Articles | Volume 13, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-315-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-13-315-2025
© Author(s) 2025. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
29 Apr 2025
Research article |
| 29 Apr 2025
| 29 Apr 2025
Constraining the timing and processes of pediment formation and dissection: implications for long-term evolution in the Western Cape, South Africa
Janet C. Richardson
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Geography and Geology: Department of History, Geography and Social Sciences, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, UK
Veerle Vanacker
Earth and Life Institute, Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
David M. Hodgson
School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
Marcus Christl
Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
Andreas Lang
Department of Geography and Geology, Universität Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
Related authors
No articles found.
Chantal Schmidt, David Mair, Naki Akçar, Marcus Christl, Negar Haghipour, Christof Vockenhuber, Philip Gautschi, Brian McArdell, and Fritz Schlunegger
Earth Surf. Dynam., 14, 33–53, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-33-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-14-33-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
Our study examines erosion in a small, pre-Alpine basin by using cosmogenic nuclides in river sediments. Based on a dense measuring network we were able to distinguish two main zones: an upper zone with slow erosion of surface material, and a steeper, lower zone where faster erosion is driven by landslides. The data suggests that sediment has been constantly produced over thousands of years, indicating a stable, long-term balance between contrasting erosion processes.
Angus Moore, Maud Henrion, Yanfei Li, Eléonore du bois d'Aische, Philip Gautschi, Marcus Christl, François Jonard, Sébastien Lambot, Kristof Van Oost, Sophie Opfergelt, and Veerle Vanacker
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-36, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-36, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Earth Surface Dynamics (ESurf).
Short summary
Short summary
Studying peatlands dynamics over long timescales requires a proxy for past peat cover. In this paper, we explore the use of cosmogenic nuclides to infer peat thicknesses averaged over 100 kyr timescales. We find that long-term peat thicknesses inferred from cosmogenic nuclides at an upland peatland site in the Belgian Ardennes are consistent with independent constraints, but exceed modern peat thicknesses. We attribute this discrepancy to peat degradation associated with historical land use.
Anne-Marie Wefing, Annabel Payne, Marcel Scheiwiller, Christof Vockenhuber, Marcus Christl, Toste Tanhua, and Núria Casacuberta
Ocean Sci., 21, 3311–3340, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-3311-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-21-3311-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Here we used the anthropogenic radionuclides I-129 and U-236 as tracers for Atlantic Water circulation in the Arctic Ocean. New data collected in 2021 allowed to assess the distribution of Atlantic Water and mixing with Pacific-origin water in the surface layer in that year. By using historical tracer data from 2011 to 2021, we looked into temporal changes of the circulation and found slightly older waters in the central Arctic Ocean in 2021 compared to 2015.
Yanfei Li, Maud Henrion, Angus Moore, Sébastien Lambot, Sophie Opfergelt, Veerle Vanacker, François Jonard, and Kristof Van Oost
Biogeosciences, 22, 6369–6392, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6369-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-6369-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Combining Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) remote sensing with in-situ monitoring provides high spatial-temporal insights into CO2 fluxes from temperate peatlands. Dynamic factors (soil temperature and moisture) are the primary drivers contributing to 29 % of the spatial and 43 % of the seasonal variation. UAVs are effective tools for mapping daily soil respiration. CO2 fluxes from hot spots & moments contribute 20 % and 30 % of total CO2 fluxes, despite representing only 10 % of the area and time.
Amy M. McGuire, Víctor Cartelle, Graham Rush, Freek S. Busschers, Kim M. Cohen, David M. Hodgson, and Natasha L. M. Barlow
Sci. Dril., 34, 29–39, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-34-29-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-34-29-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We present five new sediment cores, the Rates of Interglacial Sea-level Change and Responses (RISeR) cores, extracted from the southern North Sea. The cores will allow us to study the evolution of the basin in the Quaternary (the last 2.58 million years). The cores reveal widespread soil, wetland, and river deposits, reflecting a lost, predominantly terrestrial, landscape that now sits around 20 m below sea level. Understanding these landscapes is vital, as they form the foundations for a rapidly growing offshore wind industry.
Maud Henrion, Sophie Opfergelt, Maëlle Villani, Philippe Roux, Djim Verleene, Eléonore du Bois d'Aische, Maxime Thomas, Gilles Denis, Edward A. G. Schuur, François Jonard, Veerle Vanacker, Kristof Van Oost, and Sébastien Lambot
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4667, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-4667, 2025
Preprint archived
Short summary
Short summary
Taliks play an important role in permafrost degradation. This study used Ground-penetrating radar to map taliks in Alaska, focusing on water tracks. The method successfully detected taliks and determined their upper depth. These were more frequent, shallower, and thicker under water tracks. This study showed that water tracks are hotspots for talik formation, with major implications for winter water flow in permafrost landscapes.
Lukas Rettig, Sandro Rossato, Sarah Kamleitner, Paolo Mozzi, Susan Ivy-Ochs, Enrico Marcato, Marcus Christl, Silvana Martin, and Giovanni Monegato
E&G Quaternary Sci. J., 74, 151–168, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-74-151-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-74-151-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The work shows detailed reconstructions of the glaciers in the Valsugana area (south-eastern Alps) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and is supported by robust evidence and new exposure datings. These are the first ages for the internal sector of the south-eastern Alps. Local glaciers not connected with the major ice network were used for the calculation of their equilibrium line altitude. This let us estimate LGM palaeoprecipitation and compare it to Alpine palaeoclimatological models.
Niklas Kappelt, Eric Wolff, Marcus Christl, Christof Vockenhuber, Philip Gautschi, and Raimund Muscheler
Clim. Past, 21, 1585–1594, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1585-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1585-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
By measuring the radioactive decay of atmospherically produced 36Cl and 10Be in an ice core drilled in West Antarctica, we were able to determine the age of the deepest sample close to bedrock to be about 550 thousand years old. This means that the ice in this location, known as Skytrain Ice Rise, has survived several warm periods in the past, at least since marine isotope stage 11.
