Articles | Volume 12, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-883-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-883-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
24 Jul 2024
Research article |
| 24 Jul 2024
| 24 Jul 2024
Pliocene shorelines and the epeirogenic motion of continental margins: a target dataset for dynamic topography models
Andrew Hollyday
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
Maureen E. Raymo
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
Jacqueline Austermann
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
Fred Richards
Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
Mark Hoggard
Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
Alessio Rovere
Department for Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
MARUM Center for Maine Environmental Services, Universität Bremen, Bremen, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Kerry L. Callaghan, Andrew D. Wickert, Richard Barnes, and Jacqueline Austermann
Geosci. Model Dev., 18, 1463–1486, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1463-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-18-1463-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present the Water Table Model (WTM), a new model for simulating groundwater and lake levels at continental scales over millennia. The WTM enables long-term evaluations of water-table changes. As a proof of concept, we simulate the North American water table for the present and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), showing that North America held more groundwater and lake water during the LGM than it does today – enough to lower sea levels by 14.98 cm. The open-source code is available on GitHub.
Conor P. B. O'Malley, Gareth G. Roberts, James Panton, Fred D. Richards, J. Huw Davies, Victoria M. Fernandes, and Sia Ghelichkhan
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 9023–9049, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-9023-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-9023-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We wish to understand how the history of flowing rock within Earth's interior impacts deflection of its surface. Observations exist to address this problem, and mathematics and different computing tools can be used to predict histories of flow. We explore how modeling choices impact calculated vertical deflections. The sensitivity of vertical motions at Earth's surface to deep flow is assessed, demonstrating how surface observations can enlighten flow histories.
Patrick Boyden, Paolo Stocchi, and Alessio Rovere
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 917–931, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-917-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-917-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Preservation bias often hampers the extraction of sea level changes from the stratigraphic record. In this contribution, we use a forward stratigraphic model to build three synthetic subtropical fringing reefs for a site in southwestern Madagascar (Indian Ocean). Each of the three synthetic reefs represents a different ice sheet melt scenario for the Pleistocene. We then evaluate each resultant reef sequence against the observed stratigraphic record.
Paolo Scussolini, Job Dullaart, Sanne Muis, Alessio Rovere, Pepijn Bakker, Dim Coumou, Hans Renssen, Philip J. Ward, and Jeroen C. J. H. Aerts
Clim. Past, 19, 141–157, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-141-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-141-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct sea level extremes due to storm surges in a past warmer climate. We employ a novel combination of paleoclimate modeling and global ocean hydrodynamic modeling. We find that during the Last Interglacial, about 127 000 years ago, seasonal sea level extremes were indeed significantly different – higher or lower – on long stretches of the global coast. These changes are associated with different patterns of atmospheric storminess linked with meridional shifts in wind bands.
Alessio Rovere, Deirdre D. Ryan, Matteo Vacchi, Andrea Dutton, Alexander R. Simms, and Colin V. Murray-Wallace
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this work, we describe WALIS, the World Atlas of Last Interglacial Shorelines. WALIS is a sea-level database that includes sea-level proxies and samples dated to marine isotope stage 5 (~ 80 to 130 ka). The database was built through topical data compilations included in a special issue in this journal.
Karla Rubio-Sandoval, Alessio Rovere, Ciro Cerrone, Paolo Stocchi, Thomas Lorscheid, Thomas Felis, Ann-Kathrin Petersen, and Deirdre D. Ryan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4819–4845, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4819-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4819-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Last Interglacial (LIG) is a warm period characterized by a higher-than-present sea level. For this reason, scientists use it as an analog for future climatic conditions. In this paper, we use the World Atlas of Last Interglacial Shorelines database to standardize LIG sea-level data along the coasts of the western Atlantic and mainland Caribbean, identifying 55 unique sea-level indicators.
Ciro Cerrone, Matteo Vacchi, Alessandro Fontana, and Alessio Rovere
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4485–4527, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4485-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4485-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The paper is a critical review and standardization of 199 published scientific papers to compile a Last Interglacial sea-level database for the Western Mediterranean sector. In the database, 396 sea-level data points associated with 401 dated samples are included. The relative sea-level data points and associated ages have been ranked on a 0 to 5 scale score.
Kathrine Maxwell, Hildegard Westphal, and Alessio Rovere
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 4313–4329, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4313-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4313-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Marine Isotope Stage 5e (MIS 5e; the Last Interglacial, 125 ka) represents a period in the Earth’s geologic history when sea level was higher than present. In this paper, a standardized database was produced after screening and reviewing LIG sea-level data from published papers in Southeast Asia. We identified 43 unique sea-level indicators (42 from coral reef terraces and 1 from a tidal notch) and compiled the data in the World Atlas of Last Interglacial Shorelines (WALIS).
Patrick Boyden, Jennifer Weil-Accardo, Pierre Deschamps, Davide Oppo, and Alessio Rovere
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 1633–1651, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1633-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1633-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sea levels during the last interglacial (130 to 73 ka) are seen as possible process analogs for future sea-level-rise scenarios as our world warms. To this end we catalog previously published ancient shoreline elevations and chronologies in a standardized data format for East Africa and the Western Indian Ocean region. These entries were then contributed to the greater World Atlas of Last Interglacial Shorelines database.
Evan J. Gowan, Alessio Rovere, Deirdre D. Ryan, Sebastian Richiano, Alejandro Montes, Marta Pappalardo, and Marina L. Aguirre
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 171–197, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-171-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-171-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
During the last interglacial (130 to 115 ka), global sea level was higher than present. The World Atlas of Last Interglacial Shorelines (WALIS) has been created to document this. In this paper, we have compiled data for southeastern South America. There are landforms that indicate that sea level was 5 to 25 m higher than present during this time period. However, the quality of these data is hampered by limitations on elevation measurements, chronology, and geological descriptions.
Maren Bender, Thomas Mann, Paolo Stocchi, Dominik Kneer, Tilo Schöne, Julia Illigner, Jamaluddin Jompa, and Alessio Rovere
Clim. Past, 16, 1187–1205, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1187-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-16-1187-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents 24 new sea-level index points in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia, and the reconstruction of the local Holocene relative sea-level history in combination with glacial isostasic adjustment models. We further show the importance of surveying the height of living coral microatolls as modern analogs to the fossil ones. Other interesting aspects are the potential subsidence of one of the densely populated islands, and we present eight samples that are dated to the Common Era.
André Düsterhus, Alessio Rovere, Anders E. Carlson, Benjamin P. Horton, Volker Klemann, Lev Tarasov, Natasha L. M. Barlow, Tom Bradwell, Jorie Clark, Andrea Dutton, W. Roland Gehrels, Fiona D. Hibbert, Marc P. Hijma, Nicole Khan, Robert E. Kopp, Dorit Sivan, and Torbjörn E. Törnqvist
Clim. Past, 12, 911–921, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-911-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-911-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This review/position paper addresses problems in creating new interdisciplinary databases for palaeo-climatological sea-level and ice-sheet data and gives an overview on new advances to tackle them. The focus therein is to define and explain strategies and highlight their importance to allow further progress in these fields. It also offers important insights into the general problem of designing competitive databases which are also applicable to other communities within the palaeo-environment.
