Articles | Volume 12, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1091-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1091-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
30 Sep 2024
Research article |
| 30 Sep 2024
| 30 Sep 2024
Topographic metrics for unveiling fault segmentation and tectono-geomorphic evolution with insights into the impact of inherited topography, Ulsan Fault Zone, South Korea
Cho-Hee Lee
Department of Geography, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
Department of Geography, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
John Weber
Department of Geology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
Sangmin Ha
Department of Geography, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
Dong-Eun Kim
Active Tectonics Research Center, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, 34132, Republic of Korea
Byung Yong Yu
Laboratory of Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
Related authors
Purevmaa Khandsuren, Yeong Bae Seong, Hyun Hee Rhee, Cho-Hee Lee, Mehmet Akif Sarikaya, Jeong-Sik Oh, Khadbaatar Sandag, and Byung Yong Yu
The Cryosphere, 17, 2409–2435, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2409-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Moraine is an awe-inspiring landscape in alpine areas and stores information on past climate. We measured the timing of moraine formation on the Ih Bogd Massif, southern Mongolia. Here, glaciers move synchronously as a response to changing climate; however, our glacier on the northern slope reached its maximum extent 3 millennia after the southern one. We ran a 2D ice surface model and found that the diachronous behavior of glaciers was real. Aspect also controls the mass of alpine glaciers.
Sangmin Ha, Hee-Cheol Kang, Seongjun Lee, Yeong Bae Seong, Jeong-Heon Choi, Seok-Jin Kim, and Moon Son
Solid Earth, 16, 197–231, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-197-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-197-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
Unlike episodic plate boundary earthquakes, their randomness makes predicting intraplate earthquakes challenging. This study aids in understanding intraplate earthquake behavior by analyzing paleo-earthquake records of the Yangsan Fault in Korea. Five trench sites revealed six Quaternary earthquakes, the latest 3000 years ago, with Mw 6.7–7.1. The right-lateral fault has a 0.13 mm yr-1 slip rate and a recurrence interval of over 13000 years; it has been continuously active since the Quaternary.
Chinmay Dash, Yeong Bae Seong, Ajay Kumar Singh, Min Kyung Lee, Jae Il Lee, Kyu-Cheul Yoo, Hyun Hee Rhee, and Byung Yong Yu
Clim. Past Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-38, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2024-38, 2024
Revised manuscript not accepted
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores sediment core RS15-LC47 from the Ross Sea over the past 800,000 years, examining changes in sea-ice dynamics and deposition environments. It integrates various data to reveal shifts related to Circumpolar Deep Water influx and Antarctic currents, particularly during significant climate transitions. Results highlight potential West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapses in warmer periods, offering new insights into the area's paleoclimate and sedimentary processes.
Purevmaa Khandsuren, Yeong Bae Seong, Hyun Hee Rhee, Cho-Hee Lee, Mehmet Akif Sarikaya, Jeong-Sik Oh, Khadbaatar Sandag, and Byung Yong Yu
The Cryosphere, 17, 2409–2435, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2409-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-2409-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Moraine is an awe-inspiring landscape in alpine areas and stores information on past climate. We measured the timing of moraine formation on the Ih Bogd Massif, southern Mongolia. Here, glaciers move synchronously as a response to changing climate; however, our glacier on the northern slope reached its maximum extent 3 millennia after the southern one. We ran a 2D ice surface model and found that the diachronous behavior of glaciers was real. Aspect also controls the mass of alpine glaciers.
Jamey Stutz, Andrew Mackintosh, Kevin Norton, Ross Whitmore, Carlo Baroni, Stewart S. R. Jamieson, Richard S. Jones, Greg Balco, Maria Cristina Salvatore, Stefano Casale, Jae Il Lee, Yeong Bae Seong, Robert McKay, Lauren J. Vargo, Daniel Lowry, Perry Spector, Marcus Christl, Susan Ivy Ochs, Luigia Di Nicola, Maria Iarossi, Finlay Stuart, and Tom Woodruff
The Cryosphere, 15, 5447–5471, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5447-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5447-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding the long-term behaviour of ice sheets is essential to projecting future changes due to climate change. In this study, we use rocks deposited along the margin of the David Glacier, one of the largest glacier systems in the world, to reveal a rapid thinning event initiated over 7000 years ago and endured for ~ 2000 years. Using physical models, we show that subglacial topography and ocean heat are important drivers for change along this sector of the Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Cited articles
Attal, M., Cowie, P. A., Whittaker, A. C., Hobley, D., Tucker, G. E., and Roberts, G. P.: Testing fluvial erosion models using the transient response of bedrock rivers to tectonic forcing in the Apennines, Italy, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 116, F02005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JF001875, 2011.
