Articles | Volume 8, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-69-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-69-2020
© Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
28 Jan 2020
Research article |
| 28 Jan 2020
| 28 Jan 2020
The destiny of orogen-parallel streams in the Eastern Alps: the Salzach–Enns drainage system
Department of Geoinformatics, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
Jörg Robl
Department of Geography and Geology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
Stefan Hergarten
Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Albert Ludwig
University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
Franz Neubauer
Department of Geography and Geology, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
Related authors
No articles found.
Jörg Christian Robl, Fabian Dremel, Kurt Stüwe, Stefan Hergarten, Christoph von Hagke, and Derek Fabel
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3256, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-3256, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Bohemian Massif is one of several low mountain ranges in Europe, which rises more than 1 km above the surrounding lowlands. Landscape characteristics indicate relief rejuvenation due to recent surface uplift. To constrain the pace of relief formation we determined erosion rates of 20 catchments that range from 22 to 51 m per million years. Correlating these rates with topographic properties reveals that contrasts in bedrock erodibility represent a critical control of landscape evolution.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1315–1327, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1315-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1315-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Faceted topographies are impressive footprints of active tectonics in geomorphology. This paper investigates the evolution of faceted topographies at normal faults and their interaction with a river network theoretically and numerically. As a main result beyond several relations for the geometry of facets, the horizontal displacement associated with normal faults is crucial for the dissection of initially polygonal facets into triangular facets bounded by almost parallel rivers.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1193–1203, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1193-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1193-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Toma hills are relatively isolated hills found in the deposits of rock avalanches, and their origin is still enigmatic. This paper presents the results of numerical simulations based on a modified version of a friction law that was originally introduced for snow avalanches. The model produces more or less isolated hills (which look much like toma hills) on the valley floor. The results provide, perhaps, the first explanation of the occurrence of toma hills based on a numerical model.
Stefan Hergarten
Geosci. Model Dev., 17, 781–794, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-781-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-781-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Voellmy rheology has been widely used for simulating snow and rock avalanches. Recently, a modified version of this rheology was proposed, which turned out to be able to predict the observed long runout of large rock avalanches theoretically. The software MinVoellmy presented here is the first numerical implementation of the modified rheology. It consists of MATLAB and Python classes, where simplicity and parsimony were the design goals.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 219–229, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Large landslides turn into an avalanche-like mode of flow at high velocities, which allows for a much longer runout than predicted for a sliding solid body. In this study, the Voellmy rheology widely used in models for hazard assessment is reinterpreted and extended. The new approach predicts the increase in runout length with volume observed in nature quite well and may thus be a major step towards a more consistent modeling of rock avalanches and improved hazard assessment.
Stefan Hergarten
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3051–3063, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3051-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3051-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rockslides are a major hazard in mountainous regions. In formerly glaciated regions, the disposition mainly arises from oversteepened topography and decreases through time. However, little is known about this decrease and thus about the present-day hazard of huge, potentially catastrophic rockslides. This paper presents a new theoretical framework that explains the decrease in maximum rockslide size through time and predicts the present-day frequency of large rockslides for the European Alps.
Jannick Strüven and Stefan Hergarten
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 27, 3041–3058, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3041-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-3041-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses dendritic flow patterns to analyze the recession behavior of aquifer springs. The results show that the long-term recession becomes slower for large catchments. After a short recharge event, however, the short-term behavior differs strongly from the exponential recession that would be expected from a linear reservoir. The exponential component still accounts for more than 80 % of the total discharge, much more than typically assumed for karst aquifers.
Stefan Hergarten and Alexa Pietrek
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 741–755, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The transition from hillslopes to channelized flow is typically attributed to a threshold catchment size in landform evolution models. Here we propose an alternative concept directly based on topography. Using this concept, channels and hillslopes self-organize, whereby the catchment size of the channel heads varies over some range. Our numerical results suggest that this concept works better than the established idea of a strict threshold catchment size.