Maxime Thomas, Thomas Moenaert, Julien Radoux, Baptiste Delhez, Eléonore du Bois d'Aische, Maëlle Villani, Catherine Hirst, Erik Lundin, François Jonard, Sébastien Lambot, Kristof Van Oost, Veerle Vanacker, Matthias B. Siewert, Carl-Magnus Mörth, Michael W. Palace, Ruth K. Varner, Franklin B. Sullivan, Christina Herrick, and Sophie Opfergelt
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3788, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2025-3788, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
This study examines the rate of permafrost degradation, in the form of the transition from intact well-drained palsa to fully thawed and inundated fen at the Stordalen mire, Abisko, Sweden. Across the 14 hectares of the palsa mire, we demonstrate a 5-fold acceleration of the degradation in 2019–2021 compared to previous periods (1970–2014) which might lead to a pool of 12 metric tons of organic carbon exposed annually for the topsoil (23 cm depth), and an increase of ~1.3%/year of GHG emissions.
Armando Molina, Veerle Vanacker, Oliver Chadwick, Santiago Zhiminaicela, Marife Corre, and Edzo Veldkamp
Biogeosciences, 21, 3075–3091, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3075-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3075-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The tropical Andes contains unique landscapes where forest patches are surrounded by tussock grasses and cushion-forming plants. The aboveground vegetation composition informs us about belowground nutrient availability: patterns in plant-available nutrients resulted from strong biocycling of cations and removal of soil nutrients by plant uptake or leaching. Future changes in vegetation distribution will affect soil water and solute fluxes and the aquatic ecology of Andean rivers and lakes.
Chiara I. Paleari, Florian Mekhaldi, Tobias Erhardt, Minjie Zheng, Marcus Christl, Florian Adolphi, Maria Hörhold, and Raimund Muscheler
Clim. Past, 19, 2409–2422, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-2409-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we test the use of excess meltwater from continuous flow analysis from a firn core from Greenland for the measurement of 10Be for solar activity reconstructions. We show that the quality of results is similar to the measurements on clean firn, which opens the possibility to obtain continuous 10Be records without requiring large amounts of clean ice. Furthermore, we investigate the possibility of identifying solar storm signals in 10Be records from Greenland and Antarctica.
Catharina Dieleman, Philip Deline, Susan Ivy Ochs, Patricia Hug, Jordan Aaron, Marcus Christl, and Naki Akçar
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1873, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1873, 2023
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
Valleys in the Alps are shaped by glaciers, rivers, mass movements, and slope processes. An understanding of such processes is of great importance in hazard mitigation. We focused on the evolution of the Frébouge cone, which is composed of glacial, debris flow, rock avalanche, and snow avalanche deposits. Debris flows started to form the cone prior to ca. 2 ka ago. In addition, the cone was overrun by a 10 Mm3 large rock avalanche at 1.3 ± 0.1 ka and by the Frébouge glacier at 300 ± 40 a.
Giulia Sinnl, Florian Adolphi, Marcus Christl, Kees C. Welten, Thomas Woodruff, Marc Caffee, Anders Svensson, Raimund Muscheler, and Sune Olander Rasmussen
Clim. Past, 19, 1153–1175, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1153-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-1153-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The record of past climate is preserved by several archives from different regions, such as ice cores from Greenland or Antarctica or speleothems from caves such as the Hulu Cave in China. In this study, these archives are aligned by taking advantage of the globally synchronous production of cosmogenic radionuclides. This produces a new perspective on the global climate in the period between 20 000 and 25 000 years ago.
Robert Mulvaney, Eric W. Wolff, Mackenzie M. Grieman, Helene H. Hoffmann, Jack D. Humby, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Rachael H. Rhodes, Isobel F. Rowell, Frédéric Parrenin, Loïc Schmidely, Hubertus Fischer, Thomas F. Stocker, Marcus Christl, Raimund Muscheler, Amaelle Landais, and Frédéric Prié
Clim. Past, 19, 851–864, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-851-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-19-851-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present an age scale for a new ice core drilled at Skytrain Ice Rise, an ice rise facing the Ronne Ice Shelf in Antarctica. Various measurements in the ice and air phases are used to match the ice core to other Antarctic cores that have already been dated, and a new age scale is constructed. The 651 m ice core includes ice that is confidently dated to 117 000–126 000 years ago, in the last interglacial. Older ice is found deeper down, but there are flow disturbances in the deeper ice.
Sebastián Páez-Bimos, Armando Molina, Marlon Calispa, Pierre Delmelle, Braulio Lahuatte, Marcos Villacís, Teresa Muñoz, and Veerle Vanacker
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 1507–1529, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1507-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-1507-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study analyzes how vegetation influences soil hydrology, water fluxes, and chemical weathering rates in the high Andes. There are clear differences in the A horizon. The extent of soil chemical weathering varies depending on vegetation type. This difference is attributed mainly to the water fluxes. Our findings reveal that vegetation can modify soil properties in the uppermost horizon, altering the water balance, solutes, and chemical weathering throughout the entire soil profile.
Nathan Vandermaelen, Koen Beerten, François Clapuyt, Marcus Christl, and Veerle Vanacker
Geochronology, 4, 713–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-713-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-713-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We constrained deposition phases of fluvial sediments (NE Belgium) over the last 1 Myr with analysis and modelling of rare isotopes accumulation within sediments, occurring as a function of time and inverse function of depth. They allowed the determination of three superposed deposition phases and intercalated non-deposition periods of ~ 40 kyr each. These phases correspond to 20 % of the sediment age, which highlights the importance of considering deposition phase when dating fluvial sediments.
Joanne Elkadi, Benjamin Lehmann, Georgina E. King, Olivia Steinemann, Susan Ivy-Ochs, Marcus Christl, and Frédéric Herman
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 909–928, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-909-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-909-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial and non-glacial processes have left a strong imprint on the landscape of the European Alps, but further research is needed to better understand their long-term effects. We apply a new technique combining two methods for bedrock surface dating to calculate post-glacier erosion rates next to a Swiss glacier. Interestingly, the results suggest non-glacial erosion rates are higher than previously thought, but glacial erosion remains the most influential on landscape evolution.