Balco, G., Stone, J. O., Lifton, N. A., and Dunai, T. J.: A complete and easily accessible means of calculating surface exposure ages or erosion rates from 10Be and 26Al measurements, Quat. Geochronol., 3, 174–195, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2007.12.001, 2008.
Barnhart, K. R., Hutton, E. W. H., Tucker, G. E., Gasparini, N. M., Istanbulluoglu, E., Hobley, D. E. J., Lyons, N. J., Mouchene, M., Nudurupati, S. S., Adams, J. M., and Bandaragoda, C.: Short communication: Landlab v2.0: a software package for Earth surface dynamics, Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 379–397, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-379-2020, 2020.
Bierman, P. and Steig, E. J.: Estimating rates of denudation using cosmogenic isotope abundances in sediment, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 21, 125–139, https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9837(199602)21:2<125::aid-esp511>3.0.co;2-8, 1996.
Bishop, P.: Drainage rearrangement by river capture, beheading and diversion, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 19, 449–473, https://doi.org/10.1177/030913339501900402, 1995.
Bonilla, M. G., Mark, R. K., and Lienkaemper, J. J.: Statistical relations among earthquake magnitude, surface rupture length, and surface fault displacement, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 74, 2379–2411, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr84256, 1984.
Bookhagen, B. and Burbank, D. W.: Topography, relief, and TRMM-derived rainfall variations along the Himalaya, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L08405, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026037, 2006.
Braucher, R., Merchel, S., Borgomano, J., and Bourlès, D. L.: Production of cosmogenic radionuclides at great depth: A multi element approach, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 309, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.06.036, 2011.
Braun, J. and Willett, S. D.: A very efficient O(n), implicit and parallel method to solve the stream power equation governing fluvial incision and landscape evolution, Geomorphology, 180–181, 170–179, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.10.008, 2013.
Brown, E. T., Stallard, R. F., Larsen, M. C., Raisbeck, G. M., and Yiou, F.: Denudation rates determined from the accumulation of in situ-produced 10Be in the luquillo experimental forest, Puerto Rico, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 129, 193–202, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(94)00249-X, 1995.
Bull, W. B.: Tectonic geomorphology of the Mojave Desert, California, 376 pp., 1977.
Bull, W. B. and McFadden, L. D.: Tectonic geomorphology north and south of the Garlock fault, California, in: Geomorphology in arid regions, Routledge, 115–138, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429299230-5, 2020.
Burbank, D. W. and Anderson, R. S.: Tectonic geomorphology, John Wiley & Sons, 480 pp., https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444345063, 2011.
Campforts, B., Schwanghart, W., and Govers, G.: Accurate simulation of transient landscape evolution by eliminating numerical diffusion: the TTLEM 1.0 model, Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 47–66, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-47-2017, 2017.
Cartwright, J. A., Trudgill, B. D., and Mansfield, C. S.: Fault growth by segment linkage: an explanation for scatter in maximum displacement and trace length data from the Canyonlands Grabens of SE Utah, J. Struct. Geol., 17, 1319–1326, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(95)00033-A, 1995.
Charreau, J., Blard, P. H., Zumaque, J., Martin, L. C. P., Delobel, T., and Szafran, L.: Basinga: A cell-by-cell GIS toolbox for computing basin average scaling factors, cosmogenic production rates and denudation rates, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 44, 2349–2365, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4649, 2019.
Cheon, Y., Son, M., Song, C. W., Kim, J. S., and Sohn, Y. K.: Geometry and kinematics of the Ocheon Fault System along the boundary between the Miocene Pohang and Janggi basins, SE Korea, and its tectonic implications, Geosci. J., 16, 253–273, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12303-012-0029-0, 2012.
Cheon, Y., Choi, J. H., Kim, N., Lee, H., Choi, I., Bae, H., Rockwell, T. K., Lee, S. R., Ryoo, C. R., Choi, H., and Lee, T. H.: Late Quaternary transpressional earthquakes on a long-lived intraplate fault: A case study of the Southern Yangsan Fault, SE Korea, Quatern. Int., 553, 132–143, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2020.07.025, 2020a.