K. T. Lawrence, I. Bailey, and M. E. Raymo
Clim. Past, 9, 2391–2397, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2391-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2391-2013, 2013
Related subject area
Physical: Geomorphology (including all aspects of fluvial, coastal, aeolian, hillslope and glacial geomorphology)
Automatic detection of floating instream large wood in videos using deep learning
Investigating uncertainty and parameter sensitivity in bedform analysis by using a Monte Carlo approach
Geomorphic imprint of high-mountain floods: insights from the 2022 hydrological extreme across the upper Indus River catchment in the northwestern Himalayas
A numerical model for duricrust formation by water table fluctuations
Width evolution of channel belts as a random walk
Evidence of slow millennial cliff retreat rates using cosmogenic nuclides in coastal colluvium
Equilibrium distance from long-range dune interactions
Examination of analytical shear stress predictions for coastal dune evolution
Post-fire evolution of ravel transport regimes in the Diablo Range, CA
Landscape response to tectonic deformation and cyclic climate change since ca. 800 ka in the southern central Andes
The Aare main overdeepening on the northern margin of the European Alps: basins, riegels, and slot canyons
A simple model for faceted topographies at normal faults based on an extended stream-power law
Short Communications: Multiscale topographic complexity analysis with pyTopoComplexity
Testing floc settling velocity models in rivers and freshwater wetlands
River suspended-sand flux computation with uncertainty estimation using water samples and high-resolution ADCP measurements
Barchan swarm dynamics from a Two-Flank Agent-Based Model
A landslide runout model for sediment transport, landscape evolution, and hazard assessment applications
Tracking slow-moving landslides with PlanetScope data: new perspectives on the satellite's perspective
Topographic metrics for unveiling fault segmentation and tectono-geomorphic evolution with insights into the impact of inherited topography, Ulsan Fault Zone, South Korea
Acceleration of coastal-retreat rates for high-Arctic rock cliffs on Brøggerhalvøya, Svalbard, over the past decade
The impact of bedrock meander cutoffs on 50 kyr scale incision rates, San Juan River, Utah
How water, temperature, and seismicity control the preconditioning of massive rock slope failure (Hochvogel)
Large structure simulation for landscape evolution models
Surficial sediment remobilization by shear between sediment and water above tsunamigenic megathrust ruptures: experimental study
Terrace formation linked to outburst floods at the Diexi palaeo-landslide dam, upper Minjiang River, eastern Tibetan Plateau
Influence of alluvial slope on avulsion in river deltas
Decadal-scale decay of landslide-derived fluvial suspended sediment after Typhoon Morakot
Role of the forcing sources in morphodynamic modelling of an embayed beach
A machine learning approach to the geomorphometric detection of ribbed moraines in Norway
Stream hydrology controls on ice cliff evolution and survival on debris-covered glaciers
Time-varying drainage basin development and erosion on volcanic edifices
Geomorphic risk maps for river migration using probabilistic modeling – a framework
Evolution of submarine canyons and hanging-wall fans: insights from geomorphic experiments and morphodynamic models
Riverine sediment response to deforestation in the Amazon basin
Physical modeling of ice-sheet-induced salt movements using the example of northern Germany
Geometric constraints on tributary fluvial network junction angles
An evaluation of flow-routing algorithms for calculating contributing area on regular grids
Downstream rounding rate of pebbles in the Himalaya
Haloturbation in the northern Atacama Desert revealed by a hidden subsurface network of calcium sulphate wedges
A physics-based model for fluvial valley width
Sub-surface processes and heat fluxes at coarse-blocky Murtèl rock glacier (Engadine, eastern Swiss Alps)
Implications for the resilience of modern coastal systems derived from mesoscale barrier dynamics at Fire Island, New York
The Glacial Paleolandscapes of Southern Africa: the Legacy of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age
Quantifying the migration rate of drainage divides from high-resolution topographic data
Long-term monitoring (1953–2019) of geomorphologically active sections of Little Ice Age lateral moraines in the context of changing meteorological conditions
Coevolving edge rounding and shape of glacial erratics: the case of Shap granite, UK
Dimensionless argument: a narrow grain size range near 2 mm plays a special role in river sediment transport and morphodynamics
Path length and sediment transport estimation from DEMs of difference: a signal processing approach
Influence of cohesive clay on wave–current ripple dynamics captured in a 3D phase diagram
Statistical characterization of erosion and sediment transport mechanics in shallow tidal environments – Part 1: Erosion dynamics
Janbert Aarnink, Tom Beucler, Marceline Vuaridel, and Virginia Ruiz-Villanueva
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 167–189, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-167-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-167-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a novel convolutional-neural-network approach for detecting instream large wood in rivers, addressing the need for flexible monitoring methods across diverse data sources. Using a database of 15 228 fully labelled images, the model achieved a weighted mean average precision of 67 %. Fine-tuning parameters and sampling techniques can improve performance by over 10 % in some cases, offering valuable insights into ecosystem management.
Julius Reich and Axel Winterscheid
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 191–217, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-191-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-191-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Analyzing the geometry and the dynamics of riverine bedforms (so-called dune tracking) is important for various fields of application and contributes to sound and efficient river and sediment management. We developed a workflow that enables a robust estimation of bedform characteristics and with which comprehensive sensitivity analyses can be carried out. Using a field dataset, we show that the setting of input parameters in bedform analyses can have a significant impact on the results.
Abhishek Kashyap, Kristen L. Cook, and Mukunda Dev Behera
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 147–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-147-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-147-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Short-lived, high-magnitude flood events across high mountain regions leave substantial geomorphic imprints, which are frequently triggered by excess precipitation, glacial lake outbursts, and natural dam breaches. These catastrophic floods highlight the importance of understanding the complex interaction between climatic, hydrological, and geological forces in bedrock catchments. Extreme floods can have long-term geomorphic consequences on river morphology and fluvial processes.
Caroline Fenske, Jean Braun, François Guillocheau, and Cécile Robin
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 119–146, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-119-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-119-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We have developed a new numerical model to represent the formation of duricrusts, which are hard mineral layers found in soils and at the surface of the Earth. We assume that the formation mechanism implies variations in the height of the water table and that the hardening rate is proportional to precipitation. The model allows us to quantify the potential feedbacks they generate on the surface topography and the thickness of the regolith/soil layer.
Jens M. Turowski, Fergus McNab, Aaron Bufe, and Stefanie Tofelde
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 97–117, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-97-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-97-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Channel belts comprise the area affected by a river due to lateral migration and floods. As a landform, they affect water resources and flood hazard, and they often host unique ecological communities. We develop a model describing the evolution of channel-belt area over time. The model connects the behaviour of the river to the evolution of the channel belt over a timescale of centuries. A comparison to selected data from experiments and real river systems verifies the random walk approach.
Rémi Bossis, Vincent Regard, Sébastien Carretier, and Sandrine Choy
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 71–79, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-71-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-71-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The erosion of rocky coasts occurs episodically through wave action and landslides, constituting a major natural hazard. Documenting the factors that control the coastal retreat rate over millennia is fundamental to evidencing any change in time. However, the known rates to date are essentially representative of the last few decades. Here, we present a new method using the concentration of an isotope, 10Be, in sediment eroded from the cliff to quantify its retreat rate averaged over millennia.
Jean Vérité, Clément Narteau, Olivier Rozier, Jeanne Alkalla, Laurie Barrier, and Sylvain Courrech du Pont
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 23–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-23-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-23-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Using a numerical model in 2D, we study how two identical dunes interact with each other when exposed to reversing winds. Depending on the distance between the dunes, they either repel or attract each other until they reach an equilibrium distance, which is controlled by the wind strength, wind reversal frequency, and dune size. This process is controlled by the modification of wind flow over dunes of various shapes, influencing the sediment transport downstream.
Orie Cecil, Nicholas Cohn, Matthew Farthing, Sourav Dutta, and Andrew Trautz
Earth Surf. Dynam., 13, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-1-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-1-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Using computational fluid dynamics, we analyze the error trends of an analytical shear stress distribution model used to drive aeolian transport for coastal dunes, which are an important line of defense against storm-related flooding hazards. We find that compared to numerical simulations, the analytical model results in a net overprediction of the landward migration rate. Additionally, two data-driven approaches are proposed for reducing the error while maintaining computational efficiency.
Hayden L. Jacobson, Danica L. Roth, Gabriel Walton, Margaret Zimmer, and Kerri Johnson
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1415–1446, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1415-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1415-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Loose grains travel farther after a fire because no vegetation is left to stop them. This matters since loose grains at the base of a slope can turn into a debris flow if it rains. To find if grass growing back after a fire had different impacts on grains of different sizes on slopes of different steepness, we dropped thousands of natural grains and measured how far they went. Large grains went farther 7 months after the fire than 11 months after, and small grain movement didn’t change much.
Elizabeth N. Orr, Taylor F. Schildgen, Stefanie Tofelde, Hella Wittmann, and Ricardo N. Alonso
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1391–1413, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1391-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1391-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial terraces and alluvial fans in the Toro Basin, NW Argentina, record river evolution and global climate cycles over time. Landform dating reveals lower-frequency climate cycles (100 kyr) preserved downstream and higher-frequency cycles (21/40 kyr) upstream, supporting theoretical predications that longer rivers filter out higher-frequency climate signals. This finding improves our understanding of the spatial distribution of sedimentary paleoclimate records within landscapes.
