which are sensitive to biased catchment-average erosion rates.
The concentration of cosmogenic 10Be is typically measured in the sand fraction of river...
