Burroughs, S. M. and Tebbens, S. F.: Dune Retreat and Shoreline Change on
the Outer Banks of North Carolina, J. Coast. Res., 2, 104–112,
https://doi.org/10.2112/05-0583.1, 2008.
Claudino-Sales, V., Wang, P., and Horwitz, M. H.: Factors controlling the
survival of coastal dunes during multiple hurricane impacts in 2004 and
2005: Santa Rosa barrier island, Florida, Geomorphology, 95, 295–315,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.06.004, 2008.
Cohn, N., Ruggiero, P., García-Medina, G., Anderson, D., Serafin, K. A., and Biel, R.: Environmental and morphologic controls on wave-induced dune response, Geomorphology, 108–128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.12.023, 2019.
Cutler, E., Albert, M., and White, K.: Tradeoffs between beach nourishment
and managed retreat: Insights from dynamic programming for climate
adaptation decisions, Environ. Model. Softw., 125, 104603,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2019.104603, 2020.
Davidson, S. G., Hesp, P. A., and da Silva, G. M.: Controls on dune scarping,
Prog. Phys. Geogr., 44, 923–947, https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133320932880, 2020.
Defeo, O., McLachlan, A., Schoeman, D. S., Schlacher, T. A., Dugan, J.,
Jones, A., Lastra, M., and Scapini, F.: Threats to sandy beach ecosystems: A
review, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 81, 1–12,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2008.09.022, 2009.
Durán, O. and Moore, L. J.: Vegetation controls on the maximum size of
coastal dunes, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 17217–17222,
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1307580110, 2013.
Durán, R., Guillén, J., Ruiz, A., Jiménez, J. A., and
Sagristà, E.: Morphological changes, beach inundation and overwash
caused by an extreme storm on a low-lying embayed beach bounded by a dune
system (NW Mediterranean), Geomorphology, 274, 129–142,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.09.012, 2016.
Elko, N., Brodie, K., Stockdon, H., Nordstrom, K., Houser, C., Mckenna, K.,
Moore, L., Rosati, J., Ruggiero, P., Thuman, R., and Walker, I.: Dune
management challenges on developed coasts, Shore Beach, 84, 1–14, 2016.
Gibbs, M. T.: Why is coastal retreat so hard to implement? Understanding the
political risk of coastal adaptation pathways, Ocean Coast. Manage., 130,
107–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.06.002, 2016.
Goldstein, E. B., Mullins, E. V., Ruggiero, P., Hacker, S. D., Brown, J. K.,
Biel, R. G., Jay, K. R., Mostow, R. S., Moore, L. J., and Zinnert, J. C.:
Literature-based latitudinal distribution and possible range shifts of two
US east coast dune grass species (Uniola paniculata and Ammophila
breviligulata), Peer J., 6, e4932, https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4932, 2018.
Hacker, S. D., Zarnetske, P., Seabloom, E., Ruggiero, P., Mull, J., Gerrity,
S., and Jones, C.: Subtle differences in two non-native congeneric beach
grasses significantly affect their colonization, spread, and impact, Oikos,
121, 138–148, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.18887.x, 2012.
Hacker, S. D., Jay, K. R., Cohn, N., Goldstein, E. B., Hovenga, P. A.,
Itzkin, M., Moore, L. J., Mostow, R. S., Mullins, E. V., and Ruggiero, P.:
Species-Specific Functional Morphology of Four US Atlantic Coast Dune
Grasses: Biogeographic Implications for Dune Shape and Coastal Protection,
Diversity, 11, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.3390/d11050082, 2019.
Hesp, P.: Foredunes and blowouts: initiation, geomorphology and dynamics,
Geomorphology, 48, 245–268, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00184-8, 2002.
Houser, C., Wernette, P., Rentschlar, E., Jones, H., Hammond, B., and
Trimble, S.: Post-storm beach and dune recovery: Implications for barrier
island resilience, Geomorphology, 234, 54–63,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.12.044, 2015.
Itzkin, M., Moore, L. J., Ruggiero, P., and Hacker, S. D.: The effect of sand
fencing on the morphology of natural dune systems, Geomorphology, 352,
106995, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.106995, 2020a.