Moritz Liebl, Jörg Robl, Stefan Hergarten, David Lundbek Egholm, and Kurt Stüwe
Geosci. Model Dev., 16, 1315–1343, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1315-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-16-1315-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we benchmark a topography-based model for glacier erosion (OpenLEM) with a well-established process-based model (iSOSIA). Our experiments show that large-scale erosion patterns and particularly the transformation of valley length geometry from fluvial to glacial conditions are very similar in both models. This finding enables the application of OpenLEM to study the influence of climate and tectonics on glaciated mountains with reasonable computational effort on standard PCs.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 671–686, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-671-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-671-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Many studies on modeling landform evolution have focused on mountain ranges, while large parts of Earth's surface are quite flat and alluvial plains have been preferred locations for human settlements. Conducting large-scale simulations of fluvial erosion and sediment transport, this study reveals that rivers in a tectonically inactive foreland are much more dynamic than rivers in a mountain range; the local redistribution of deposits in the foreland is the main driver of the dynamics.
Stefan Hergarten and Jörg Robl
Geosci. Model Dev., 15, 2063–2084, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2063-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-2063-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The influence of climate on landform evolution has attracted great interest over the past decades. This paper presents a simple model for simulating the influence of topography on precipitation and the decrease in precipitation over large continental areas. The approach can be included in numerical models of large-scale landform evolution and causes only a moderate increase in the numerical complexity. It opens a door to investigating feedbacks between climate and landform evolution.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 937–952, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-937-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-937-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new approach to modeling glacial erosion on large scales. The formalism is similar to large-scale models of fluvial erosion, so glacial and fluvial processes can be easily combined. The model is simpler and numerically less demanding than established models based on a more detailed description of the ice flux. The numerical implementation almost achieves the efficiency of purely fluvial models, so that simulations over millions of years can be performed on standard PCs.
Anne-Laure Argentin, Jörg Robl, Günther Prasicek, Stefan Hergarten, Daniel Hölbling, Lorena Abad, and Zahra Dabiri
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1615–1637, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1615-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1615-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study relies on topography to simulate the origin and displacement of potentially river-blocking landslides. It highlights a continuous range of simulated landslide dams that go unnoticed in the field due to their small scale. The computation results show that landslide-dammed lake volume can be estimated from upstream drainage area and landslide volume, thus enabling an efficient hazard assessment of possible landslide-dammed lake volume – and flooding magnitude in case of dam failure.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 841–854, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-841-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-841-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Many contemporary models of large-scale fluvial erosion focus on the detachment-limited regime where all material entrained by the river is immediately excavated. This limitation facilitates the comparison with real river profiles and strongly reduces the numerical complexity. Here a simple formulation for the opposite case, transport-limited erosion, and a new numerical scheme that achieves almost the same numerical efficiency as detachment-limited models are presented.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 367–377, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-367-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-367-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Models of fluvial erosion have a long history in landform evolution modeling. Interactions between rivers and processes acting at hillslopes (e.g., landslides) are receiving growing interest in this context. While present-day computer capacities allow for applying such coupled models, there is still a scaling problem when considering rivers to be linear elements on a topography. Based on a reinterpretation of old empirical results, this study presents a new approach to overcome this problem.
Stefan Hergarten and Thomas Kenkmann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 459–473, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-459-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-459-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Our study reveals that worldwide mean erosion rates on the million-year timescale are very similar to present-day erosion rates in contrast to the majority of the previously published results. Concerning the dependence of erosion on climate, we found that the long-term erosion efficacy of the tropical zone has been about 5 times higher than that of the cold zones, while the erosional efficacy of the present-day arid zone has been as high as that of the temperate zone.
S. Hergarten, J. Robl, and K. Stüwe
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-1-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-1-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Longitudinal river profiles are increasingly used for unraveling the tectonic history on a regional scale. In the last years, the introduction of the so-called chi transform brought significant technical progress, but this method is still limited to the domain governed by fluvial erosion covering only a small part of the surface. Here we present and compare extensions of the method towards smaller catchment sizes where hillslope processes or debris flows significantly contribute to erosion.