Elena Serra, Pierre G. Valla, Romain Delunel, Natacha Gribenski, Marcus Christl, and Naki Akçar
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 493–512, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-493-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-493-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Alpine landscapes are transformed by several erosion processes. 10Be concentrations measured in river sediments at the outlet of a basin represent a powerful tool to quantify how fast the catchment erodes. We measured erosion rates within the Dora Baltea catchments (western Italian Alps). Our results show that erosion is governed by topography, bedrock resistance and glacial imprint. The Mont Blanc massif has the highest erosion and therefore dominates the sediment flux of the Dora Baltea river.
Veerle Vanacker, Armando Molina, Miluska A. Rosas, Vivien Bonnesoeur, Francisco Román-Dañobeytia, Boris F. Ochoa-Tocachi, and Wouter Buytaert
SOIL, 8, 133–147, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-133-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-8-133-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The Andes region is prone to natural hazards due to its steep topography and climatic variability. Anthropogenic activities further exacerbate environmental hazards and risks. This systematic review synthesizes the knowledge on the effectiveness of nature-based solutions. Conservation of natural vegetation and implementation of soil and water conservation measures had significant and positive effects on soil erosion mitigation and topsoil organic carbon concentrations.
Pengzhi Zhao, Daniel Joseph Fallu, Sara Cucchiaro, Paolo Tarolli, Clive Waddington, David Cockcroft, Lisa Snape, Andreas Lang, Sebastian Doetterl, Antony G. Brown, and Kristof Van Oost
Biogeosciences, 18, 6301–6312, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6301-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-6301-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigate the factors controlling the soil organic carbon (SOC) stability and temperature sensitivity of abandoned prehistoric agricultural terrace soils. Results suggest that the burial of former topsoil due to terracing provided an SOC stabilization mechanism. Both the soil C : N ratio and SOC mineral protection regulate soil SOC temperature sensitivity. However, which mechanism predominantly controls SOC temperature sensitivity depends on the age of the buried terrace soils.
Víctor Cartelle, Natasha L. M. Barlow, David M. Hodgson, Freek S. Busschers, Kim M. Cohen, Bart M. L. Meijninger, and Wessel P. van Kesteren
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1399–1421, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1399-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1399-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Reconstructing the growth and decay of past ice sheets is critical to understand relationships between global climate and sea-level change. We take advantage of large wind-farm datasets in the southern North Sea to investigate buried landscapes left by ice sheet advance and retreat occurring about 160 000 years ago. We demonstrate the utility of offshore wind-farm data in refining palaeo-ice sheet margin limits and providing insight into the processes influencing marginal ice sheet dynamics.
Barbara Mauz, Loïc Martin, Michael Discher, Chantal Tribolo, Sebastian Kreutzer, Chiara Bahl, Andreas Lang, and Nobert Mercier
Geochronology, 3, 371–381, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-371-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-3-371-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Luminescence dating requires irradiating the sample in the laboratory. Here, we address some concerns about the reliability of the calibration procedure that have been published recently. We found that the interplay between geometrical parameters such as grain size and aliquot size impacts the calibration value more than previously thought. The results of our study are robust and allow us to recommend an improved calibration procedure in order to enhance the reliability of the calibration value.
Cited articles
Abdelkareem, M., Ghoneim, E., El-Baz, F., and Askalany, M.: New insight on paleoriver development in the Nile basin of the eastern Sahara, J. Afr. Ear. Sci., 62, 35–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.09.001, 2012.
Aguilar, G., Riquelme, R., Martinod, J., Darrozes, J., and Maire, E.: Variability in erosion rates related to the state of landscape transience in the semi-arid Chilean Andes, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 36, 1736–1748, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.2194, 2011.
Al-Subbary, A. K., Nichols, G. J., Bosence, D. W. J., and Al-Kadasi, M.: Pre-rift doming, peneplanation or subsidence in the southern Red Sea? Evidence from the Medj-Zir Formation (Tawilah Group) of western Yemen, in: Sedimentation and Tectonics in Rift Basins Red Sea:-Gulf of Aden, edited by: Purser, B. H. and Bosence, D., Springer Netherlands, 119–134, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4930-3, 1998.
Bardossy, G.: Paleoenvironments of laterites and lateritic bauxites – effect of global tectonism on bauxite formation, in: International Seminar on Lateritisation Processes (Trivandrum, India), Balkema, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, 284–297, ISBN 9061912024, 1981.
Bellin, N., Vanacker, V., and Kubik, P. W.: Denudation rates and tectonic geomorphology of the Spanish Betic Cordillera, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 390, 19–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.12.045, 2014.
Bessin, P., Guillocheau, F., Robin, C., Schrötter, J. M., and Bauer, H.: Planation surfaces of the Armorican Massif (western France): Denudation chronology of a Mesozoic land surface twice exhumed in response to relative crustal movements between Iberia and Eurasia, Geomorph., 233, 75–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.09.026, 2015.
Bierman, P. R. and Caffee, M.: Slow rates of rock surface erosion and sediment production across the Namib Desert and escarpment, southern Africa, Am. J. Sci., 301, 326–358, 2001.
Bierman, P. R., Coppersmith, R., Hanson, K., Neveling, J., Portenga, E. W., and Rood, D. H.: A cosmogenic view of erosion, relief generation, and the age of faulting in southern Africa, GSA Today, 24, 4–11, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG206A.1, 2014.
Binnie, A., Binnie, S. A., Parteli, E. J. R., and Dunai, T. J.: The implications of sampling approach and geomorphological processes for cosmogenic 10Be exposure dating of marine terraces, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B, 467, 130–139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2019.12.017, 2020.
Bishop, P.: Long-term landscape evolution: linking tectonics and surface processes, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 32, 329–365, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1493, 2007.
Bloom, A. L.: Teaching about relict, no-analog landscapes, Geomorph., 47, 303–311, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00094-6, 2002.
Bourne, J. A. and Twidale, C. R.: Pediments and alluvial fans: genesis and relationships in the western piedmot of the Flinders Ranges, South Australia, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 45, 123–135, https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099808728373, 1998.
Braucher, R., Bourles, D. L., Colin, F., Brown, E. T., and Boulange, B.: Brazilian laterite dynamics using in situ-produced 10 Be, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 163, 197–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00187-3, 1998a.