Itzkin, M., Moore, L. J., Ruggiero, P., Hacker, S. D. and Biel, R. G.: The Influence of Dune Aspect Ratio, Beach Width and Storm Characteristics on Dune Erosion for Managed and Unmanaged Beaches Data [Data set], , doi:10.5281/zenodo.4744544, 2020b.
Jackson, N. L. and Nordstrom, K. F.: Aeolian sediment transport on a
recovering storm-eroded foredune with sand fences, Earth Surf. Proc.
Land., 43, 1310–1320, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4315, 2018.
Jay, K. R., Hacker, S. D., Hovenga, P. A., Moore, L. J., and Ruggiero, P.: Sand supply and dune grass species affect foredune shape along the US Central Atlantic Coast, Ecosphere, in review, 2021.
Larson, M., Erikson, L., and Hanson, H.: An analytical model to predict dune
erosion due to wave impact, Coast. Eng., 51, 675–696,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2004.07.003, 2004.
Leaman, C. K., Harley, M. D., Splinter, K. D., Thran, M. C., Kinsela, M. A.,
and Turner, I. L.: A storm hazard matrix combining coastal flooding and
beach erosion, EarthArXiv: prepring, https://doi.org/10.31223/X5Q592, 2020.
Leatherman, S. P.: Migration of Assateague Island, Maryland, by inlet and overwash processes, Geology, 7, 104–107, 1979.
Lorenzo-Trueba, J. and Ashton, A. D.: Rollover, drowning, and discontinuous retreat: Distinct modes of barrier response to sea-level rise arising from a simple morphodynamic model, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119, 779–801, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002941, 2014.
Long, J. W., de Bakker, A. T. M., and Plant, N. G.: Scaling coastal dune
elevation changes across storm-impact regimes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41,
2899–2906, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059616, 2014.
Magliocca, N. R., McNamara, D. E., and Murray, A. B.: Long-Term, Large-Scale Morphodynamic Effects of Artificial Dune Construction along a Barrier Island Coastline, J. Coastal Res., 276, 918–930, https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00088.1, 2011.
Maun, M. A.: Adaptations of plants to burial in coastal sand dunes, Can. J.
Bot., 76, 713–738, https://doi.org/10.1139/b98-058, 1998.
McCall, R. T., Van Thiel de Vries, J. S. M., Plant, N. G., Van Dongeren, A.
R., Roelvink, J. A., Thompson, D. M., and Reniers, A. J. H. M.:
Two-dimensional time dependent hurricane overwash and erosion modeling at
Santa Rosa Island, Coast. Eng., 57, 668–683,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2010.02.006, 2010.
Miller, D. L., Thetford, M., and Yager, L.: Evaluation of Sand Fence and
Vegetation for Dune Building following Overwash by Hurricane Opal on Santa
Rosa Island, Florida, J. Coast. Res., 17, 936–948, 2001.
Moore, L. J., List, J. H., Williams, S. J. and Stolper, D.: Complexities in barrier island response to sea level rise: Insights from numerical model experiments, North Carolina Outer Banks, J. Geophys. Res., 115, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001299, 2010.
Moore, L. J., Vinent, O. D., and Ruggiero, P.: Vegetation control allows autocyclic formation of multiple dunes on prograding coasts, Geology, 44, 559–562, https://doi.org/10.1130/G37778.1, 2016.
NOAA: 2016 USACE Post-Matthew Topobathy Lidar: Southeast Coast (VA, NC, SC, GA, FL) Point Cloud files with Orthometric Vertical Datum North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) using GEOID18, available at:
https://chs.coast.noaa.gov/htdata/lidar2_z/geoid18/data/5184/, last access: 3 September 2021.
Nordstrom, K. F. and Jackson, N. L.: Foredune restoration in urban settings,
in: Restoration of Coastal Dunes, edited by: Martinez, M. L., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 17–31, 2013.
Nordstrom, K. F., Lampe, R., and Vandemark, L. M.: Reestablishing naturally
functioning dunes on developed coasts, Environ. Manage., 25, 37–51,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679910004, 2000.
Palmsten, M. L. and Holman, R. A.: Laboratory investigation of dune erosion
using stereo video, Coast. Eng., 60, 123–135,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2011.09.003, 2012.
Palmsten, M. L. and Splinter, K. D.: Observations and simulations of wave
runup during a laboratory dune erosion experiment, Coast. Eng., 115, 58–66,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2016.01.007, 2016.