S. Hergarten and J. Robl
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 671–685, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-671-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-671-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Snow avalanches and debris flows are abundant natural hazards in mountainous regions. Numerical models describing rapid mass movements are essential for hazard studies and mitigation strategies, but only a few software tools are available for this purpose. This paper presents a new method using the shallow water equations widely applied to lakes and oceans. It introduces appropriate correction terms for steep terrain and can be implemented in a variety of fluid-dynamics software packages.
S. Hergarten, G. Winkler, and S. Birk
Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 4277–4288, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4277-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-4277-2014, 2014
S. Hergarten, J. Robl, and K. Stüwe
Earth Surf. Dynam., 2, 97–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-97-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-97-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Physical: Landscape Evolution: modelling and field studies
Channel concavity controls planform complexity of branching drainage networks
Knickpoints and fixed points: the evolution of fluvial morphology under the combined effect of fault uplift and dam obstruction on a soft bedrock river
GraphFlood 1.0: an efficient algorithm to approximate 2D hydrodynamics for landscape evolution models
Short Communication: Numerically simulated time to steady state is not a reliable measure of landscape response time
Modeling the formation of toma hills based on fluid dynamics with a modified Voellmy rheology
A Fractal Framework for Channel-Hillslope Coupling
Drainage rearrangement in an intra-continental mountain belt: a case study from the central South Tian Shan, Kyrgyzstan
Hillslope diffusion and channel steepness in landscape evolution models
Flexural isostatic response of continental-scale deltas to climatically driven sea level changes
Scaling between volume and runout of rock avalanches explained by a modified Voellmy rheology
Past anthropogenic land use change caused a regime shift of the fluvial response to Holocene climate change in the Chinese Loess Plateau
Steady-state forms of channel profiles shaped by debris flow and fluvial processes
Refining patterns of melt with forward stratigraphic models of stable Pleistocene coastlines
Optimising global landscape evolution models with 10Be
Self-organization of channels and hillslopes in models of fluvial landform evolution and its potential for solving scaling issues
Stream laws in analog tectonic-landscape models
A control volume finite-element model for predicting the morphology of cohesive-frictional debris flow deposits
Erosion and weathering in carbonate regions reveal climatic and tectonic drivers of carbonate landscape evolution
Patterns and rates of soil movement and shallow failures across several small watersheds on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska
River incision, 10Be production and transport in a source-to-sink sediment system (Var catchment, SW Alps)
Simulating the effect of subsurface drainage on the thermal regime and ground ice in blocky terrain in Norway
An experimental study of drainage network development by surface and subsurface flow in low-gradient landscapes
The push and pull of abandoned channels: how floodplain processes and healing affect avulsion dynamics and alluvial landscape evolution in foreland basins
Climate changes and the formation of fluvial terraces in central Amazonia inferred from landscape evolution modeling
Investigation of stochastic-threshold incision models across a climatic and morphological gradient
Comparing the transport-limited and ξ–q models for sediment transport
Autogenic knickpoints in laboratory landscape experiments
Transmissivity and groundwater flow exert a strong influence on drainage density
Graphically interpreting how incision thresholds influence topographic and scaling properties of modeled landscapes
Escarpment retreat rates derived from detrital cosmogenic nuclide concentrations
Hilltop curvature as a proxy for erosion rate: wavelets enable rapid computation and reveal systematic underestimation
Short communication: Analytical models for 2D landscape evolution
Effect of rock uplift and Milankovitch timescale variations in precipitation and vegetation cover on catchment erosion rates
Modeling glacial and fluvial landform evolution at large scales using a stream-power approach
Topographic disequilibrium, landscape dynamics and active tectonics: an example from the Bhutan Himalaya
Last-glacial-cycle glacier erosion potential in the Alps
The rate and extent of wind-gap migration regulated by tributary confluences and avulsions
Inferring potential landslide damming using slope stability, geomorphic constraints, and run-out analysis: a case study from the NW Himalaya
Groundwater erosion of coastal gullies along the Canterbury coast (New Zealand): a rapid and episodic process controlled by rainfall intensity and substrate variability
Erosional response of granular material in landscape models
Transport-limited fluvial erosion – simple formulation and efficient numerical treatment
Dimensional analysis of a landscape evolution model with incision threshold
Computing water flow through complex landscapes – Part 2: Finding hierarchies in depressions and morphological segmentations
Rivers as linear elements in landform evolution models
Interactions between main channels and tributary alluvial fans: channel adjustments and sediment-signal propagation
Drainage divide networks – Part 1: Identification and ordering in digital elevation models
Drainage divide networks – Part 2: Response to perturbations
Hillslope denudation and morphologic response to a rock uplift gradient
Geomorphic signatures of the transient fluvial response to tilting
Statistical modelling of co-seismic knickpoint formation and river response to fault slip
Liran Goren and Eitan Shelef
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1347–1369, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1347-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1347-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
To explore the pattern formed by rivers as they crisscross the land, we developed a way to measure how these patterns vary, from straight to complex, winding paths. We discovered that a river's degree of complexity depends on how the river slope changes downstream. Although this is strange (i.e., why would changes in slope affect twists of a river in map view?), we show that this dependency is almost inevitable and that the complexity could signify how arid the climate is or used to be.