Cheon, Y., Ha, S., Lee, S., and Son, M.: Tectonic evolution of the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Back-arc Basin, SE Korea: Transition from sinistral transtension to strike-slip kinematics, Gondwana Res., 83, 16–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2020.01.012, 2020b.
Cheon, Y., Shin, Y. H., Park, S., Choi, J. H., Kim, D. E., Ko, K., Ryoo, C. R., Kim, Y. S., and Son, M.: Structural architecture and late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Ulsan Fault Zone, SE Korea: New insights from integration of geological and geophysical data, Front. Earth Sci., 11, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1183329, 2023.
Cheong, C. S., Hong, D. G., Lee, K. S., Kim, J. W., Choi, J. H., Murray, A. S., Chwae, U., Im, C. B., Chang, C. J., and Chang, H. W.: Determination of slip rate by optical dating of fluvial deposits from the Wangsan fault, SE Korea, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 22, 1207–1211, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00020-9, 2003.
Chmeleff, J., von Blanckenburg, F., Kossert, K., and Jakob, D.: Determination of the 10Be half-life by multicollector ICP-MS and liquid scintillation counting, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 268, 192–199, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.012, 2010.
Choi, J. H., Murray, A. S., Jain, M., Cheong, C. S., and Chang, H. W.: Luminescence dating of well-sorted marine terrace sediments on the southeastern coast of Korea, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 22, 407–421, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00136-1, 2003a.
Choi, J. H., Murray, A. S., Cheong, C. S., Hong, D. G., and Chang, H. W.: The resolution of stratigraphic inconsistency in the luminescence ages of marine terrace sediments from Korea, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 22, 1201–1206, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00022-2, 2003b.
Choi, J. H., Kim, J. W., Murray, A. S., Hong, D. G., Chang, H. W., and Cheong, C. S.: OSL dating of marine terrace sediments on the southeastern coast of Korea with implications for Quaternary tectonics, Quatern. Int., 199, 3–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2008.07.009, 2009.
Choi, K. H., Seong, Y. B., Jung, P. M., and Lee, S. Y.: Using cosmogenic 10Be dating to unravel the antiquity of a rocky shore platform on the West Coast of Korea, J. Coast. Res., 28, 641–657, https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-11-00087.1, 2012.
Choi, S. J., Merritts, D. J., and Ota, Y.: Elevations and ages of marine terraces and late Quaternary rock uplift in southeastern Korea, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 113, B10403, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005260, 2008.
Choi, S.-J., Jun, J. S., Song, K.-Y., Kim, H., Kihm, Y. H., Choi, P., Chwae, U., Han, J.-G., Ryoo, C.-R., Sun, C.-G., Jun, M.-S., Kim, G.-Y., Kim, Y. B., Lee, H. J., Shin, J. S., Lee, Y. S., and Kee, W.-S.: Active Fault Map and Seismic Hazard Map, Seoul, 939 pp., 2012.
Choi, S. J., Jeon, J. S., Choi, J. H., Kim, B., Ryoo, C. R., Hong, D. G., and Chwae, U.: Estimation of possible maximum earthquake magnitudes of Quaternary faults in the southern Korean Peninsula, Quatern. Int., 344, 53–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.05.052, 2014.
Choi, W. H.: Neotectonics of the Gyeongju-Ulsan area in the southeastern part of Korean Peninsula, Seoul National University, 2005 pp., https://doi.org/10.23170/snu.000000057055.11032.0000749, 2003.
Choi, W. H., Chang, C. J., and Inoue, D.: Fault segmentation along the Ulsan Fault System based on criteria of segment type, in: Proceedings of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea Conference, 78–85, 2006.
Cox, R. T.: Analysis of drainage-basin symmetry as a rapid technique to identify areas of possible Quaternary tilt-block tectonics: an example from the Mississippi Embayment, Geol. Soc. Am. B., 106, 571–581, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0571:AODBSA>2.3.CO;2, 1994.
Crosby, B. T. and Whipple, K. X.: Knickpoint initiation and distribution within fluvial networks: 236 waterfalls in the Waipaoa River, North Island, New Zealand, Geomorphology, 82, 16–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.08.023, 2006.
Culling, W. E. H.: Soil Creep and the Development of Hillside Slopes, J. Geol., 71, 127–161, https://doi.org/10.1086/626891, 1963.
Cyr, A. J., Granger, D. E., Olivetti, V., and Molin, P.: Quantifying rock uplift rates using channel steepness and cosmogenic nuclide-determined erosion rates: Examples from northern and southern Italy, Lithosphere, 2, 188–198, https://doi.org/10.1130/L96.1, 2010.