Braucher, R., Colin, F., Brown, E. T., Bourles, D. L., Bamba, O., Raisbeck, G. M., You, F., and Koud, J. M.: African laterite dynamics using in situ-produced 10 Be, Geochem. Cosmo. Acta, 62, 1501–1507, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00085-4, 1998b.
Braucher, R., Merchel, S., Borgomano, J., and Bourlès, D. L.: Production of cosmogenic radionuclides at great depth: A multielement approach, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 309, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.06.036, 2011.
Braun, J., Guillocheau, F., Robin, C., Baby, G., and Jelsma, H.: Rapid erosion of the Southern African Plateau as it climbs over a mantle superswell, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 119, 6093–6112, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB010998, 2014.
Brocklehurst, S. H. and Whipple, K. X.: Glacial erosion and relief production in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, California, Geomorph., 42, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00069-1, 2002.
Brook, E. J., Brown, E. T., Kurz, M. D., Ackert, R. P., Raisbeck, G. M., and Yiou, F.: Constraints on age, erosion, and uplift of Neogene glacial deposits in the Transantarctic Mountains determined from in situ cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al, Geol., 23, 1063–1066, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<1063:COAEAU>2.3.CO;2, 1995.
Brown, E. T., Bourlès, D. L., Colin, F., Sanfo, Z., Raisbeck, G. M., and Yiou, F.: The development of iron crust lateritic systems in Burkina Faso, West Africa examined with in-situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 124, 19–33, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(94)00087-5, 1994.
Brown, R. W., Rust, D. J., Summerfield, M. A., Gleadow, A. J., and De Wit, M. C.: An Early Cretaceous phase of accelerated erosion on the south-western margin of Africa: Evidence from apatite fission track analysis and the offshore sedimentary record, Int. J. Rad. Appl. Instr. A. Part D. Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas., 17, 339–350, https://doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(90)90056-4, 1990.
Brown, R. W., Summerfield, M. A., and Gleadow, A. J. W.: Denudation history along a transect across the Drakensberg Escarpment of southern Africa derived from apatite fission track thermochronology, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000744, 2002.
Bryan, K.: Erosion and sedimentation in the Papago country, Arizona, U.S Geol. Surv. Bull., 730, 19–90, 1923.
Burbank, D. W., Leland, J., Fielding, E., Anderson, R. S., Brozovic, N., Reid, M. R., and Duncan, C.: Bedrock incision, rock uplift and threshold hillslopes in the northwestern Himalayas, Nature, 379, 505–510, 1996.
Burke, K.: The African plate, S. Afri. J. Geol., 99, 341–409, 1996.
Carignano, C., Cioccale, M., and Rabassa, J.: Landscape antiquity of the Central Eastern Sierras Pampeanas (Argentina): Geomorphological evolution since Gondwanic times, Z. Geomorph. Supplement Band, 118, 245–268, 1999.
Chadwick, O. A., Roering, J. J., Heimsath, A. M., Levick, S. R., Asner, G. P., and Khomo, L.: Shaping post-orogenic landscapes by climate and chemical weathering, Geol., 41, 1171–1174, https://doi.org/10.1130/G34721.1, 2013.
Chappell, J., Zheng, H., and Fifield, K.: Yangtse River sediments and erosion rates from source to sink traced with cosmogenic 10 Be: Sediments from major rivers, Palaeo. Palaeo. Palaeo., 241, 79–94, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.06.010, 2006.
Chmeleff, J., von Blanckenburg, F., Kossert, K., and Jakob, D.: Determination of the 10Be half-life by multicollector ICP-MS and liquid scintillation counting, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B, 263, 192–199, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.012, 2010.
Chorley, R. J., Schumm, S. A., and Sugden, D. E.: Geomorphology, Methuen and Co., London, 648 pp., https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429273636, 1984.
Christl, M., Vockenhuber, C., Kubik, P. W., Wacker, L., Lachner, J., Alfimov, V., and Synal, H.-A.: The ETH Zurich AMS facilities: Performance parameters and reference materials, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B, 294, 29–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2012.03.004, 2-13, 2013.
Cockburn, H. A. P., Brown, R. W., Summerfield, M. A., and Seidl, M. A.: Quantifying passive margin denudation and landscape development using a combined fission-track thermochronology and cosmogenic isotope analysis approach, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 179, 429–435, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00144-8, 2000.
Codilean, A. T., Bishop, P., Stuart, F. M., Hoey, T. B., Fabel, D., and Freeman, S. P.: Single-grain cosmogenic 21Ne concentrations in fluvial sediments reveal spatially variable erosion rates, Geol., 36, 159–162, https://doi.org/10.1130/G24360A.1, 2008.
Dalton, T. J. S., Paton, D. A., Needham, T., and Hodgson, N.: Temporal and spatial evolution of deepwater fold thrust belts: Implications for quantifying strain imbalance, Interpret., 3, SAA59–SAA70, https://doi.org/10.1190/INT-2015-0034.1, 2015.
Darvill, C. M., Bentley, M. J., Stokes, C. R., Hein, A. S., and Rodés, Á.: Extensive MIS 3 glaciation in southernmost Patagonia revealed by cosmogenic nuclide dating of outwash sediments, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 429, 157–169, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.030, 2015.
Dauteuil, O., Bessin, P., and Guillocheau, F.: Topographic growth around the Orange River valley, southern Africa: A Cenozoic record of crustal deformation and climatic change, Geomorph., 233, 5–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.11.017, 2015.
Davis, W. M.: Observations in South Africa, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 17, 377–450, 1906.
Dean, W. R. J., Hoffinan, M. T., Meadows, M. E., and Milton, S. J.: Desertification in the semi-arid Karoo, South Africa: review and reassessment, J. Arid Env., 30, 247–264, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1963(05)80001-1, 1995.
Decker, J. E., Niedermann, S., and de Wit, M. J.: Soil erosion rates in South Africa compared with cosmogenic 3He-based rates of soil production, S. Afri. J. Geol., 114, 475–488, https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.114.3-4.475, 2011.
Decker, J. E., Niedermann S., and de Wit, M. J.: Climatically influenced denudation rates of the southern African plateau: Clues to solving a geomorphic paradox, Geomorph., 190, 48–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.02.007, 2013.