Fritz Schlunegger, Edi Kissling, Dimitri Tibo Bandou, Guilhem Amin Douillet, David Mair, Urs Marti, Regina Reber, Patrick Schläfli, and Michael Alfred Schwenk
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1371–1389, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1371-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1371-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Overdeepenings are bedrock depressions filled with sediment. We combine the results of a gravity survey with drilling data to explore the morphology of such a depression beneath the city of Bern. We find that the target overdeepening comprises two basins >200 m deep. They are separated by a bedrock riegel that itself is cut by narrow canyons up to 150 m deep. We postulate that these structures formed underneath a glacier, where erosion by subglacial meltwater caused the formation of the canyons.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1315–1327, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1315-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1315-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Faceted topographies are impressive footprints of active tectonics in geomorphology. This paper investigates the evolution of faceted topographies at normal faults and their interaction with a river network theoretically and numerically. As a main result beyond several relations for the geometry of facets, the horizontal displacement associated with normal faults is crucial for the dissection of initially polygonal facets into triangular facets bounded by almost parallel rivers.
Larry Syu-Heng Lai, Adam M. Booth, Alison R. Duvall, and Erich Herzig
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3415, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3415, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
pyTopoComplexity is an open-source tool that quantifies land surface complexity using advanced methods. Applied to a landslide-affected area in Washington, USA, it accurately analyzed landform features at various scales, enhancing our understanding of landform recovery after disturbances. By integrating with Landlab’s landscape evolution simulations, the software allows researchers to explore how different processes drive the evolution of surface complexity in response to natural forces.
Justin A. Nghiem, Gen K. Li, Joshua P. Harringmeyer, Gerard Salter, Cédric G. Fichot, Luca Cortese, and Michael P. Lamb
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1267–1294, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1267-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1267-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fine sediment grains in freshwater can cohere into faster-settling particles called flocs, but floc settling velocity theory has not been fully validated. Combining three data sources in novel ways in the Wax Lake Delta, we verified a semi-empirical model relying on turbulence and geochemical factors. For a physics-based model, we showed that the representative grain diameter within flocs relies on floc structure and that heterogeneous flow paths inside flocs increase floc settling velocity.
Jessica Marggraf, Guillaume Dramais, Jérôme Le Coz, Blaise Calmel, Benoît Camenen, David J. Topping, William Santini, Gilles Pierrefeu, and François Lauters
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1243–1266, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1243-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1243-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Suspended-sand fluxes in rivers vary with time and space, complicating their measurement. The proposed method captures the vertical and lateral variations of suspended-sand concentration throughout a river cross-section. It merges water samples taken at various positions throughout the cross-section with high-resolution acoustic velocity measurements. This is the first method that includes a fully applicable uncertainty estimation; it can easily be applied to any other study sites.
Dominic T. Robson and Andreas C. W. Baas
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1205–1226, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1205-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1205-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Barchans are fast-moving sand dunes which form large populations (swarms) on Earth and Mars. We show that a small range of model parameters produces swarms in which dune size does not vary downwind – something that is observed in nature but not when using earlier models. We also show how the shape of dunes and the spatial patterns they form are affected by wind direction. This work furthers our understanding of the interplay between environmental drivers, dune interactions, and swarm properties.
Jeffrey Keck, Erkan Istanbulluoglu, Benjamin Campforts, Gregory Tucker, and Alexander Horner-Devine
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1165–1191, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1165-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1165-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
MassWastingRunout (MWR) is a new landslide runout model designed for sediment transport, landscape evolution, and hazard assessment applications. MWR is written in Python and includes a calibration utility that automatically determines best-fit parameters for a site and empirical probability density functions of each parameter for probabilistic model implementation. MWR and Jupyter Notebook tutorials are available as part of the Landlab package at https://github.com/landlab/landlab.
Ariane Mueting and Bodo Bookhagen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1121–1143, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1121-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1121-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the use of optical PlanetScope data for offset tracking of the Earth's surface movement. We found that co-registration accuracy is locally degraded when outdated elevation models are used for orthorectification. To mitigate this bias, we propose to only correlate scenes acquired from common perspectives or base orthorectification on more up-to-date elevation models generated from PlanetScope data alone. This enables a more detailed analysis of landslide dynamics.
Cho-Hee Lee, Yeong Bae Seong, John Weber, Sangmin Ha, Dong-Eun Kim, and Byung Yong Yu
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1091–1120, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1091-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1091-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Topographic metrics were used to understand changes due to tectonic activity. We evaluated the relative tectonic activity along the Ulsan Fault Zone (UFZ), one of the most active fault zones in South Korea. We divided the UFZ into five segments, based on the spatial variation in activity. We modeled the landscape evolution of the study area and interpreted tectono-geomorphic history during which the northern part of the UFZ experienced asymmetric uplift, while the southern part did not.
Juditha Aga, Livia Piermattei, Luc Girod, Kristoffer Aalstad, Trond Eiken, Andreas Kääb, and Sebastian Westermann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1049–1070, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1049-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1049-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal rock cliffs on Svalbard are considered to be fairly stable; however, long-term trends in coastal-retreat rates remain unknown. This study examines changes in the coastline position along Brøggerhalvøya, Svalbard, using aerial images from 1970, 1990, 2010, and 2021. Our analysis shows that coastal-retreat rates accelerate during the period 2010–2021, which coincides with increasing storminess and retreating sea ice.
Aaron T. Steelquist, Gustav B. Seixas, Mary L. Gillam, Sourav Saha, Seulgi Moon, and George E. Hilley
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1071–1089, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1071-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1071-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The rates at which rivers erode their bed can be used to interpret the geologic history of a region. However, these rates depend significantly on the time window over which you measure. We use multiple dating methods to determine an incision rate for the San Juan River and compare it to regional rates with longer timescales. We demonstrate how specific geologic events, such as cutoffs of bedrock meander bends, are likely to preserve material we can date but also bias the rates we measure.
Johannes Leinauer, Michael Dietze, Sibylle Knapp, Riccardo Scandroglio, Maximilian Jokel, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1027–1048, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1027-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1027-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Massive rock slope failures are a significant alpine hazard and change the Earth's surface. Therefore, we must understand what controls the preparation of such events. By correlating 4 years of slope displacements with meteorological and seismic data, we found that water from rain and snowmelt is the most important driver. Our approach is applicable to similar sites and indicates where future climatic changes, e.g. in rain intensity and frequency, may alter the preparation of slope failure.
Julien Coatléven and Benoit Chauveau
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 995–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-995-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-995-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this paper is to explain how to incorporate classical water flow routines into landscape evolution models while keeping numerical errors under control. The key idea is to adapt filtering strategies to eliminate anomalous numerical errors and mesh dependencies, as confirmed by convergence tests with analytic solutions. The emergence of complex geomorphic structures is now driven exclusively by nonlinear heterogeneous physical processes rather than by random numerical artifacts.
Chloé Seibert, Cecilia McHugh, Chris Paola, Leonardo Seeber, and James Tucker
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2011, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2011, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new mechanism of widespread surficial co-seismic sediment entrainment by seismic motions in subduction earthquakes. Our physical experiments show that shear from sediment-water relative velocities from long-period earthquake motions can mobilize synthetic fine marine sediment. High frequency vertical shaking can enhance this mobilization. According to our results, the largest tsunamigenic earthquakes that rupture to the trench may be distinguishable in the sedimentary record.
Jingjuan Li, John D. Jansen, Xuanmei Fan, Zhiyong Ding, Shugang Kang, and Marco Lovati
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 953–971, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-953-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-953-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we investigated the geomorphology, sedimentology, and chronology of Tuanjie (seven terraces) and Taiping (three terraces) terraces in Diexi, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Results highlight that two damming and three outburst events occurred in the area during the late Pleistocene, and the outburst floods have been a major factor in the formation of tectonically active mountainous river terraces. Tectonic activity and climatic changes play a minor role.
Octria A. Prasojo, Trevor B. Hoey, Amanda Owen, and Richard D. Williams
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2113, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2113, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Decades of delta avulsion (i.e. channel abrupt jump) study has not resolved what the main controls of delta avulsion are. Using computer model, integrated with field observation, analytical and laboratory-made delta, we found that the sediment load, itself is controlled by the steepness of river upstream of a delta, controls the timing of avulsion. We can now better understand the main cause of abrupt channel changes on deltas, a finding that aids flood risk management in river deltas.
Gregory A. Ruetenik, Ken L. Ferrier, and Odin Marc
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 863–881, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-863-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-863-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial sediment fluxes increased dramatically in Taiwan during Typhoon Morakot in 2009, which produced some of the heaviest landsliding on record. We analyzed fluvial discharge and suspended sediment concentration data at 87 gauging stations across Taiwan to quantify fluvial sediment responses since Morakot. In basins heavily impacted by landsliding, rating curve coefficients sharply increased during Morakot and then declined exponentially with a characteristic decay time of <10 years.