Hung-En Chen, Yen-Yu Chiu, Chih-Yuan Cheng, and Su-Chin Chen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1329–1346, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1329-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1329-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This study explores the fluvial morphology evolution in three rivers in Taiwan caused by natural tectonic movements (the 1999 Mw 7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake) and human-made structures (dams). Knickpoints resulting from riverbed uplift shift, leading to gradual evolution from instability to equilibrium. Dams, on the other hand, cause continuous degradation of the bed. When both effects exist on a reach, the impact of the knickpoint gradually fades away, but the effects of the dam on the river persist.
Boris Gailleton, Philippe Steer, Philippe Davy, Wolfgang Schwanghart, and Thomas Bernard
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1295–1313, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1295-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1295-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We use cutting-edge algorithms and conceptual simplifications to solve the equations that describe surface water flow. Using quantitative data on rainfall and elevation, GraphFlood calculates river width and depth and approximates erosive power, making it a suitable tool for large-scale hazard management and understanding the relationship between rivers and mountains.
Nicole M. Gasparini, Adam M. Forte, and Katherine R. Barnhart
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1227–1242, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1227-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1227-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The time it takes for a landscape to adjust to new environmental conditions is critical for understanding the impacts of past and future environmental changes. We used different computational models and methods and found that predicted times for a landscape to reach a stable condition vary greatly. Our results illustrate that reporting how timescales are measured is important. Modelers should ensure that the measurement technique addresses the question.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1193–1203, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1193-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1193-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Toma hills are relatively isolated hills found in the deposits of rock avalanches, and their origin is still enigmatic. This paper presents the results of numerical simulations based on a modified version of a friction law that was originally introduced for snow avalanches. The model produces more or less isolated hills (which look much like toma hills) on the valley floor. The results provide, perhaps, the first explanation of the occurrence of toma hills based on a numerical model.
Benjamin A. Kargère, José A. Constantine, Tristram C. Hales, Stuart W. D. Grieve, and Stewart D. Johnson
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2847, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2847, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, we analyze contributing drainage regions, a proxy for discharge in channel-hillslope coupling using landscape evolution models. We present a fractal framework which reveals that drainage area is not well-defined for steady-state unchannelized locations. This clarifies the interaction between geomorphic parameters and grid resolution, furthering understanding of channel-hillslope interactions in both computational and real-world settings.
Lingxiao Gong, Peter van der Beek, Taylor F. Schildgen, Edward R. Sobel, Simone Racano, Apolline Mariotti, and Fergus McNab
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 973–994, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-973-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-973-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We choose the large Saryjaz river from South Tian Shan to analyse topographic and fluvial metrics. By quantifying the spatial distribution of major metrics and comparing with modelling patterns, we suggest that the observed transience was triggered by a big capture event during the Plio-Pleistocene and potentially affected by both tectonic and climate factors. This conclusion underlines the importance of local contingent factors in driving drainage development.