Demoulin, A., Zárate, M., and Rabassa, J.: Long-term landscape development: a perspective from the southern Buenos Aires ranges of east central Argentina, J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 19, 193–204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2004.12.001, 2005.
De Smith, M. J., Goodchild, M. F., and Longley, P.: Geospatial analysis: a comprehensive guide to principles, techniques and software tools, Troubador Publishing Ltd., p. 389, ISBN 1905886608, 2007.
de Wit, M.: The Kalahari Epeirogeny and climate change: differentiating cause and effect from core to space, S. Afri. J. Geol., 110, 367–392, https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.110.2-3.367, 2007.
Dirks, P. H., Kibii, J. M., Kuhn, B. F., Steininger, C., Churchill, S. E., Kramers, J. D., Pickering, R., Farber, D. L., Mériaux, A. S., Herries, A. I., and King G. C.: Geological setting and age of Australopithecus sediba from southern Africa, Science, 328, 205–208, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1184950, 2010.
Dixey, F.: African landscape, Geograph. Rev., 34, 457–465, https://doi.org/10.2307/209976, 1944.
Dohrenwend, J. C. and Parsons, A. J.: Pediments in arid environments, in: Geomorphology of desert environments, edited by: Abrahams, A. D. and Parsons, A. J., Springer Netherlands, 377–411, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5719-9, 2009.
Doucouré, C. M. and de Wit, M. J.: Old inherited origin for the present near bimodal topography of Africa, J. Afri. Earth Sci., 36, 371–388, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(03)00019-8, 2003.
Dunai, T. J.: Scaling factors for production rates of in situ produced cosmogenic nuclides: a critical reevaluation, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 176, 157–169, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00310-6, 2000.
Dunai, T. J.: Cosmogenic Nuclides: Principles, Concepts and Applications in the Earth Surface Sciences, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511804519, 2010.
Dunai, T. J., López, G. A. G., and Juez-Larré, J.: Oligocene–Miocene age of aridity in the Atacama Desert revealed by exposure dating of erosion-sensitive landforms, Geol., 33, 321–324, https://doi.org/10.1130/G21184.1, 2005.
Du Toit, A.: Our Wandering Continents: An hypothesis of Continental Drifting, Oliver and Boyd, UK, 366 pp., ISBN 0598627588, 1937.
Du Toit, A.: The Geology of South Africa, 3rd edn., Oliver and Boyd, UK, 539 pp., 1954.
Ebinger, C. J. and Sleep, N. H.: Cenozoic magmatism throughout east Africa resulting from impact of a single plume, Nature, 395, 788–791, 1998.
Erlanger, E. D., Granger, D. E., and Gibbon, R. J.: Rock uplift rates in South Africa from isochron burial dating of fluvial and marine terraces, Geol., 40, 1019–1022, https://doi.org/10.1130/G33172.1, 2012.
Fleming, A., Summerfield, M. A., Stone, J. O., Fifield, L. K., and Cresswell, R. G.: Denudation rates for the southern Drakensberg escarpment, SE Africa, derived from in-situ-produced cosmogenic 36Cl: initial results, J. Geol. Soc., 156, 209–212, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.156.2.0209, 1999.
Flowers, R. M. and Schoene, B.: (U-Th)
Frimmel, H. E., Fölling, P. G., and Diamond, R.: Metamorphism of the Permo-Triassic Cape Fold Belt and its basement, South Africa, Min. Pet., 73, 325–346, 2001.
Gallagher, K. and Brown, R.: The Mesozoic denudation history of the Atlantic margins of southern Africa and southeast Brazil and the relationship to offshore sedimentation, Geol. Soc., London, Sp. Pub., 153, 41–53, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.153.01.03, 1999.
Ghosh, P., Sinha, S., and Misra, A.: Morphometric properties of the trans-Himalayan river catchments: Clues towards a relative chronology of orogen-wide drainage integration, Geomorph., 233, 127–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.10.035, 2014.
Gilbert, G. K.: Report on the geology of the Henry Mountains. US Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC, https://doi.org/10.3133/70039916, 1877.
Gorelov, S. K., Drenev, N. V., Meschcheryakov, Y. A., Tikanov, N. A., and Fridland, V. M.: Planation surfaces of the USSR, Geomorph., 1, 18–29, 1970.
Granger, D. E., Kirchner, J. W., and Finkel, R. C.: Quaternary downcutting rate of the New River, Virginia, measured from differential decay of cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be in cave-deposited alluvium, Geol., 25, 107–110, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0107:QDROTN>2.3.CO;2, 1997.
Green, P. F., Duddy, I. R., Japsen P., Bonow, J. M., and Malan, J. A.: Post-breakup burial and exhumation of the southern margin of Africa, Basin Res., 29, 96–127, https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12167, 2016.
Guillocheau, F., Chelalou, R., Linol, B., Dauteuil, O., Robin, C., Mvondo, F., Callec, Y., and Colin, J. P.: Cenozoic landscape evolution in and around the Congo Basin: constraints from sediments and planation surfaces, in: Geology and Resource Potential of the Congo Basin, edited by: de Wit, M. J., Guillocheau, F., and de Wit, M. C. J., Regional Geology Reviews, Springer, 271–313, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29482-2, 2015.
Guillocheau, F., Simon, B., Baby, G., Bessin, P., Robin, C., and Dauteuil, O.: Planation surfaces as a record of mantle dynamics: the case example of Africa, Gondwana Res., 53, 82–98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2017.05.015, 2018.
Gunnell, Y., Braucher, R., Bourles, D., and André, G.: Quantitative and qualitative insights into bedrock landform erosion on the South Indian craton using cosmogenic nuclides and apatite fission tracks, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 119, 576–585, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25945.1, 2007.
Hagedorn, J.: Silcretes in the Western Little Karoo and their relation to geomorphology and palaeoecology, Palaeoecol. Afr., 19, 371–375, 1988.
Hansma, J., Tohver, E., Schrank, C., Jourdan, F., and Adams, D.: The timing of the Cape Orogeny: New 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on deformation and cooling of the Cape Fold Belt, South Africa, Gondwana Res., 32, 122–137, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2015.02.005, 2016.
Helgren, D. M. and Butzer, K. W.: Paleosols of the southern Cape Coast, South Africa: implications for laterite definition, genesis, and age, Geograph. Rev., 67, 430–445, https://doi.org/10.2307/213626, 1977.