Cyr, A. J., Granger, D. E., Olivetti, V., and Molin, P.: Distinguishing between tectonic and lithologic controls on bedrock channel longitudinal profiles using cosmogenic 10Be erosion rates and channel steepness index, Geomorphology, 209, 27–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.12.010, 2014.
Dawers, H.: Displacement-length scaling and fault linkage, J. Struct. Geol., 17, 607–614, 1995.
DiBiase, R. A., Whipple, K. X., Heimsath, A. M., and Ouimet, W. B.: Landscape form and millennial erosion rates in the San Gabriel Mountains, CA, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 289, 134–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.10.036, 2010.
Duvall, A., Kirby, E., and Burbank, D.: Tectonic and lithologic controls on bedrock channel profiles and processes in coastal California, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 109, F03002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jf000086, 2004.
Fernandes, F. and Dietrich, E.: Hillslope evolution by diffusive processes: The timescale for equilibrium adjustments, Water Resour. Res., 33, 1307–1318, https://doi.org/10.1029/97WR00534, 1997.
Flint, J. J.: Stream gradient as a function of order, magnitude, and discharge, Water Resour. Res., 10, 969–973, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR010i005p00969, 1974.
Forte, A. M. and Whipple, K. X.: Criteria and tools for determining drainage divide stability, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 493, 102–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.026, 2018.
Gilbert, G. K.: Geology of the Henry Mountains, Washington, D.C., 160 pp., https://doi.org/10.3133/70038096, 1877.
Goren, L., Willett, S. D., Herman, F., and Braun, J.: Coupled numerical-analytical approach to landscape evolution modeling, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 39, 522–545, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3514, 2014.
Granger, D. E., Kirchner, J. W., and Finkel, R.: Spatially averaged long-term erosion rates measured from in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides in alluvial sediment, J. Geol., 104, 249–257, https://doi.org/10.1086/629823, 1996.
Hack, J. T.: Stream-profile analysis and stream-gradient index, J. Res. US Geol. Surv., 1, 421–429, 1973.
Han, J. W.: Uplift history of the Taebaeksan Range in the Daegwallyeong area using fission track analysis, Seoul National University, 107 pp., https://doi.org/10.23170/snu.000000062221.11032.0000800, 2002.
Han, M., Kim, K. H., Son, M., and Kang, S. Y.: Current microseismicity and generating faults in the Gyeongju area, southeastern Korea, Tectonophysics, 694, 414–423, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.11.026, 2017.
Harel, M. A., Mudd, S. M., and Attal, M.: Global analysis of the stream power law parameters based on worldwide 10Be denudation rates, Geomorphology, 268, 184–196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.05.035, 2016.
He, C., Yang, C. J., Turowski, J. M., Rao, G., Roda-Boluda, D. C., and Yuan, X. P.: Constraining tectonic uplift and advection from the main drainage divide of a mountain belt, Nat. Commun., 12, 544, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20748-2, 2021.
Heo, S., Choi, J.-H., and Hong, D.-G.: Revisiting the OSL Ages of Marine Terrace Sediments at Suryum Fault Site, Gyeongju, South Korea: Single Grain OSL Dating, J. Petrol. Soc. Korea, 23, 187–195, https://doi.org/10.7854/jpsk.2014.23.3.187, 2014.
Hobley, D. E. J., Adams, J. M., Nudurupati, S. S., Hutton, E. W. H., Gasparini, N. M., Istanbulluoglu, E., and Tucker, G. E.: Creative computing with Landlab: an open-source toolkit for building, coupling, and exploring two-dimensional numerical models of Earth-surface dynamics, Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 21–46, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-21-2017, 2017.
Hoskins, A. M., Attal, M., Mudd, S. M., and Castillo, M.: Topographic Response to Horizontal Advection in Normal Fault-Bound Mountain Ranges, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 128, F007126, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JF007126, 2023.
Howard, A. D. and Kerby, G.: Channel changes in badlands, Geol. Soc. Am. B., 94, 739–752, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<739:CCIB>2.0.CO;2, 1983.
Hu, K., Fang, X., Ferrier, K. L., Granger, D. E., Zhao, Z., and Ruetenik, G. A.: Covariation of cross-divide differences in denudation rate and χ: Implications for drainage basin reorganization in the Qilian Shan, northeast Tibet, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 562, 116812, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116812, 2021.