Nil Carrion-Bertran, Albert Falqués, Francesca Ribas, Daniel Calvete, Rinse de Swart, Ruth Durán, Candela Marco-Peretó, Marta Marcos, Angel Amores, Tim Toomey, Àngels Fernández-Mora, and Jorge Guillén
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 819–839, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-819-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-819-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The sensitivity to the wave and sea-level forcing sources in predicting a 6-month embayed beach evolution is assessed using two different morphodynamic models. After a successful model calibration using in situ data, other sources are applied. The wave source choice is critical: hindcast data provide wrong results due to an angle bias, whilst the correct dynamics are recovered with the wave conditions from an offshore buoy. The use of different sea-level sources gives no significant differences.
Thomas J. Barnes, Thomas V. Schuler, Simon Filhol, and Karianne S. Lilleøren
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 801–818, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-801-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-801-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we use machine learning to automatically outline landforms based on their characteristics. We test several methods to identify the most accurate and then proceed to develop the most accurate to improve its accuracy further. We manage to outline landforms with 65 %–75 % accuracy, at a resolution of 10 m, thanks to high-quality/high-resolution elevation data. We find that it is possible to run this method at a country scale to quickly produce landform inventories for future studies.
Eric Petersen, Regine Hock, and Michael G. Loso
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 727–745, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-727-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-727-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Ice cliffs are melt hot spots that increase melt rates on debris-covered glaciers which otherwise see a reduction in melt rates. In this study, we show how surface runoff streams contribute to the generation, evolution, and survival of ice cliffs by carving into the glacier and transporting rocky debris. On Kennicott Glacier, Alaska, 33 % of ice cliffs are actively influenced by streams, while nearly half are within 10 m of streams.
Daniel O'Hara, Liran Goren, Roos M. J. van Wees, Benjamin Campforts, Pablo Grosse, Pierre Lahitte, Gabor Kereszturi, and Matthieu Kervyn
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 709–726, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-709-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-709-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding how volcanic edifices develop drainage basins remains unexplored in landscape evolution. Using digital evolution models of volcanoes with varying ages, we quantify the geometries of their edifices and associated drainage basins through time. We find that these metrics correlate with edifice age and are thus useful indicators of a volcano’s history. We then develop a generalized model for how volcano basins develop and compare our results to basin evolution in other settings.
Brayden Noh, Omar Wani, Kieran B. J. Dunne, and Michael P. Lamb
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 691–708, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-691-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-691-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we propose a framework for generating risk maps that provide the probabilities of erosion due to river migration. This framework uses concepts from probability theory to learn the river migration model's parameter values from satellite data while taking into account parameter uncertainty. Our analysis shows that such geomorphic risk estimation is more reliable than models that do not explicitly consider various sources of variability and uncertainty.
Steven Y. J. Lai, David Amblas, Aaron Micallef, and Hervé Capart
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 621–640, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-621-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-621-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the creation of submarine canyons and hanging-wall fans on active faults, which can be defined by gravity-dominated breaching and underflow-dominated diffusion processes. The study reveals the self-similarity in canyon–fan long profiles, uncovers Hack’s scaling relationship and proposes a formula to estimate fan volume using canyon length. This is validated by global data from source-to-sink systems, providing insights into deep-water sedimentary processes.
Anuska Narayanan, Sagy Cohen, and John R. Gardner
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 581–599, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-581-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-581-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates the profound impact of deforestation in the Amazon on sediment dynamics. Novel remote sensing data and statistical analyses reveal significant changes, especially in heavily deforested regions, with rapid effects within a year. In less disturbed areas, a 1- to 2-year lag occurs, influenced by natural sediment shifts and human activities. These findings highlight the need to understand the consequences of human activity for our planet's future.
Jacob Hardt, Tim P. Dooley, and Michael R. Hudec
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 559–579, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-559-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-559-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the reaction of salt structures on ice sheet transgressions. We used a series of sandbox models that enabled us to experiment with scaled-down versions of salt bodies from northern Germany. The strongest reactions occurred when large salt pillows were partly covered by the ice load. Subsurface salt structures may play an important role in the energy transition, e.g., as energy storage. Thus, it is important to understand all processes that affect their stability.
Jon D. Pelletier, Robert G. Hayes, Olivia Hoch, Brendan Fenerty, and Luke A. McGuire
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1153, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1153, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
On the gently sloping landscapes next to mountain fronts, junction angles tend to be lower (more acute), while in bedrock landscapes where the initial landscape or tectonic forcing is likely more spatially variable, junction angles tend to be larger (more obtuse). We demonstrate this using an analysis of ~20 million junction angles for the U.S.A., augmented by analyses of the Loess Plateau, China, and synthetic landscapes.
Alexander B. Prescott, Jon D. Pelletier, Satya Chataut, and Sriram Ananthanarayan
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1138, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1138, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Many Earth surface processes are controlled by the spatial pattern of surface water flow. We review commonly used methods for predicting such spatial patterns in digital landform models and document the pros and cons of commonly used methods. We propose a new method that is designed to minimize those limitations and show that it works well in a variety of test cases.
Prakash Pokhrel, Mikael Attal, Hugh D. Sinclair, Simon M. Mudd, and Mark Naylor
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 515–536, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-515-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-515-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Pebbles become increasingly rounded during downstream transport in rivers due to abrasion. This study quantifies pebble roundness along the length of two Himalayan rivers. We demonstrate that roundness increases with downstream distance and that the rates are dependent on rock type. We apply this to reconstructing travel distances and hence the size of ancient Himalaya. Results show that the ancient river network was larger than the modern one, indicating that there has been river capture.
Aline Zinelabedin, Joel Mohren, Maria Wierzbicka-Wieczorek, Tibor Janos Dunai, Stefan Heinze, and Benedikt Ritter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-592, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-592, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In order to interpret the formation processes of subsurface salt wedges and polygonal patterned grounds from the northern Atacama Desert, we present a multi-methodological approach. Due to the high salt content of the wedges, we suggest that their formation is dominated by subsurface salt dynamics requiring moisture. We assume that the climatic conditions during the wedge growth were slightly wetter than today, offering the potential to use the wedges as palaeoclimate archives.
Jens Martin Turowski, Aaron Bufe, and Stefanie Tofelde
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 493–514, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-493-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-493-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial valleys are ubiquitous landforms, and understanding their formation and evolution affects a wide range of disciplines from archaeology and geology to fish biology. Here, we develop a model to predict the width of fluvial valleys for a wide range of geographic conditions. In the model, fluvial valley width is controlled by the two competing factors of lateral channel mobility and uplift. The model complies with available data and yields a broad range of quantitative predictions.
Dominik Amschwand, Jonas Wicky, Martin Scherler, Martin Hoelzle, Bernhard Krummenacher, Anna Haberkorn, Christian Kienholz, and Hansueli Gubler
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-172, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-172, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glaciers are comparatively climate-resilient coarse-debris permafrost landforms. We estimate the energy budget of the seasonally thawing active layer (AL) of rock glacier Murtèl (Swiss Alps) based on a novel sub-surface sensor array. In the coarse-blocky AL during the thaw season, heat is transferred by thermal radiation and air convection. The ground heat flux is largely used to melt ground ice in the AL that protects to some degree the permafrost body beneath.
Daniel J. Ciarletta, Jennifer L. Miselis, Julie C. Bernier, and Arnell S. Forde
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 449–475, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-449-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-449-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed the evolution of Fire Island, a barrier island in New York, USA, to identify drivers of landscape change. Results reveal Fire Island was once divided into multiple inlet-separated islands with distinct features. Later, inlets closed, and Fire Island’s landscape became more uniform as human activities intensified. The island is now less mobile and less likely to resist and recover from storm impacts and sea level rise. This vulnerability may exist for other stabilized barriers.
Pierre Dietrich, François Guillocheau, Guilhem Amin Douillet, Neil Patrick Griffis, Guillaume Baby, Daniel Paul Le Heron, Laurie Barrier, Maximilien Mathian, Isabel Patricia Montañez, Cécile Robin, Thomas Gyomlai, Christoph Kettler, and Axel Hofmann
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-467, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-467, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
At the evocation of ‘icy landscapes’, Africa is not the first place that comes to mind. The modern relief of Southern Africa is generally considered as resulting from uplift and counteracting erosion. We show that many modern reliefs of this region are fossil glacial landscapes tied to an ice age that occurred 300 million years ago: striated pavements, valleys, fjords. We emphasise how these landscapes have escaped being erased for hundreds of millions of years, generally considered improbable.