David G. Litwin, Luca C. Malatesta, and Leonard S. Sklar
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2418, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2418, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Landscape evolution models describe river and hillslope processes individually. We show that a widely used combination of these laws produces a scaling between channel steepness and hillslope sediment delivery that is predictable but not mechanistically realistic for many if not all applications of the model. We support this with and alternative model and field data where the model successfully predicts the headwater valley spacing but cannot predict the channel steepness.
Sara Polanco, Mike Blum, Tristan Salles, Bruce C. Frederick, Rebecca Farrington, Xuesong Ding, Ben Mather, Claire Mallard, and Louis Moresi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 301–320, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-301-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Two-thirds of the world's most populated cities are situated close to deltas. We use computer simulations to understand how deltas sink or rise in response to climate-driven sea level changes that operate from thousands to millions of years. Our research shows that because of the interaction between the outer layers of the Earth, sediment transport, and sea level changes deltas develop a self-regulated mechanism that modifies the space they need to gain or lose land.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 219–229, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Large landslides turn into an avalanche-like mode of flow at high velocities, which allows for a much longer runout than predicted for a sliding solid body. In this study, the Voellmy rheology widely used in models for hazard assessment is reinterpreted and extended. The new approach predicts the increase in runout length with volume observed in nature quite well and may thus be a major step towards a more consistent modeling of rock avalanches and improved hazard assessment.
Hao Chen, Xianyan Wang, Yanyan Yu, Huayu Lu, and Ronald Van Balen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 163–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-163-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-163-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Wei River catchment, one of the centers of the agricultural revolution in China, has experienced intense land use changes since 6000 BCE. This makes it an ideal place to study the response of river systems to anthropogenic land use change. Modeling results show the sensitivity of discharge and sediment yield to climate change increased abruptly when the agricultural land area exceeded a threshold at around 1000 BCE. This regime shift in the fluvial catchment led to a large sediment pulse.
Luke A. McGuire, Scott W. McCoy, Odin Marc, William Struble, and Katherine R. Barnhart
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1117–1143, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1117-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1117-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Debris flows are mixtures of mud and rocks that can travel at high speeds across steep landscapes. Here, we propose a new model to describe how landscapes are shaped by debris flow erosion over long timescales. Model results demonstrate that the shapes of channel profiles are sensitive to uplift rate, meaning that it may be possible to use topographic data from steep channel networks to infer how erosion rates vary across a landscape.
Patrick Boyden, Paolo Stocchi, and Alessio Rovere
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 917–931, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-917-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-917-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Preservation bias often hampers the extraction of sea level changes from the stratigraphic record. In this contribution, we use a forward stratigraphic model to build three synthetic subtropical fringing reefs for a site in southwestern Madagascar (Indian Ocean). Each of the three synthetic reefs represents a different ice sheet melt scenario for the Pleistocene. We then evaluate each resultant reef sequence against the observed stratigraphic record.
Gregory A. Ruetenik, John D. Jansen, Pedro Val, and Lotta Ylä-Mella
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 865–880, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-865-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-865-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We compare models of erosion against a global compilation of long-term erosion rates in order to find and interpret best-fit parameters using an iterative search. We find global signals among exponents which control the relationship between erosion rate and slope, as well as other parameters which are common in long-term erosion modelling. Finally, we analyse the global variability in parameters and find a correlation between precipitation and coefficients for optimised models.
Stefan Hergarten and Alexa Pietrek
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 741–755, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The transition from hillslopes to channelized flow is typically attributed to a threshold catchment size in landform evolution models. Here we propose an alternative concept directly based on topography. Using this concept, channels and hillslopes self-organize, whereby the catchment size of the channel heads varies over some range. Our numerical results suggest that this concept works better than the established idea of a strict threshold catchment size.
Riccardo Reitano, Romano Clementucci, Ethan M. Conrad, Fabio Corbi, Riccardo Lanari, Claudio Faccenna, and Chiara Bazzucchi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 731–740, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-731-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-731-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tectonics and surface processes work together in shaping orogens through their evolution. Laboratory models are used to overcome some limitations of direct observations since they allow for continuous and detailed analysis of analog orogens. We use a rectangular box filled with an analog material made of granular materials to study how erosional laws apply and how erosion affects the analog landscape as a function of the applied boundary conditions (regional slope and rainfall rate).