Hutton, E., Barnhart, K., Hobley, D., Tucker, G., Nudurupati, S. S., Adams, J., Gasparini, N. M., Shobe, C., Strauch, R., Knuth, J., margauxmouchene, Lyons, N., DavidLitwin, Glade, R., Giuseppecipolla95, Manaster, A., alangston, Thyng, K., and Rengers, F.: landlab/landlab: Mrs. Weasley, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3776837, 2020.
Jeong, A., Seong, Y. B., Lee, C. H., and Choi, K. H.: A numerical model study for simulation of rocky coast evolution and erosion using cosmogenic nuclides: A case study along the Dunduri and Dokdo shore platform in Korea, J. Geol. Soc. Korea, 57, 195–207, https://doi.org/10.14770/jgsk.2021.57.2.195, 2021.
Kang, P.-C.: Geological analysis of Landsat imagery of South Korea (I), J. Geol. Soc. Korea, 15, 109–126, 1979a.
Kang, P.-C.: Geological analysis of Landsat imagery of South Korea (II), J. Geol. Soc. Korea, 15, 181–191, 1979b.
Kee, W.-S., Kim, S. W., Kim, H., Hong, P., Kwon, C. W., Lee, H.-J., Cho, D.-L., Koh, H. J., Song, K.-Y., Byun, U.-H., Jang, Y., and Lee, B. C.: Geologic Map of Korea (1:1 000 000), Daejeon, https://doi.org/10.22747/data.20220816.4826, 2019.
Keller, E. A. and Pinter, N.: Active tectonics, Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ, 338 pp., 1996.
Kim, D. E., Seong, Y. B., Byun, J., Weber, J., and Min, K.: Geomorphic disequilibrium in the Eastern Korean Peninsula: Possible evidence for reactivation of a rift-flank margin, Geomorphology, 254, 130–145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.11.022, 2016.
Kim, D. E., Seong, Y. B., Weber, J., and Yu, B. Y.: Unsteady migration of Taebaek Mountain drainage divide, Cenozoic extensional basin margin, Korean Peninsula, Geomorphology, 352, 107012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.107012, 2020.
Kim, J. H., Kang, P. C., and Lim, J. U.: A Study of the Relation between Geologic Structures and Ore Deposits in Ryeongna Province using Landsat-1 Images, J. Geol. Soc. Korea, 12, 79–89, 1976.
Kim, J. W., Chang, H. W., Choi, J. H., Choi, K. hee, and Byun, J. M.: Landform Characteristics of Coastal Terraces and Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dating on the Terrace Deposits in Yangnam and Yangbuk Area of the Gyeongju City, South Korea, J. Korean Geomorphol. Assoc., 14, 1–14, 2007.
Kim, M.-C., Jung, S., Yoon, S., Jeong, R.-Y., Song, C. W., and Son, M.: Neotectonic Crustal Deformation and Current Stress Field in the Korean Peninsula and Their Tectonic Implications: A Review, J. Petrol. Soc. Korea, 25, 169–193, https://doi.org/10.7854/jpsk.2016.25.3.169, 2016.
Kim, N., Park, S. I., Cho, C. S., Cheon, Y., and Peace, A. L.: Neotectonic transpressional intraplate deformation in eastern Eurasia: Insights from active fault systems in the southeastern Korean Peninsula, Geosci. Front., 14, 101559, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2023.101559, 2023.
Kim, S. W.: A Study on the Terraces Along the Southern Coast (Bang-eojin-Pohang) of the Korean Peninsula, J. Geol. Soc. Korea, 9, 89–121, 1973.
Kim, T., Kim, D., Kim, S., Seong, Y. B., Lim, H. S., Shin, H., and Kim, Y.: Kinematic characteristics and movement timing of the Wonwonsa fault in the central Ulsan Fault, J. Geol. Soc. Korea, 57, 35–48, https://doi.org/10.14770/jgsk.2021.57.1.35, 2021.
Kim, T., Choi, J. H., Cheon, Y., Lee, T. H., Kim, N., Lee, H., Kim, C. M., Choi, Y., Bae, H., Kim, Y. S., Ryoo, C. R., and Klinger, Y.: Correlation of paleoearthquake records at multiple sites along the southern Yangsan Fault, Korea: Insights into rupture scenarios of intraplate strike-slip earthquakes, Tectonophysics, 854, 229817, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2023.229817, 2023.
Kirby, E. and Whipple, K.: Quantifying differential rock-uplift rates via stream profile analysis, Geology, 29, 415–418, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0415:QDRURV>2.0.CO;2, 2001.