Chao Zhou, Xibin Tan, Yiduo Liu, and Feng Shi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 433–448, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The drainage-divide stability provides new insights into both the river network evolution and the tectonic and/or climatic changes. Several methods have been proposed to determine the direction of drainage-divide migration. However, how to quantify the migration rate of drainage divides remains challenging. In this paper, we propose a new method to calculate the migration rate of drainage divides from high-resolution topographic data.
Moritz Altmann, Madlene Pfeiffer, Florian Haas, Jakob Rom, Fabian Fleischer, Tobias Heckmann, Livia Piermattei, Michael Wimmer, Lukas Braun, Manuel Stark, Sarah Betz-Nutz, and Michael Becht
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 399–431, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-399-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-399-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show a long-term erosion monitoring of several sections on Little Ice Age lateral moraines with derived sediment yield from historical and current digital elevation modelling (DEM)-based differences. The first study period shows a clearly higher range of variability of sediment yield within the sites than the later periods. In most cases, a decreasing trend of geomorphic activity was observed.
Paul A. Carling
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 381–397, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-381-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-381-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Edge rounding in Shap granite glacial erratics is an irregular function of distance from the source outcrop in northern England, UK. Block shape is conservative, evolving according to block fracture mechanics – stochastic and silver ratio models – towards either of two attractor states. Progressive reduction in size occurs for blocks transported at the sole of the ice mass where the blocks are subject to compressive and tensile forces of the ice acting against a bedrock or till surface.
Gary Parker, Chenge An, Michael P. Lamb, Marcelo H. Garcia, Elizabeth H. Dingle, and Jeremy G. Venditti
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 367–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-367-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-367-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
River morphology has traditionally been divided by the size 2 mm. We use dimensionless arguments to show that particles in the 1–5 mm range (i) are the finest range not easily suspended by alluvial flood flows, (ii) are transported preferentially over coarser gravel, and (iii), within limits, are also transported preferentially over sand. We show how fluid viscosity mediates the special status of sediment in this range.
Lindsay Marie Capito, Enrico Pandrin, Walter Bertoldi, Nicola Surian, and Simone Bizzi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 321–345, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-321-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-321-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose that the pattern of erosion and deposition from repeat topographic surveys can be a proxy for path length in gravel-bed rivers. With laboratory and field data, we applied tools from signal processing to quantify this periodicity and used these path length estimates to calculate sediment transport using the morphological method. Our results highlight the potential to expand the use of the morphological method using only remotely sensed data as well as its limitations.
Xuxu Wu, Jonathan Malarkey, Roberto Fernández, Jaco H. Baas, Ellen Pollard, and Daniel R. Parsons
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 231–247, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-231-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-231-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The seabed changes from flat to rippled in response to the frictional influence of waves and currents. This experimental study has shown that the speed of this change, the size of ripples that result and even whether ripples appear also depend on the amount of sticky mud present. This new classification on the basis of initial mud content should lead to improvements in models of seabed change in present environments by engineers and the interpretation of past environments by geologists.
Andrea D'Alpaos, Davide Tognin, Laura Tommasini, Luigi D'Alpaos, Andrea Rinaldo, and Luca Carniello
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 181–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-181-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-181-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sediment erosion induced by wind waves is one of the main drivers of the morphological evolution of shallow tidal environments. However, a reliable description of erosion events for the long-term morphodynamic modelling of tidal systems is still lacking. By statistically characterizing sediment erosion dynamics in the Venice Lagoon over the last 4 centuries, we set up a novel framework for a synthetic, yet reliable, description of erosion events in tidal systems.
Cited articles
Abbasi, I. A., Hersi, O. S., Al-Harthy, A., and Al-Rashdi, I.: Lithofacies attributes, depositional system and diagenetic properties of the Permian Gharif Formation from Haushi–Huqf area, Central Oman, Arab. J. Geosci., 6, 4931–4945, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0763-7, 2013.
Argus, D. F., Gordon, R. G., and DeMets, C.: Geologically current motion of 56 plates relative to the no-net-rotation reference frame, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 12, Q11001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003751, 2011.
Austermann, J. and Mitrovica, J. X.: Calculating gravitationally self-consistent sea level changes driven by dynamic topography, Geophys. J. Int., 203, 1909–1922, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv371, 2015.
Austermann, J., Pollard, D., Mitrovica, J. X., Moucha, R., Forte, A. M., DeConto, R. M., Rowley, D. B., and Raymo, M. E.: The impact of dynamic topography change on Antarctic ice sheet stability during the mid-Pliocene warm period, Geology, 43, 927–930, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36988.1, 2015.
Austermann, J., Mitrovica, J. X., Huybers, P., and Rovere, A.: Detection of a dynamic topography signal in last interglacial sea-level records, Science Advances, 3, e1700457, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700457, 2017.
Bamber, J. L., Riva, R. E. M., Vermeersen, B. L. A., and LeBrocq, A. M.: Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, Science, 324, 901–903, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1169335, 2009.
Bangerth, W., Dannberg, J., Gassmoeller, R., Heister, T., and others: ASPECT: Advanced Solver for Problems in Earth's ConvecTion, User Manual, https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.4865333.v7, 2020.
Bangerth, W., Dannberg, J., Gassmoeller, R., and Heister, T.: ahollyday/aspect: DT and convection code, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12774320, 2024.
Beydoun, Z. R. and Bichan, H. R.: The geology of Socotra Island, Gulf of Aden, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 125, 413–441, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.125.1.0413, 1969.
Bierman, P. R., Shakun, J. D., Corbett, L. B., Zimmerman, S. R., and Rood, D. H.: A persistent and dynamic East Greenland Ice Sheet over the past 7.5 million years, Nature, 540, 256–260, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20147, 2016.
Birse, A. C. R., Bott, W. F., Morrison, J., and Samuel, M. A.: The Mesozoic and early tertiary tectonic evolution of the Socotra area, eastern Gulf of Aden, Yemen, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 14, 675–684, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8172(96)00043-8, 1997.
Burke, K. D., Williams, J. W., Chandler, M. A., Haywood, A. M., Lunt, D. J., and Otto-Bliesner, B. L.: Pliocene and Eocene provide best analogs for near-future climates, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 115, 13288–13293, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809600115, 2018.
Colli, L., Ghelichkhan, S., Bunge, H.-P., and Oeser, J.: Retrodictions of Mid Paleogene mantle flow and dynamic topography in the Atlantic region from compressible high resolution adjoint mantle convection models: Sensitivity to deep mantle viscosity and tomographic input model, Gondwana Res., 53, 252–272, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2017.04.027, 2018.
Czarnota, K., Hoggard, M. J., White, N., and Winterbourne, J.: Spatial and temporal patterns of Cenozoic dynamic topography around Australia, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 14, 634–658, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GC004392, 2013.
Dandouau, A.: Géographie de Madagascar, Larose, Paris, 243 pp., https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=eMqBAAAAIAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Dandouau,+A.:+G%C3%A9ographie+de+Madagascar,+Larose,+Paris,+243+pp.,+TS13+,+1922.&ots=5tfmqPlwuI&sig=Nt95kw93KWiIIJsA-w00Y6wAGq0#v=onepage&q&f=false (last access: 19 July 2024), 1922.
Davis, W. M.: Glacial Epochs of the Santa Monica Mountains, California, GSA Bulletin, 44, 1041–1133, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-44-1041, 1933.
DeConto, R. M., Pollard, D., Alley, R. B., Velicogna, I., Gasson, E., Gomez, N., Sadai, S., Condron, A., Gilford, D. M., Ashe, E. L., Kopp, R. E., Li, D., and Dutton, A.: The Paris Climate Agreement and future sea-level rise from Antarctica, Nature, 593, 83–89, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03427-0, 2021.
Dowsett, H. J. and Cronin, T. M.: High eustatic sea level during the middle Pliocene:Evidence from the southeastern U. S. Atlantic Coastal Plain, Geology, 18, 435–438, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1990)018<0435:HESLDT>2.3.CO;2, 1990.
Dumitru, O. A., Austermann, J., Polyak, V. J., Fornós, J. J., Asmerom, Y., Ginés, J., Ginés, A., and Onac, B. P.: Constraints on global mean sea level during Pliocene warmth, Nature, 574, 233–236, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1543-2, 2019.
Edwards, T. L., Brandon, M. A., Durand, G., Edwards, N. R., Golledge, N. R., Holden, P. B., Nias, I. J., Payne, A. J., Ritz, C., and Wernecke, A.: Revisiting Antarctic ice loss due to marine ice-cliff instability, Nature, 566, 58–64, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-0901-4, 2019.