Tzu-Yin Kasha Chen, Ying-Chen Wu, Chi-Yao Hung, Hervé Capart, and Vaughan R. Voller
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 325–342, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-325-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-325-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Predicting the extent and thickness of debris flow deposits is important for assessing and mitigating hazards. We propose a simplified mass balance model for predicting the morphology of terminated debris flows depositing over complex topography. A key element in this model is that the termination of flow of the deposit is determined by prescribed values of yield stress and friction angle. The model results are consistent with available analytical solutions and field and laboratory observations.
Richard Ott, Sean F. Gallen, and David Helman
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 247–257, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-247-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-247-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We compile data on carbonate denudation, the sum of mechanical erosion and chemical weathering, from cosmogenic nuclides and use them in conjunction with weathering data to constrain the partitioning of denudation into erosion and weathering. We show how carbonate erosion and weathering respond to different climatic and tectonic conditions and find that variations in denudation partitioning can be used to explain the vastly different morphology of carbonate landscapes on Earth.
Joanmarie Del Vecchio, Emma R. Lathrop, Julian B. Dann, Christian G. Andresen, Adam D. Collins, Michael M. Fratkin, Simon Zwieback, Rachel C. Glade, and Joel C. Rowland
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 227–245, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-227-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-227-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In cold regions of the Earth, thawing permafrost can change the landscape, impact ecosystems, and lead to the release of greenhouse gases. In this study we used many observational tools to better understand how sediment moves on permafrost hillslopes. Some topographic change conforms to our understanding of slope stability and sediment transport as developed in temperate landscapes, but much of what we observed needs further explanation by permafrost-specific geomorphic models.
Carole Petit, Tristan Salles, Vincent Godard, Yann Rolland, and Laurence Audin
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 183–201, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-183-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-183-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present new tools in the landscape evolution model Badlands to simulate 10Be production, erosion and transport. These tools are applied to a source-to-sink system in the SW French Alps, where the model is calibrated. We propose a model that fits river incision rates and 10Be concentrations in sediments, and we show that 10Be in deep marine sediments is a signal with multiple contributions that cannot be easily interpreted in terms of climate forcing.
Cas Renette, Kristoffer Aalstad, Juditha Aga, Robin Benjamin Zweigel, Bernd Etzelmüller, Karianne Staalesen Lilleøren, Ketil Isaksen, and Sebastian Westermann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 33–50, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-33-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-33-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
One of the reasons for lower ground temperatures in coarse, blocky terrain is a low or varying soil moisture content, which most permafrost modelling studies did not take into account. We used the CryoGrid community model to successfully simulate this effect and found markedly lower temperatures in well-drained, blocky deposits compared to other set-ups. The inclusion of this drainage effect is another step towards a better model representation of blocky mountain terrain in permafrost regions.
Brian G. Sockness and Karen B. Gran
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 581–603, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-581-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-581-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To study channel network development following continental glaciation, we ran small physical experiments where networks slowly expanded into flat surfaces. By changing substrate and rainfall, we altered flow pathways between surface and subsurface. Initially, most channels grew by overland flow. As relief increased, erosion through groundwater sapping occurred, especially in runs with high infiltration and low cohesion, highlighting the importance of groundwater in channel network evolution.
Harrison K. Martin and Douglas A. Edmonds
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 555–579, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-555-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-555-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
River avulsions (rivers suddenly changing course) redirect water and sediment. These floods can harm people and control how some landscapes evolve. We model how abandoned channels from older avulsions affect where, when, and why future avulsions occur in mountain-front areas. We show that abandoned channels can push and pull avulsions, and the way they heal controls landscapes. Avulsion models should include abandoned channels; we also highlight opportunities for future field workers.