Hein, A. S., Hulton, N. R., Dunai, T. J., Schnabel, C., Kaplan, M. R., Naylor, M., and Xu, S.: Middle Pleistocene glaciation in Patagonia dated by cosmogenic-nuclide measurements on outwash gravels, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 286, 184–197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.026, 2009.
Hirsch, K. K., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., van Wees, J. D., Kuhlmann, G., and Paton, D. A.: Tectonic subsidence history and thermal evolution of the Orange Basin, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 27, 565–584, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.06.009, 2010.
Howard, A. D.: Pediment passes and the pediment problem, Journal of Geomorphology, 5, 3–31, 95–136, 1942.
Jackson J., Ritz, J. F., Siame, L., Raisbeck, G., Yiou, F., Norris, R., Youngson, J., and Bennett, E.: Fault growth and landscape development rates in Otago, New Zealand, using in situ cosmogenic 10 Be, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 195, 185–193, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00583-0, 2002.
Jerolmack, D. J. and Paola, C.: Shredding of environmental signals by sediment transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L19401, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL044638, 2010.
Johnson, M. R., Van Vuuren, C. J., Hegenberger, W. F., Key, R., and Show, U.: Stratigraphy of the Karoo Supergroup in southern Africa: an overview, J. African Earth Sci., 23, 3–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(96)00048-6, 1995.
Keen-Zebert, A., Tooth, S., and Stuart, F. M.: Cosmogenic 3He measurements provide insight into lithologic controls on bedrock channel incision: examples from the South African interior, J. Geol., 124, 423–434, https://doi.org/10.1086/685506, 2016.
Kesel, R. H.: Some aspects of the geomorphology of inselbergs in central Arizona, USA, Z. Geomorph., 21, 119–146, 1977.
King, L. C.: On the ages of African land-surfaces, Quart. J. Geol. Soc., 104, 439–445, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.JGS.1948.104.01-04.20, 1948.
King, L. C.: The pediment landform: some current problems, Geol. Mag., 86, 245–250, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800074665, 1949.
King, L. C.: The geology of the Makapan and other caves, Trans. Royal Soc. S. Afr., 33, 121–151, https://doi.org/10.1080/00359195109519881, 1951.
King, L. C.: Canons of landscape evolution, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 64, 721–752, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1953)64[721:COLE]2.0.CO;2, 1953.
King, L. C.: Pediplanation and isostasy: an example from South Africa, Quart. J. Geol. Soc., 111, 353–359, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.JGS.1955.111.01-04.18, 1955.
King, L. C.: A geomorphological comparison between Eastern Brazil and Africa (Central and Southern), Quart. J. Geol. Soc., 112, 445–474, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.JGS.1956.112.01-04.22, 1956a.
King, L. C.: A geomorfologia do Brasil oriental, Rev. Bras. Geog. 18, 186–263, 1956b.
King, L. C.: South African scenery. A textbook of geomorphology, Hafner Publishing Co, 308 pp., ISBN 1114475181, 1963.
Kounov, A., Niedermann, S., de Wit, M. J., Viola, G., Andreoli, M., and Erzinger, J.: Present denudation rates at selected sections of the South African escarpment and the elevated continental interior based on cosmogenic 3He and 21Ne, S. Afri. J. Geol., 110, 235–248, https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.110.2-3.235, 2007.
Kounov, A., Viola, G., De Wit, M., and Andreoli, M. A. G.: Denudation along the Atlantic passive margin: new insights from apatite fission-track analysis on the western coast of South Africa. Geol. Soc., London, Sp. Pub., 324, 287–306, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP324.19, 2009.
Kounov, A., Niedermann, S., de Wit, M. J., Codilean, A. T., Viola, G., Andreoli, M., and Christl, M.: Cosmogenic 21Ne and 10Be reveal a more than 2 Ma Alluvial Fan Flanking the Cape Mountains, South Africa, S. Afr. J. Geol., 118, 129–144, https://doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.118.2.129, 2015.
Kubik, P. W. and Christl, M.: 10Be and 26Al measurements at the Zurich 6 MV Tandem AMS facility, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B, 268, 880–883, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2009.10.054, 2010.
Lawson, A. C.: The epigene profiles of the desert, Uni. California Dept. Geol. Bull., 9, 23–48, 1915.
Lidmar-Bergström, K.: Exhumed cretaceous landforms in south Sweden, Z. Geomorph., Supp. Band, 72, 21–40, 1988.
Lustig, L. K.: Trend surface analysis of the Basin and Range province, and some geomorphic implications, US Geol. Surv. Profess. Paper 500-D, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp500D, 1969.
Margerison, H. R., Phillips, W. M., Stuart, F. M., and Sugden, D. E.: Cosmogenic 3He concentrations in ancient flood deposits from the Coombs Hills, northern Dry Valleys, East Antarctica: interpreting exposure ages and erosion rates, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 230, 163–175, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.11.007, 2005.
Marker, M. E. and Holmes, P. J.: Laterisation on limestones of the Tertiary Wankoe Formation and its relationship to the African Surface, southern Cape, South Africa, Catena, 38, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00066-1, 1999.
Marker, M. E. and Holmes, P. J.: Landscape evolution and landscape sensitivity: the case of the southern Cape, S. Afr. J. Sci., 101, 53–60, 2005.
Marker, M. E., McFarlane, M. J., and Wormald, R. J.: A laterite profile near Albertinia, Southern Cape, South Africa: its significance in the evolution of the African Surface, S. Afr. J. Geol., 105, 67–74, https://doi.org/10.2113/1050067, 2002.
Midgley, G. F., Hannah, L., Millar, D., Thuiller, W., and Booth, A.: Developing regional and species-level assessments of climate change impacts on biodiversity in the Cape Floristic Region, Bio. Cons., 112, 87–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00414-7, 2003.
Moore, A., Blenkinsop, T., and Cotterill, F. W.: Southern African topography and erosion history: plumes or plate tectonics?, Terra Nova, 21, 310–315, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2009.00887.x, 2009.
Mountain, E. D.: Grahamstown peneplain, Trans. Geol. Soc. S Afr., 83, 47–53, 1980.