Kirby, E. and Whipple, K. X.: Expression of active tectonics in erosional landscapes, J. Struct. Geol., 44, 54–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2012.07.009, 2012.
Kohl, C. P. and Nishiizumi, K.: Chemical isolation of quartz for measurement of in-situ -produced cosmogenic nuclides, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 56, 3583–3587, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90401-4, 1992.
Kyung, J. B.: Paleoseismological study on the mid-northern part of Ulsan Fault by trench method, J. Eng. Geol., 81–90, 1997.
Kyung, J. B.: Paleoseismological study and evaluation of maximum earthquake magnitude along the Yangsan and Ulsan Fault Zones in the southeastern part of Korea, Geophys. Geophys. Explor., 13, 187–197, 2010.
Lal, D.: Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces: in situ nuclide production rates and erosion models, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 104, 424–439, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(91)90220-C, 1991.
Lee, C. H., Seong, Y. B., Schoenbohm, L. M., Kim, D. E., and Yu, B. Y.: Geomorphic constraints on the development of a blind-thrust induced landform, south-central Mongolia: Insights into foreberg growth, Geomorphology, 378, 107613, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107613, 2021.
Lee, S. Y., Seong, Y. B., Kang, H. C., Choi, K. H., and Yu, B. Y.: Cosmogenic 10Be and OSL dating of marine terraces along the central-east coast of korea: Spatio-temporal variations in uplift rates, Open Geogr. J., 7, 28–39, https://doi.org/10.2174/1874923201507010028, 2015.
Lifton, N., Sato, T., and Dunai, T. J.: Scaling in situ cosmogenic nuclide production rates using analytical approximations to atmospheric cosmic-ray fluxes, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 386, 149–160, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.10.052, 2014.
Manighetti, I., Caulet, C., De Barros, L., Perrin, C., Cappa, F., and Gaudemer, Y.: Generic along-strike segmentation of Afar normal faults, East Africa: Implications on fault growth and stress heterogeneity on seismogenic fault planes, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy, 16, 443–467, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005691, 2015.
Marliyani, G. I., Arrowsmith, J. R., and Whipple, K. X.: Characterization of slow slip rate faults in humid areas: Cimandiri fault zone, Indonesia, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 121, 2287–2308, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003846, 2016.
McCalpin, J. P.: Application of paleoseismic data to seismic hazard assessment and neotectonic research, in: International Geophysics, vol. 62, Elsevier, 439–493, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(09)95009-4, 1996.
Min, K., Cho, M., and Reiners, P. W.: Coeval exhumation of Korean Peninsula and opening of East Sea revealed from single-grain (U-Th)/He thermochronology, in: 12th International Conference on Thermochronology, Glasgow, UK, 16–20 August 2010, 265, 2010.
Moore, J. M. and Schultz, R. A.: Processes of faulting in jointed rocks of Canyonlands National Park, Utah, B. Geol. Soc. Am., 111, 808–822, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1999)111<0808:POFIJR>2.3.CO;2, 1999.
Moss, R. E. S. and Ross, Z. E.: Probabilistic fault displacement hazard analysis for reverse faults, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 101, 1542–1553, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120100248, 2011.
Mudd, S. M., Attal, M., Milodowski, D. T., Grieve, S. W. D., and Valters, D. A.: A statistical framework to quantify spatial variation in channel gradients using the integral method of channel profile analysis, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119, 138–152, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002981, 2014.
Muscheler, R., Beer, J., Kubik, P. W., and Synal, H. A.: Geomagnetic field intensity during the last 60 000 years based on 10Be and 36Cl from the Summit ice cores and 14C, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 24, 1849–1860, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.01.012, 2005.
Naik, S. P., Gwon, O., Park, K., Bae, S. Y., Shin, H. C., Choi, J. H., and Kim, Y. S.: Localization and characterization of the southern Ulsan fault (UF) using geo-electrical imaging: Implication for seismic hazard assessment in an urbanized area, J. Geodyn., 151, 101919, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jog.2022.101919, 2022.
Nishiizumi, K., Imamura, M., Caffee, M. W., Southon, J. R., Finkel, R. C., and McAninch, J.: Absolute calibration of 10Be AMS standards, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 258, 403–413, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.01.297, 2007.
Okada, A., Watanabe, M., Suzuki, Y., Kyung, J.-B., Jo, W.-R., Kim, S.-K., Oike, K., and Nakamura, T.: Active Fault Topography and Fault Outcrops in the Central Part of the Ulsan Fault System, Southeast Korea, J. Geogr., 107, 644–658, https://doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.107.5_644, 1998.