Eisma, D. and Van Bennekom, A. J.: The Zaire river and estuary and the Zaire outflow in the Atlantic ocean, Neth. J. Sea Res., 12, 255–272, https://doi.org/10.1016/0077-7579(78)90030-3, 1978.
Farr, T. G., Rosen, P. A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S., Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., Roth, L., Seal, D., Shaffer, S., Shimada, J., Umland, J., Werner, M., Oskin, M., Burbank, D., and Alsdorf, D.: The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, Rev. Geophys., 45, RG2004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000183, 2007.
Farrell, W. E. and Clark, J. A.: On Postglacial Sea Level, Geophys. J. Int., 46, 647–667, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1976.tb01252.x, 1976.
Fedorov, A. V., Brierley, C. M., Lawrence, K. T., Liu, Z., Dekens, P. S., and Ravelo, A. C.: Patterns and mechanisms of early Pliocene warmth, Nature, 496, 43–49, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12003, 2013.
Fiduk, J. C.: Evaporites, petroleum exploration, and the Cenozoic evolution of the Libyan shelf margin, central North Africa, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 26, 1513–1527, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.04.006, 2009.
Fischer, H., Meissner, K. J., Mix, A. C., Abram, N. J., Austermann, J., Brovkin, V., Capron, E., Colombaroli, D., Daniau, A.-L., Dyez, K. A., Felis, T., Finkelstein, S. A., Jaccard, S. L., McClymont, E. L., Rovere, A., Sutter, J., Wolff, E. W., Affolter, S., Bakker, P., Ballesteros-Cánovas, J. A., Barbante, C., Caley, T., Carlson, A. E., Churakova (Sidorova), O., Cortese, G., Cumming, B. F., Davis, B. A. S., de Vernal, A., Emile-Geay, J., Fritz, S. C., Gierz, P., Gottschalk, J., Holloway, M. D., Joos, F., Kucera, M., Loutre, M.-F., Lunt, D. J., Marcisz, K., Marlon, J. R., Martinez, P., Masson-Delmotte, V., Nehrbass-Ahles, C., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Raible, C. C., Risebrobakken, B., Sánchez Goñi, M. F., Arrigo, J. S., Sarnthein, M., Sjolte, J., Stocker, T. F., Velasquez Alvárez, P. A., Tinner, W., Valdes, P. J., Vogel, H., Wanner, H., Yan, Q., Yu, Z., Ziegler, M., and Zhou, L.: Palaeoclimate constraints on the impact of 2 °C anthropogenic warming and beyond, Nat. Geosci., 11, 474–485, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0146-0, 2018.
Flament, N., Gurnis, M., and Müller, R. D.: A review of observations and models of dynamic topography, Lithosphere, 5, 189–210, https://doi.org/10.1130/L245.1, 2013.
Fletcher, I. R., Wilde, S. A., and Rosman, K. J. R.: Sm-Nd model ages across the margins of the Archaean Yilgarn Block, Western Australia – III. The western margin, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 32, 73–82, https://doi.org/10.1080/08120098508729314, 1985.
Fournier, M., Patriat, P., and Leroy, S.: Reappraisal of the Arabia–India–Somalia triple junction kinematics, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 189, 103–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00371-5, 2001.
Fournier, M., Bellahsen, N., Fabbri, O., and Gunnell, Y.: Oblique rifting and segmentation of the NE Gulf of Aden passive margin, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 5, Q11005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GC000731, 2004.
Fournier, M., Chamot-Rooke, N., Petit, C., Huchon, P., Al-Kathiri, A., Audin, L., Beslier, M.-O., d'Acremont, E., Fabbri, O., Fleury, J.-M., Khanbari, K., Lepvrier, C., Leroy, S., Maillot, B., and Merkouriev, S.: Arabia-Somalia plate kinematics, evolution of the Aden-Owen-Carlsberg triple junction, and opening of the Gulf of Aden, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 115, B04102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006257, 2010.
GEBCO Compilation Group: GEBCO 2023 Grid, https://doi.org/10.5285/f98b053b-0cbc-6c23-e053-6c86abc0af7b, 2023.
Ghelichkhan, S., Bunge, H.-P., and Oeser, J.: Global mantle flow retrodictions for the early Cenozoic using an adjoint method: evolving dynamic topographies, deep mantle structures, flow trajectories and sublithospheric stresses, Geophys. J. Int., 226, 1432–1460, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab108, 2021.
Glišović, P. and Forte, A. M.: Importance of initial buoyancy field on evolution of mantle thermal structure: Implications of surface boundary conditions, Geosci. Front., 6, 3–22, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2014.05.004, 2015.
Grand, S. P.: Mantle shear-wave tomography and the fate of subducted slabs, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A, 360, 2475–2491, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2002.1077, 2002.
Grant, G. R., Naish, T. R., Dunbar, G. B., Stocchi, P., Kominz, M. A., Kamp, P. J. J., Tapia, C. A., McKay, R. M., Levy, R. H., and Patterson, M. O.: The amplitude and origin of sea-level variability during the Pliocene epoch, Nature, 574, 237–241, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1619-z, 2019.
Grant, K. M., Rohling, E. J., Ramsey, C. B., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Florindo, F., Heslop, D., Marra, F., Roberts, A. P., Tamisiea, M. E., and Williams, F.: Sea-level variability over five glacial cycles, Nat. Commun., 5, 5076, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6076, 2014.
Graybill, E. A., Harris, P. T., Kelley, P., and Dietl, D. P.: Age of the Duplin and Waccamaw Formations, Cape Fear River Basin, North Carolina, GSA Southeastern Section – 58th Annual Meeting, 12–13 March 2009, Mobile, AL, USA, 2009.
Grosjean, E., Love, G. D., Stalvies, C., Fike, D. A., and Summons, R. E.: Origin of petroleum in the Neoproterozoic–Cambrian South Oman Salt Basin, Org. Geochem., 40, 87–110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2008.09.011, 2009.
Guiraud, M., Buta-Neto, A., and Quesne, D.: Segmentation and differential post-rift uplift at the Angola margin as recorded by the transform-rifted Benguela and oblique-to-orthogonal-rifted Kwanza basins, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 27, 1040–1068, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.01.017, 2010.
Hallett, D.: Petroleum Geology of Libya, 2nd Edn., https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-50525-5.X5000-8, 2002.
Hanna, S. S.: The Alpine deformation of the Central Oman Mountains, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 49, 341–359, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1992.049.01.21, 1990.
Haywood, A. M., Hill, D. J., Dolan, A. M., Otto-Bliesner, B. L., Bragg, F., Chan, W.-L., Chandler, M. A., Contoux, C., Dowsett, H. J., Jost, A., Kamae, Y., Lohmann, G., Lunt, D. J., Abe-Ouchi, A., Pickering, S. J., Ramstein, G., Rosenbloom, N. A., Salzmann, U., Sohl, L., Stepanek, C., Ueda, H., Yan, Q., and Zhang, Z.: Large-scale features of Pliocene climate: results from the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project, Clim. Past, 9, 191–209, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-191-2013, 2013.
Hearty, P. J., Rovere, A., Sandstrom, M. R., O'Leary, M. J., Roberts, D., and Raymo, M. E.: Pliocene-Pleistocene Stratigraphy and Sea-Level Estimates, Republic of South Africa With Implications for a 400 ppmv CO2 World, Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 35, e2019PA003835, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019PA003835, 2020.
Heister, T., Dannberg, J., Gassmöller, R., and Bangerth, W.: High accuracy mantle convection simulation through modern numerical methods – II: realistic models and problems, Geophys. J. Int., 210, 833–851, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx195, 2017.
Hoggard, M. J., White, N., and Al-attar, D.: Global dynamic topography observations reveal limited influence of large-scale mantle flow, Nat. Geosci., 9, 456–463, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2709, 2016.
Hoggard, M. J., Winterbourne, J., Czarnota, K., and White, N.: Oceanic residual depth measurements, the plate cooling model, and global dynamic topography, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 122, 2328–2372, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013457, 2017.
Hollyday, A.: Pliocene shorelines and the epeirogenic motion of continental margins: A target dataset for dynamic topography models, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11508207, 2024.
Hollyday, A., Austermann, J., Lloyd, A., Hoggard, M., Richards, F., and Rovere, A.: A Revised Estimate of Early Pliocene Global Mean Sea Level Using Geodynamic Models of the Patagonian Slab Window, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 24, e2022GC010648, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GC010648, 2023a.