Norton, K. P. and Vanacker, V.: Effects of terrain smoothing on topographic shielding correction factors for cosmogenic nuclide-derived estimates of basin-averaged denudation rates, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 34, 145–154, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1700, 2009.
Nyblade, A. A. and Robinson, S. W.: The african superswell, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 765–768, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL00631, 1994.
Ollier, C.: Ancient Landforms, Belhaven Press, London/New York, 233 pp., ISBN 1-85293-074-6, 1991.
Ollier, C. and Pain, C.: The origin of mountains. Routledge, London/New York, 345 pp., ISBN 9780415198905, 2000.
Ouimet, W. B., Whipple, K. X., Crosby, B. T., Johnson, J. P., and Schildgen, T. F.: Epigenetic gorges in fluvial landscapes, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 33, 1993–2009, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1650, 2008.
Owen, L. A., Finkel, R. C., Barnard, P. L., Haizhou, M., Asahi, K., Caffee, M. W., and Derbyshire, E.: Climatic and topographic controls on the style and timing of Late Quaternary glaciation throughout Tibet and the Himalaya defined by 10 Be cosmogenic radionuclide surface exposure dating, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24, 1391–1411, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.014, 2005.
Paige, S.: Rock-cut surfaces in the desert regions, J. Geol., 20, 442–50, 1912.
Panario, D., Gutiérrez, O., Sánchez Bettucci, L., Peel, E., Oyhantçabal, P., and Rabassa, J.: Ancient landscapes of Uruguay, in: Gondwana landscapes in southern South America, edited by: Rabassa, J. and Ollier, C., Springer Dordrecht, 161–199, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7702-6, 2014.
Parsons, A. J. and Abrahams, A. D.: Mountain mass denudation and piedmont formation in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts, Am. J. Sci., 284, 255–271, 1984.
Partridge, T. C.: Cainozoic environmental change in southern Africa, with special emphasis on the last 200 000 years, Prog. Phys. Geog., 21, 3–22, https://doi.org/10.1177/030913339702100102, 1997.
Partridge, T. C.: Of diamonds, dinosaurs and diastrophism: 150 million years of landscape evolution in southern Africa, S. Afr. J. Geol., 101, 165–184, 1998.
Partridge, T. C.: Evolution of Landscapes, in: Vegetation of southern Africa, edited by: Cowling, R. M., Richardson, D. M., and Pierce, S. M., Cambridge University Press, 1–20, ISBN 0521571421, 1999.
Partridge, T. C. and Maud, R. R.: Geomorphic evolution of southern Africa since the Mesozoic, S. Afr. J. Geol., 90, 179–208, 1987.
Partridge, T. C. and Maud, R. R. (Eds.): Macro-scale geomorphic evolution of southern Africa, The Cenozoic of southern Africa, Oxford University Press, 3–18, ISBN 9780195125306, 2000.
Paton, D. A.: Influence of crustal heterogeneity on normal fault dimensions and evolution: southern South Africa extensional system, J. Struct. Geol., 28, 868–886, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2006.01.006, 2006.
Peulvast, J. P. and Bétard F.: A history of basin inversion, scarp retreat and shallow denudation: The Araripe basin as a keystone for understanding long-term landscape evolution in NE Brazil, Geomorph., 233, 20–40, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.10.009, 2015.
Portenga, E. W. and Bierman, P. R.: Understanding Earth's eroding surface with 10 Be, GSA Today, 21, 4–10, https://doi.org/10.1130/G111A.1, 2011.
Rich, J. L.: Origin and evolution of rock fans and pediments, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 46, 999–1024, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-46-999, 2935, 1935.
Richardson, J. C., Hodgson, D. M., Wilson, A., Carrivick, J. L., and Lang, A.: Testing the applicability of morphometric characterisation in discordant catchments to ancient landscapes: A case study from southern Africa, Geomorph., 201, 162–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.02.026, 2016.
Richardson, J. C., Hodgson, D. M., Paton, D., Craven, B., Rawcliffe, A., and Lang, A.: Where is my sink? Reconstruction of landscape development in southwestern Africa since the Late Jurassic, Gondwana Res., 45, 43–64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2017.01.004, 2017.
Rogers, C. A.: The geological history of the Gouritz River system, Trans. S. Afri. Phil. Soc., 14, 375–384, 1903.
Romans, B. W., Castelltort, S., Covault, J. A., Fildani, A., and Walsh, J. P.: Environmental signal propagation in sedimentary systems across timescales, Earth-Sci. Rev., 153, 7–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.07.012, 2016.
Ruszkiczay-Rüdiger, Z., Braucher, R., Csillag, G., Fodor, L. I., Dunai, T. J., Bada, G., Bourlés, D., and Müller, P.: Dating Pleistocene aeolian landforms in Hungary, Central Europe, using in situ produced cosmogenic 10Be, Quat. Geochron., 6, 515–529, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2011.06.001, 2011.
Scharf, T. E., Codilean, A. T., de Wit, M., Jansen, J. D., and Kubik, P. W.: Strong rocks sustain ancient postorogenic topography in southern Africa, Geol., 41, 331–334, https://doi.org/10.1130/G33806.1, 2013.
Sharp, R. P.: Geomorphology of the Ruby–East Humboldt Range, Nevada, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 51, 337–372, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAB-51-337, 1940.
Sømme, T. O., Piper, D. J., Deptuck, M. E., and Helland-Hansen, W.: Linking onshore–offshore sediment dispersal in the Golo source-to-sink system (Corsica, France) during the Late Quaternary, J. Sed. Res., 81, 118–137, https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2011.11, 2011.
Sonibare, W. A., Sippel, J., Scheck-Wenderoth, M., and Mikeš, D.: Crust-scale 3D model of the Western Bredasdorp Basin (Southern South Africa): data-based insights from combined isostatic and 3D gravity modelling, Basin Res., 27, 125–151, https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12064, 2015.
Spikings, A. L., Hodgson, D. M., Paton, D. A., and Spychala, Y. T.: Palinspastic restoration of an exhumed deep-water system: a workflow to improve paleogeographic reconstructions, Interpretation, 3, SAA71–SAA87, https://doi.org/10.1190/INT-2015-0015.1, 2015.