Rogers, L. J., Moore, L. J., Goldstein, E. B., Hein, C. J., Lorenzo-Trueba, J., and Ashton, A. D.: Anthropogenic controls on overwash deposition: Evidence and consequences, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 120, 2609–2624, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003634, 2015.
Roelvink, D., Reniers, A., van Dongeren, A., van Thiel de Vries, J., McCall,
R., and Lescinski, J.: Modelling storm impacts on beaches, dunes and barrier
islands, Coast. Eng., 56, 1133–1152, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2009.08.006, 2009.
Roelvink, D., McCall, R., Mehvar, S., Nederhoff, K., and Dastgheib, A.: Improving predictions of swash dynamics in XBeach: The role of groupiness and incident-band runup, Coast. Eng., 134, 103–123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2017.07.004, 2018.
Ruggiero, P., Komar, P. D., McDougal, W. G., Marra, J. J., and Bach, R. A.:
Wave runup, extreme water levels and the erosion of properties backing
beaches, J. Coast. Res., 17, 407–419, 2001.
Ruggiero, P., Holman, R. A., and Beach, R. A.: Wave run-up on a high-energy
dissipative beach, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 109, 1–12,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JC002160, 2004.
Sallenger, A. H.: Storm Impact Scale for Barrier Islands, J. Coast. Res.,
16, 890–895, 2000.
Seabloom, E. W., Ruggiero, P., Hacker, S. D., Mull, J., and Zarnetske, P.:
Invasive grasses, climate change, and exposure to storm-wave overtopping in
coastal dune ecosystems, Global Change Biol., 19, 824–832,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12078, 2013.
Silva, F. G., Wijnberg, K. M., de Groot, A. V., and Hulscher, S. J. M. H.: The effects of beach width variability on coastal dune development at decadal scales, Geomorphology, 329, 58–69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.12.012, 2018.
Stallins, J. A. and Parker, A. J.: The influence of complex systems
interactions on barrier Island dune vegetation pattern and process, Ann.
Assoc. Am. Geogr., 93, 13–29, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.93102, 2003.
Stockdon, H. F., Holman, R. A., Howd, P. A., and Sallenger, A. H.: Empirical
parameterization of setup, swash, and runup, Coast. Eng., 53, 573–588,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2005.12.005, 2006.
Stockdon, H. F., Sallenger, A. H., Holman, R. A., and Howd, P. A.: A simple
model for the spatially-variable coastal response to hurricanes, Mar. Geol.,
238, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2006.11.004, 2007.
Straub, J. A., Rodriguez, A. B., Luettich, R. A., Moore, L. J., Itzkin, M.,
Ridge, J. T., Seymour, A. C., Johnston, D. W., and Theuerkauf, E. J.: The
role of beach state and the timing of pre-storm surveys in determining the
accuracy of storm impact assessments, Mar. Geol., 425, 1–14,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2020.106201, 2020.
Van Puijenbroek, M. E. B., Nolet, C., De Groot, A. V., Suomalainen, J. M.,
Riksen, M. J. P. M., Berendse, F., and Limpens, J.: Exploring the
contributions of vegetation and dune size to early dune development using
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imaging, Biogeosciences, 14, 5533–5549,
https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5533-2017, 2017.
Vousdoukas, M. I., Ferreira, Ó., Almeida, L. P., and Pacheco, A.: Toward
reliable storm-hazard forecasts: XBeach calibration and its potential
application in an operational early-warning system, Ocean Dynam., 62,
1001–1015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-012-0544-6, 2012.
Woodhouse, W. W., Seneca, E. D., and Broome, S. W.: Effect of species on dune
grass growth, Int. J. Biometeorol., 21, 256–266, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01552879,
1977.
Zarnetske, P. L., Seabloom, E. W., and Hacker, S. D.: Non-target effects of
invasive species management: beachgrass, birds, and bulldozers in coastal
dunes, Ecosphere, 1, 13, https://doi.org/10.1890/ES10-00101.1, 2010.
Zarnetske, P. L., Hacker, S. D., Seabloom, E. W., Ruggiero, P., Killian, J.
R., Maddux, T. B., and Cox, D.: Biophysical Feedback Mediates Effects of
Invasive Grasses on Coastal Dune Shape, Ecology, 93, 1439–1450,
https://doi.org/10.1890/11-1112.1, 2012.