Okada, A., Takemura, K., Watanabe, M., Suzuki, Y., and Kyung, J.-B.: Trench excavation surveys across the Yangsan and Ulsan active fault systems in the southeastern part of Korean peninsula, Japanese Geomorphol. Union, 22, 287–306, 2001.
Park, Y., Ree, J. H., and Yoo, S. H.: Fault slip analysis of Quaternary faults in southeastern Korea, Gondwana Res., 9, 118–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2005.06.007, 2006.
Perron, J. T. and Royden, L.: An integral approach to bedrock river profile analysis, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 38, 570–576, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3302, 2013.
Portenga, E. W., Bierman, P. R., Duncan, C., Corbett, L. B., Kehrwald, N. M., and Rood, D. H.: Erosion rates of the Bhutanese Himalaya determined using in situ-produced 10Be, Geomorphology, 233, 112–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.09.027, 2015.
Reitman, N. G., Mueller, K. J., Tucker, G. E., Gold, R. D., Briggs, R. W., and Barnhart, K. R.: Offset Channels May Not Accurately Record Strike-Slip Fault Displacement: Evidence From Landscape Evolution Models, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 124, 13427–13451, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB018596, 2019.
Royden, L. and Perron, J. T.: Solutions of the stream power equation and application to the evolution of river longitudinal profiles, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 497–518, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrf.20031, 2013.
Ryang, W. H., Simms, A. R., Yoon, H. H., Chun, S. S., and Kong, G. S.: Last interglacial sea-level proxies in the Korean Peninsula, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 117–142, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-117-2022, 2022.
Ryoo, C.: A Report for the Quaternary Gaegok 6 Fault Developed in the Mid-eastern Part of Ulsan Fault Zone, Korea, Econ. Environ. Geol., 42, 635–643, 2009.
Ryoo, C.-R., Lee, B. J., Son, M., Lee, Y. H., Choi, S.-J., and Chwae, U.: Quaternary faults in Gaegok-ri, Oedong-eup, Gyeongju, Korea, J. Geol. Soc. Korea, 38, 309–323, 2002.
Scherler, D., Bookhagen, B., and Strecker, M. R.: Tectonic control on 10Be-derived erosion rates in the Garhwal Himalaya, India, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119, 83–105, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002955, 2014.
Schwanghart, W. and Scherler, D.: Short Communication: TopoToolbox 2 – MATLAB-based software for topographic analysis and modeling in Earth surface sciences, Earth Surf. Dynam., 2, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-1-2014, 2014.
Seidl, M. A. and Dietrich, W. E.: The problem of channel erosion into bedrock, Catena Suppl., 23, 101–124, 1992.
Seong, Y. B., Dorn, R. I., and Yu, B. Y.: Evaluating the life expectancy of a desert pavement, Earth-Sci. Rev., 162, 129–154, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.08.005, 2016.
Sklar, L. and Dietrich, W. E.: River longitudinal profiles and bedrock incision models: Stream power and the influence of sediment supply, in: Rivers over rock: Fluvial processes in bedrock channels, Geoph. Monog. Series, 237–260, https://doi.org/10.1029/GM107p0237, 1998.
Slemmons, D. B. and Depolo, C. M.: Evaluation of active faulting and associated hazards, in: Active Tectonics, National Academy Press Washington, DC, 45–62, 1986.
Snyder, N. P., Whipple, K. X., Tucker, G. E., and Merritts, D. J.: Stream profiles in the Mendocino triple junction region, northern California, GSA Bull., 112, 1250–1263, 2000.
Son, M., Song, C. W., Kim, M. C., Cheon, Y., Cho, H., and Sohn, Y. K.: Miocene tectonic evolution of the basins and fault systems, SE Korea: Dextral, simple shear during the East Sea (Sea of Japan) opening, J. Geol. Soc. London, 172, 664–680, https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2014-079, 2015.
Stephenson, S. N., Roberts, G. G., Hoggard, M. J., and Whittaker, A. C.: A Cenozoic uplift history of Mexico and its surroundings from longitudinal river profiles, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 15, 4734–4758, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005425, 2014.
Stock, J. D. and Montgomery, D. R.: Geologic constraints on bedrock river incision using the stream power law, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 104, 4983–4993, https://doi.org/10.1029/98jb02139, 1999.