Stanley, J. R., Braun, J., Baby, G., Guillocheau, F., Robin, C., Flowers, R. M., Brown, R., Wildman, M., and Beucher, R.: Constraining plateau uplift in southern Africa by combining thermochronology, sediment flux, topography, and landscape evolution modeling, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 126, e2020JB021243, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JB021243, 2021.
Summerfield, M. A.: Silcrete as a palaeoclimatic indicator: evidence from southern Africa, Palaeo. Palaeo. Palaeo., 41, 65–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(83)90076-7, 1983.
Tankard, A., Welsink, H., Aukes, P., Newton, R., and Stettler, E.: Tectonic evolution of the Cape and Karoo basins of South Africa, Mar. Pet. Geol., 26, 1379–1412, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.01.022, 2009.
Tinker, J., De Wit, M., and Brown, R.: Mesozoic exhumation of the southern Cape, South Africa, quantified using apatite fission track thermochronology, Tectonophys., 455, 77–93, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.10.009, 2008a.
Tinker J., de Wit, M., and Brown, R.: Linking source and sink: evaluating the balance between onshore erosion and offshore sediment accumulation since Gondwana break-up, South Africa, Tectonophys., 455, 94–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.040, 2008b.
Twidale, C. R.: Ancient Australian Landscapes, Rosenberg Pub Pty Limited, 144 pp., ISBN 9781877058448, 2007a.
Twidale, C. R.: Bornhardts and associated fracture patterns, Rev. As. Geol. Arg., 62, 139–153, 2007b.
Valeton, I.: Palaeoenvironment of lateritic bauxites with vertical and lateral differentiation, Geol. Soc., London, Sp. Pub., 11, 77–90, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1983.011.01.10, 1983.
Vanacker V., von Blanckenburg, F., Hewawasam, T., and Kubik, P. W.: Constraining landscape development of the Sri Lankan escarpment with cosmogenic nuclides in river sediment, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 253, 402–414, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.11.003, 2007.
Vanacker, V., von Blanckenburg, F., Govers, G., Molina, A., Campforts, B., and Kubik, P. W.: Transient river response, captured by channel steepness and its concavity, Geomorph., 228, 234–243, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.09.013, 2015.
van der Beek, P., Summerfield, M. A., Braun, J., Brown, R. W., and Fleming, A.: Modeling postbreakup landscape development and denudational history across the southeast African (Drakensberg Escarpment) margin, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 107, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000744, 2002.
Vandermaelen, N., Beerten, K., Clapuyt, F., Christl, M., and Vanacker, V.: Constraining the aggradation mode of Pleistocene river deposits based on cosmogenic radionuclide depth profiling and numerical modelling, Geochronology, 4, 713–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-713-2022, 2022.
van der Wateren, F. M. and Dunai, T. J.: Late Neogene passive margin denudation history–cosmogenic isotope measurements from the central Namib desert, Glob. Planet. Change, 30, 271–307, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00104-7, 2001.
van Niekerk, H. S., Beukes, N. J., and Gutzmer, J.: Post-Gondwana pedogenic ferromanganese deposits, ancient soil profiles, African land surfaces and palaeoclimatic change on the Highveld of South Africa, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 29, 761–781, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(99)00128-1, 1999.
Vermeesch, P.: CosmoCalc: An Excel add-in for cosmogenic nuclide calculations, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 8, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001530, 2007.
von Blanckenburg, F., Belshaw, N., and O'Nions, R.: Separation of 9Be and cosmogenic 10Be from environmental materials and SIMS isotope dilution analysis, Chem. Geol., 129, 93–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(95)00157-3, 1996.
von Blanckenburg, F., Hewawasam, T., and Kubik, P. W.: Cosmogenic nuclide evidence for low weathering and denudation in the wet, tropical highlands of Sri Lanka, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 109, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JF000049, 2004.
Widdowson, M.: Laterite and Ferricrete, in: Geochemical Sediments and Landscapes, edited by: Nash, D. J. and McLaren, S. J., Oxford, UK, Wiley-Blackwell, 46–94, ISBN 978-1-405-12519-2, 2007.
Wildman, M., Brown, R., Watkins, R., Carter, A., Gleadow, A., and Summerfield, M.: Post break-up tectonic inversion across the southwestern cape of South Africa: new insights from apatite and zircon fission track thermochronometry, Tectonophys., 654, 30–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.04.012, 2015.
Wildman, M., Brown, R., Beucher, R., Persano, C., Stuart, F., Gallagher, K., Schwanethal, J., and Carter, A.: The chronology and tectonic style of landscape evolution along the elevated Atlantic continental margin of South Africa resolved by joint apatite fission track and (U-Th-Sm)
Wildman, M., Brown, R., Persano, C., Beucher, R., Stuart, F. M., Mackintosh, V., Gallagher, K., Schwanethal, J., and Carter, A.: Contrasting Mesozoic evolution across the boundary between on and off craton regions of the South African plateau inferred from apatite fission track and (U-Th-Sm)
Willenbring, J. K. and von Blanckenburg, F.: Long-term stability of global erosion rates and weathering during late-Cenozoic cooling, Nature, 465, 211–214, 2010.
Wittmann, H., von Blanckenburg, F., Kruesmann, T., Norton, K. P., and Kubik, P. W.: Relation between rock uplift and denudation from cosmogenic nuclides in river sediment in the Central Alps of Switzerland, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 112, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000729, 2007.
Wittmann, H., Von Blanckenburg, F., Guyot, J. L., Maurice, L., and Kubik, P. W.: From source to sink: Preserving the cosmogenic 10 Be-derived denudation rate signal of the Bolivian Andes in sediment of the Beni and Mamoré foreland basins, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 288, 463–474, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.10.008, 2009.
Short summary
Pediments are long flat surfaces that extend outwards from the foot of mountains; within South Africa they are regarded as ancient landforms that can give key insights into landscape and mantle dynamics. Cosmogenic nuclide dating has been incorporated with geological (soil formation) and geomorphological (river incision) evidence, which shows that the pediments are long-lived features beyond the ages reported by cosmogenic nuclide dating.
Pediments are long flat surfaces that extend outwards from the foot of mountains; within South...