Hollyday, A., Austermann, J., Lloyd, A., Hoggard, M., Richards, F., and Rovere, A.: A revised estimate of early Pliocene global mean sea level using geodynamic models of the Patagonian slab window, Zenodo [data set], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7508208, 2023b.
Huddlestun, P. F.: A revision of the lithostratigraphic units of the coastal plain of Georgia: the Miocene through Holocene, Environmental Protection Division, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, https://epd.georgia.gov/sites/epd.georgia.gov/files/related_files/site_page/B-105.pdf (last access: 19 July 2024), 1988.
James, N. P. and Bone, Y.: A Late Pliocene–Early Pleistocene, Inner-Shelf, Subtropical, Seagrass-Dominated Carbonate: Roe Calcarenite, Great Australian Bight, Western Australia, Palaios, 22, 343–359, https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2005.p05-117r, 2007.
James, N. P., Bone, Y., Carter, R. M., and Murray-Wallace, C. V.: Origin of the Late Neogene Roe Plains and their calcarenite veneer: implications for sedimentology and tectonics in the Great Australian Bight, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 53, 407–419, https://doi.org/10.1080/08120090500499289, 2006.
Jara-Muñoz, J., Melnick, D., and Strecker, M. R.: TerraceM: A MATLAB®tool to analyze marine and lacustrine terraces using high-resolution topography, Geosphere, 12, 176–195, https://doi.org/10.1130/GES01208.1, 2016.
Jordan, T. H.: Composition and development of the continental tectosphere, Nature, 274, 544–548, https://doi.org/10.1038/274544a0, 1978.
Kaufman, D. S. and Brigham-Grette, J.: Aminostratigraphic correlations and paleotemperature implications, Pliocene-Pleistocene high-sea-level deposits, northwestern Alaska, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 12, 21–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(93)90046-O, 1993.
Kelsey, H. M.: Geomorphological indicators of past sea levels, in: Handbook of Sea-Level Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 66–82, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118452547.ch5, 2015.
Kendrick, G. W., Wyrwoll, K.-H., and Szabo, B. J.: Pliocene-Pleistocene coastal events and history along the western margin of Australia, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 10, 419–439, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90005-F, 1991.
Kronbichler, M., Heister, T., and Bangerth, W.: High accuracy mantle convection simulation through modern numerical methods, Geophys. J. Int., 191, 12–29, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05609.x, 2012.
Kumar, A.: Geological and environmental features around Brega region, Libya, Earth Science India (Popular issue), VIII, 1–14, 2015.
Lei, W., Ruan, Y., Bozdağ, E., Peter, D., Lefebvre, M., Komatitsch, D., Tromp, J., Hill, J., Podhorszki, N., and Pugmire, D.: Global adjoint tomography–model GLAD-M25, Geophys. J. Int., 223, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa253, 2020.
Li, S., Abe, S., Reuning, L., Becker, S., Urai, J. L., and Kukla, P. A.: Numerical modelling of the displacement and deformation of embedded rock bodies during salt tectonics: A case study from the South Oman Salt Basin, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 363, 503–520, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP363.24, 2012.
Lisiecki, L. E. and Raymo, M. E.: A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001071, 2005.
Lorscheid, T. and Rovere, A.: The indicative meaning calculator – quantification of paleo sea-level relationships by using global wave and tide datasets, Open Geospatial Data, Software and Standards, 4, 10, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40965-019-0069-8, 2019.
Malan, J. A.: Lithostratigraphy of the De Hoopvlei Formation (Bredasdorp Group), South African Committee for Stratigraphy, Vanderbilt University, ISBN 0621141089, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256843529_Lithostratigraphy_of_the_De_Hoopvlei_Formation_Bredasdorp_Group (last access: 19 July 2024), 1991.
Masson-Delmotte, V., Zhai, P., Pirani, A., Connors, S. L., Péan, C., Berger, S., Caud, N., Chen, Y., Goldfarb, L., Gomis, M. I., Huang, M., Leitzell, K., Lonnoy, E., Matthews, J. B. R., Maycock, T. K., Waterfield, T., Yelekçi, O., Yu, R., and Zhou, B.: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Sixth Assessment Report of the International Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, New York, NY, USA, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157896, 2021.
McGregor, D. A., Harris, W. B., Dietl, G. P., and Kelley, P.: Strontium isotopic dating of the Waccamaw Formation at ACME, NC, and the Duplin Formation at Tar Heel, NC: A Plio-Pleistocene research progress report, in: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 4, Geological Society of America, https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2011SE/webprogram/Paper184320.html (last access: 19 July 2024), 2011.
Moat, J. and Du Puy, D.: Simplified Geology of Madagascar, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, https://databasin.org/datasets/1a187e2f29e24e98b2c4d45c109d3bb3/ (last access: 19 July 2024), 2010.
Morlighem, M., Williams, C. N., Rignot, E., An, L., Arndt, J. E., Bamber, J. L., Catania, G., Chauché, N., Dowdeswell, J. A., Dorschel, B., Fenty, I., Hogan, K., Howat, I., Hubbard, A., Jakobsson, M., Jordan, T. M., Kjeldsen, K. K., Millan, R., Mayer, L., Mouginot, J., Noël, B. P. Y., O'Cofaigh, C., Palmer, S., Rysgaard, S., Seroussi, H., Siegert, M. J., Slabon, P., Straneo, F., van den Broeke, M. R., Weinrebe, W., Wood, M., and Zinglersen, K. B.: BedMachine v3: Complete Bed Topography and Ocean Bathymetry Mapping of Greenland From Multibeam Echo Sounding Combined With Mass Conservation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 11051–11061, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074954, 2017.
Moucha, R. and Ruetenik, G. A.: Interplay between dynamic topography and flexure along the U. S. Atlantic passive margin: Insights from landscape evolution modeling, Global Planet. Change, 149, 72–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2017.01.004, 2017.
Moucha, R., Forte, A. M., Mitrovica, J. X., Rowley, D. B., Quéré, S., Simmons, N. A., and Grand, S. P.: Dynamic topography and long-term sea-level variations: There is no such thing as a stable continental platform, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 271, 101–108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.03.056, 2008.
Moulik, P. and Ekström, G.: An anisotropic shear velocity model of the Earth's mantle using normal modes, body waves, surface waves and long-period waveforms, Geophys. J. Int., 199, 1713–1738, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu356, 2014.
Muhs, D. R.: MIS 5e sea-level history along the Pacific coast of North America, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1271–1330, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1271-2022, 2022.
Nairn, A. E. M. and Stehli, F. G. (Eds.): The Ocean Basins and Margins, Springer US, Boston, MA, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8038-6, 1982.
Ni, S., Tan, E., Gurnis, M., and Helmberger, D.: Sharp Sides to the African Superplume, Science, 296, 1850–1852, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1070698, 2002.
Peltier, W. R.: Global Glacial Isostasy and the Surface of the Ice-Age Earth: The ICE-5G (VM2) Model and GRACE, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 32, 111–149, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.32.082503.144359, 2004.
Persits, F. M., Ahlbrandt, T. S., Tuttle, M. L., Charpentier, R. R., Brownfield, M. E., and Takahashi, K. I.: Maps showing geology, oil and gas fields and geological provinces of Africa, Maps showing geology, oil and gas fields and geological provinces of Africa, U. S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr97470A, 1997.
Péwé, T. L.: Quaternary Geology of Alaska, USGS – US Government Printing Office, 166 pp., https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=x8vgaCX8pFEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=P%C3%A9w%C3%A9,+T.+L.:+Quaternary+Geology+of+Alaska,+USGS+%E2%80%93+US+Government+Printing+Office,+166+pp.,+,+1975.&ots=rGY1Jp6JNH&sig=hiZk1c5WE1lKaVhDsBuGZgffWXI#v=onepage&q&f=false (last access: 19 July 2024), 1975.
Pik, R., Bellahsen, N., Leroy, S., Denèle, Y., Razin, P., Ahmed, A., and Khanbari, K.: Structural control of basement denudation during rifting revealed by low-temperature (U–Th–Sm)
Pirmez, C., Pratson, L. F., and Steckler, M. S.: Clinoform development by advection-diffusion of suspended sediment: Modeling and comparison to natural systems, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 103, 24141–24157, https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB01516, 1998.
Platel, J. P., Philip, J., Bourdillon-de-Grissac, C., Babinot, J. F., Roger, J., and Mercadier, C.: Modalites de la transgression campanienne sur le massif du Haushi-Huqf (Oman); stratigraphie, contexte geodynamique et paleoenvironnements, B. Soc. Geol. Fr., 165, 147–161, 1994.