Ariel Henrique do Prado, Renato Paes de Almeida, Cristiano Padalino Galeazzi, Victor Sacek, and Fritz Schlunegger
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 457–471, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-457-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-457-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our work is focused on describing how and why the terrace levels of central Amazonia were formed during the last 100 000 years. We propose to address this question through a landscape evolution numerical model. Our results show that terrace levels at lower elevation were established in response to dry–wet climate changes and the older terrace levels at higher elevations most likely formed in response to a previously higher elevation of the regional base level.
Clément Desormeaux, Vincent Godard, Dimitri Lague, Guillaume Duclaux, Jules Fleury, Lucilla Benedetti, Olivier Bellier, and the ASTER Team
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 473–492, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-473-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-473-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Landscape evolution is highly dependent on climatic parameters, and the occurrence of intense precipitation events is considered to be an important driver of river incision. We compare the rate of erosion with the variability of river discharge in a mountainous landscape of SE France where high-magnitude floods regularly occur. Our study highlights the importance of the hypotheses made regarding the threshold that river discharge needs to exceed in order to effectively cut down into the bedrock.
Jean Braun
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 301–327, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
By comparing two models for the transport of sediment, we find that they share a similar steady-state solution that adequately predicts the shape of most depositional systems made of a fan and an alluvial plain. The length of the fan is controlled by the size of the mountain drainage area feeding the sedimentary system and its slope by the incoming sedimentary flux. We show that the models differ in their transient behavior to external forcing and are characterized by different response times.
Léopold de Lavaissière, Stéphane Bonnet, Anne Guyez, and Philippe Davy
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 229–246, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-229-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-229-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers are known to record changes in tectonic or climatic variation through long adjustment of their longitudinal profile slope. Here we describe such adjustments in experimental landscapes and show that they may result from the sole effect of intrinsic geomorphic processes. We propose a new model of river evolution that links long profile adjustment to cycles of river widening and narrowing. This result emphasizes the need to better understand control of lateral erosion on river width.
Elco Luijendijk
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The distance between rivers is a noticeable feature of the Earth's surface. Previous work has indicated that subsurface groundwater flow may be important for drainage density. Here, I present a new model that combines subsurface and surface water flow and erosion, and demonstrates that groundwater exerts an important control on drainage density. Streams that incise rapidly can capture the groundwater discharge of adjacent streams, which may cause these streams to become dry and stop incising.
Nikos Theodoratos and James W. Kirchner
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1545–1561, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1545-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1545-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We examine stream-power incision and linear diffusion landscape evolution models with and without incision thresholds. We present a steady-state relationship between curvature and the steepness index, which plots as a straight line. We view this line as a counterpart to the slope–area relationship for the case of landscapes with hillslope diffusion. We show that simple shifts and rotations of this line graphically express the topographic response of landscapes to changes in model parameters.
Yanyan Wang and Sean D. Willett
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1301–1322, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1301-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1301-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Although great escarpment mountain ranges are characterized by high relief, modern erosion rates suggest slow rates of landscape change. We question this interpretation by presenting a new method for interpreting concentrations of cosmogenic isotopes. Our analysis shows that erosion has localized onto an escarpment face, driving retreat of the escarpment at high rates. Our quantification of this retreat rate rationalizes the high-relief, dramatic landscape with the rates of geomorphic change.
William T. Struble and Joshua J. Roering
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1279–1300, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1279-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1279-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used a mathematical technique known as a wavelet transform to calculate the curvature of hilltops in western Oregon, which we used to estimate erosion rate. We find that this technique operates over 1000 times faster than other techniques and produces accurate erosion rates. We additionally built artificial hillslopes to test the accuracy of curvature measurement methods. We find that at fast erosion rates, curvature is underestimated, raising questions of measurement accuracy elsewhere.
Philippe Steer
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1239–1250, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1239-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1239-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
How landscapes respond to tectonic and climatic changes is a major issue in Earth sciences. I have developed a new model that solves for landscape evolution in two dimensions using analytical solutions. Compared to numerical models, this new model is quicker and more accurate. It can compute in a single time step the topography at equilibrium of a landscape or be used to describe its evolution through time, e.g. during changes in tectonic or climatic conditions.