Stone, J. O.: Air pressure and cosmogenic isotope production, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 23753–23759, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900181, 2000.
Strahler, A. N.: Hypsometric (area-altitude) analysis of erosional topography, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 63, 1117–1142, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1952)63[1117:HAAOET]2.0.CO;2, 1952.
Su, Q., Wang, X., Lu, H., and Xie, H.: Dynamic divide migration as a response to asymmetric uplift: An example from the Zhongtiao Shan, North China, Remote Sens., 12, 4188, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12244188, 2020.
Taylor, M., Forte, A., Laskowski, A., and Ding, L.: Active uplift of southern tibet revealed, GSA Today, 31, 4–10, https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG487A.1, 2021.
Temme, A. J. A. M., Armitage, J., Attal, M., van Gorp, W., Coulthard, T. J., and Schoorl, J. M.: Developing, choosing and using landscape evolution models to inform field-based landscape reconstruction studies, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 42, 2167–2183, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4162, 2017.
Tucker, G. E. and Bras, R. L.: Hillslope processes, drainage density, and landscape morphology, Water Resour. Res., 34, 2751–2764, https://doi.org/10.1029/98WR01474, 1998.
Tucker, G. E. and Whipple, K. X.: Topographic outcomes predicted by stream erosion models: Sensitivity analysis and intermodel comparison, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 107, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jb000162, 2002.
Tucker, G. E., Lancaster, S. T., Gasparini, N. M., and Bras, R. L.: The channel-hillslope integrated landscape development model, in: Landscape Erosion and Evolution Modeling, edited by: Harmon, R. S. and Doe, W. W., Springer US, 349–388, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0575-4, 2001.
von Blanckenburg, F.: The control mechanisms of erosion and weathering at basin scale from cosmogenic nuclides in river sediment, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 237, 462–479, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.030, 2005.
Wells, D. L. and Coppersmith, K. J.: New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 84, 974–1002, https://doi.org/10.1785/bssa0840040974, 1994.
Whipple, K. X. and Tucker, G. E.: Dynamics of the stream-power river incison model: Implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 17661–17674, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900120, 1999.
Whipple, K. X. and Tucker, G. E.: Implications of sediment-flux-dependent river incision models for landscape evolution, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 107, 2039, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb000044, 2002.
Whipple, K. X., Forte, A. M., DiBiase, R. A., Gasparini, N. M., and Ouimet, W. B.: Timescales of landscape response to divide migration and drainage capture: Implications for the role of divide mobility in landscape evolution, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 122, 248–273, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003973, 2017.
Willett, S. D., McCoy, S. W., Taylor Perron, J., Goren, L., and Chen, C. Y.: Dynamic reorganization of River Basins, Science, 343, 6175, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248765, 2014.
Wobus, C., Whipple, K. X., Kirby, E., Snyder, N., Johnson, J., Spyropolou, K., Crosby, B., and Sheehan, D.: Tectonics from topography: Procedures, promise, and pitfalls, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 398, 55–74, https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2398(04), 2006.
Zebari, M., Grützner, C., Navabpour, P., and Ustaszewski, K.: Relative timing of uplift along the Zagros Mountain Front Flexure (Kurdistan Region of Iraq): Constrained by geomorphic indices and landscape evolution modeling, Solid Earth, 10, 663–682, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-663-2019, 2019.
Zeng, X. and Tan, X.: Drainage divide migration in response to strike-slip faulting: An example from northern Longmen Shan, eastern Tibet, Tectonophysics, 848, 229720, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2023.229720, 2023.
Zhou, C. and Tan, X.: Quantifying the influence of asymmetric uplift, base level elevation, and erodibility on cross-divide χ difference, Geomorphology, 427, 108634, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2023.108634, 2023.
Zhou, C., Tan, X., Liu, Y., Lu, R., Murphy, M. A., He, H., Han, Z., and Xu, X.: Ongoing westward migration of drainage divides in eastern Tibet, quantified from topographic analysis, Geomorphology, 402, 108123, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108123, 2022.
Short summary
Topographic metrics were used to understand changes due to tectonic activity. We evaluated the relative tectonic activity along the Ulsan Fault Zone (UFZ), one of the most active fault zones in South Korea. We divided the UFZ into five segments, based on the spatial variation in activity. We modeled the landscape evolution of the study area and interpreted tectono-geomorphic history during which the northern part of the UFZ experienced asymmetric uplift, while the southern part did not.
Topographic metrics were used to understand changes due to tectonic activity. We evaluated the...