Raymo, M. E., Mitrovica, J. X., O'Leary, M. J., DeConto, R. M., and Hearty, P. J.: Departures from eustasy in Pliocene sea-level records, Nat. Geosci., 4, 328–332, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1118, 2011.
Raymo, M. E., Kozdon, R., Evans, D., Lisiecki, L., and Ford, H. L.: The accuracy of mid-Pliocene δ18O-based ice volume and sea level reconstructions, Earth-Sci. Rev., 177, 291–302, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.11.022, 2018.
Raymond, O., Liu, S., Gallagher, R., Zhang, W., and Highet, L.: Surface Geology of Australia, 1:1 million scale dataset, 2012 edn., 2012.
Richards, F. D., Hoggard, M. J., White, N., and Ghelichkhan, S.: Quantifying the Relationship Between Short-Wavelength Dynamic Topography and Thermomechanical Structure of the Upper Mantle Using Calibrated Parameterization of Anelasticity, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 125, e2019JB019062, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB019062, 2020.
Richards, F. D., Coulson, S. L., Hoggard, M. J., Austermann, J., Dyer, B., and Mitrovica, J. X.: Geodynamically corrected Pliocene shoreline elevations in Australia consistent with midrange projections of Antarctic ice loss, Science Advances, 9, eadg3035, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adg3035, 2023a.
Richards, F. D., Hoggard, M. J., Ghelichkhan, S., Koelemeijer, P., and Lau, H. C. P.: Geodynamic, geodetic, and seismic constraints favour deflated and dense-cored LLVPs, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 602, 117964, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117964, 2023b.
Ries, A. C. and Shackleton, R. M.: Structures in the Huqf-Haushi Uplift, east Central Oman, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 49, 653–663, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1992.049.01.39, 1990.
Ritsema, J., Deuss, A., van Heijst, H. J., and Woodhouse, J. H.: S40RTS: a degree-40 shear-velocity model for the mantle from new Rayleigh wave dispersion, teleseismic traveltime and normal-mode splitting function measurements, Geophys. J. Int., 184, 1223–1236, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04884.x, 2011.
Roberts, G. G. and White, N.: Estimating uplift rate histories from river profiles using African examples, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 115, B02406, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JB006692, 2010.
Robertson, A. H. F., Searle, M. P., and Ries, A. C. (Eds.): The geology and tectonics of the Oman Region, Geological Society, London, 845 pp., https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(91)90110-5, 1990.
Robinson, N., Regetz, J., and Guralnick, R. P.: EarthEnv-DEM90: A nearly-global, void-free, multi-scale smoothed, 90 m digital elevation model from fused ASTER and SRTM data, ISPRS J. Photogramm., 87, 57–67, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2013.11.002, 2014.
Rodríguez, E., Morris, C. S., Belz, J. E., Chapin, E. C., Martin, J. M., Daffer, W., and Hensley, S.: An Assessment of the SRTM Topographic Products, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235704654_An_assessment_of_the_SRTM_topographic_products_Technical_Report_JPL_D-31639 (last access: 19 July 2024), 2005.
Rodríguez, E., Morris, C. S., and Belz, J. E.: A Global Assessment of the SRTM Performance, Photogramm. Eng. Rem. S., 72, 249–260, https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.72.3.249, 2006.
Rovere, A., Raymo, M. E., Mitrovica, J. X., Hearty, P. J., O'Leary, M. J., and Inglis, J. D.: The Mid-Pliocene sea-level conundrum: Glacial isostasy, eustasy and dynamic topography, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 387, 27–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.030, 2014.
Rovere, A., Hearty, P. J., Austermann, J., Mitrovica, J. X., Gale, J., Moucha, R., Forte, A. M., and Raymo, M. E.: Mid-Pliocene shorelines of the US Atlantic Coastal Plain – An improved elevation database with comparison to Earth model predictions, Earth-Sci. Rev., 145, 117–131, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.02.007, 2015.
Rovere, A., Raymo, M. E., Vacchi, M., Lorscheid, T., Stocchi, P., Gómez-Pujol, L., Harris, D. L., Casella, E., O'Leary, M. J., and Hearty, P. J.: The analysis of Last Interglacial (MIS 5e) relative sea-level indicators: Reconstructing sea-level in a warmer world, Earth-Sci. Rev., 159, 404–427, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.06.006, 2016.
Schaeffer, A. J. and Lebedev, S.: Global shear speed structure of the upper mantle and transition zone, Geophys. J. Int., 194, 417–449, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt095, 2013.
Schlüter, T. (Ed.): Socotra (Yemen), in: Geological Atlas of Africa: With Notes on Stratigraphy, Tectonics, Economic Geology, Geohazards and Geosites of Each Country, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 206–207, https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29145-8_50, 2006.
Shakun, J. D., Lea, D. W., Lisiecki, L. E., and Raymo, M. E.: An 800 kyr record of global surface ocean δ18O and implications for ice volume-temperature coupling, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 426, 58–68, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.05.042, 2015.
Shennan, I.: Handbook of sea-level research, in: Handbook of Sea-Level Research, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 3–25, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118452547.ch2, 2015.
Simmons, N. A., Forte, A. M., and Grand, S. P.: Thermochemical structure and dynamics of the African superplume, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L02301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028009, 2007.
Simmons, N. A., Forte, A. M., and Grand, S. P.: Joint seismic, geodynamic and mineral physical constraints on three-dimensional mantle heterogeneity: Implications for the relative importance of thermal versus compositional heterogeneity, Geophys. J. Int., 177, 1284–1304, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04133.x, 2009.
Spratt, R. M. and Lisiecki, L. E.: A Late Pleistocene sea level stack, Clim. Past, 12, 1079–1092, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-1079-2016, 2016.
Steinberger, B.: Topography caused by mantle density variations: observation-based estimates and models derived from tomography and lithosphere thickness, Geophys. J. Int., 205, 604–621, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw040, 2016.
Tackley, P. J.: Modelling compressible mantle convection with large viscosity contrasts in a three-dimensional spherical shell using the yin-yang grid, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 171, 7–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2008.08.005, 2008.
Tawadros, E.: Geology of Egypt and Libya, A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Brookfield, 468 pp., ISBN 905809331X, 2001.
Tawadros, E.: Geology of North Africa, CRC Press, 933 pp., https://doi.org/10.1201/b11419, 2011.
Till, A. D., Dumoulin, J. A., Werdon, M. B., and Bleick, H. A.: Preliminary Bedrock Geologic Map of the Seward Peninsula, Alaska, and Accompanying Conodont Data, US Geological Survery Open-File Report, US Geological Survey, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20091254, 2009.
Trenhaile, A.: Modelling the effect of Pliocene–Quaternary changes in sea level on stable and tectonically active land masses, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 39, 1221–1235, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3574, 2014.
van de Plassche, O.: Sea-level research: a manual for the collection and evaluation of data: A manual for the collection and evaluation of data, Springer, 631 pp., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4215-8, 2013.
Winker, C. D. and Howard, J. D.: Correlation of tectonically deformed shorelines on the southern Atlantic coastal plain, Geology, 5, 123–127, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5<123:COTDSO>2.0.CO;2, 1977.
Yamauchi, H. and Takei, Y.: Polycrystal anelasticity at near-solidus temperatures, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 121, 7790–7820, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JB013316, 2016.
Yang, T. and Gurnis, M.: Dynamic topography, gravity and the role of lateral viscosity variations from inversion of global mantle flow, Geophys. J. Int., 207, 1186–1202, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw335, 2016.
Zheng, L., Gordon, R. G., and Kreemer, C.: Absolute plate velocities from seismic anisotropy: Importance of correlated errors, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 119, 7336–7352, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JB010902, 2014.
Zhong, S., Gurnis, M., and Hulbert, G.: Accurate determination of surface normal stress in viscous flow from a consistent boundary flux method, Phys. Earth Planet. In., 78, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(93)90078-N, 1993.
Short summary
Sea level was significantly higher during the Pliocene epoch, around 3 million years ago. The present-day elevations of shorelines that formed in the past provide a data constraint on the extent of ice sheet melt and the global sea level response under warm Pliocene conditions. In this study, we identify 10 escarpments that formed from wave-cut erosion during Pliocene times and compare their elevations with model predictions of solid Earth deformation processes to estimate past sea level.
Sea level was significantly higher during the Pliocene epoch, around 3 million years ago. The...