Hemanti Sharma, Todd A. Ehlers, Christoph Glotzbach, Manuel Schmid, and Katja Tielbörger
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1045–1072, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1045-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1045-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We study effects of variable climate–vegetation with different uplift rates on erosion–sedimentation using a landscape evolution modeling approach. Results suggest that regardless of uplift rates, transients in precipitation–vegetation lead to transients in erosion rates in the same direction of change. Vegetation-dependent erosion and sedimentation are influenced by Milankovitch timescale changes in climate, but these transients are superimposed upon tectonically driven uplift rates.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 937–952, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-937-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-937-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new approach to modeling glacial erosion on large scales. The formalism is similar to large-scale models of fluvial erosion, so glacial and fluvial processes can be easily combined. The model is simpler and numerically less demanding than established models based on a more detailed description of the ice flux. The numerical implementation almost achieves the efficiency of purely fluvial models, so that simulations over millions of years can be performed on standard PCs.
Martine Simoes, Timothée Sassolas-Serrayet, Rodolphe Cattin, Romain Le Roux-Mallouf, Matthieu Ferry, and Dowchu Drukpa
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 895–921, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-895-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-895-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Elevated low-relief regions and major river knickpoints have for long been noticed and questioned in the emblematic Bhutan Himalaya. We document the morphology of this region using morphometric analyses and field observations, at a variety of spatial scales. Our findings reveal a highly unstable river network, with numerous non-coeval river captures, most probably related to a dynamic response to local tectonic uplift in the mountain hinterland.
Julien Seguinot and Ian Delaney
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 923–935, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-923-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-923-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ancient Alpine glaciers have carved a fascinating landscape of piedmont lakes, glacial valleys, and mountain cirques. Using a previous supercomputer simulation of glacier flow, we show that glacier erosion has constantly evolved and moved to different parts of the Alps. Interestingly, larger glaciers do not always cause more rapid erosion. Instead, glacier erosion is modelled to slow down during glacier advance and peak during phases of retreat, such as the one the Earth is currently undergoing.
Eitan Shelef and Liran Goren
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 687–700, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-687-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-687-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Drainage basins are bounded by water divides (divides) that define their shape and extent. Divides commonly coincide with high ridges, but in places that experienced extensive tectonic deformation, divides sometimes cross elongated valleys. Inspired by field observations and using simulations of landscape evolution, we study how side channels that drain to elongated valleys induce pulses of divide migration, affecting the distribution of water and erosion products across mountain ranges.
Vipin Kumar, Imlirenla Jamir, Vikram Gupta, and Rajinder K. Bhasin
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 351–377, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-351-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-351-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Despite a history of landslide damming and flash floods in the NW Himalaya, only a few studies have been performed. This study predicts some potential landslide damming sites in the Satluj valley, NW Himalaya, using field observations, laboratory analyses, geomorphic proxies, and numerical simulations. Five landslides, comprising a total landslide volume of 26.3 ± 6.7 M m3, are found to have the potential to block the river in the case of slope failure.
Aaron Micallef, Remus Marchis, Nader Saadatkhah, Potpreecha Pondthai, Mark E. Everett, Anca Avram, Alida Timar-Gabor, Denis Cohen, Rachel Preca Trapani, Bradley A. Weymer, and Phillipe Wernette
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We study coastal gullies along the Canterbury coast of New Zealand using field observations, sample analyses, drones, satellites, geophysical instruments and modelling. We show that these coastal gullies form when rainfall intensity is higher than 40 mm per day. The coastal gullies are formed by landslides where buried channels or sand lenses are located. This information allows us to predict where coastal gullies may form in the future.
Riccardo Reitano, Claudio Faccenna, Francesca Funiciello, Fabio Corbi, and Sean D. Willett
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 973–993, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-973-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-973-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Looking into processes that occur on different timescales that span over thousands or millions of years is difficult to achieve. This is the case when we try to understand the interaction between tectonics and surface processes. Analog modeling is an investigating technique that can overcome this limitation. We study the erosional response of an analog landscape by varying the concentration of components of analog materials that strongly affect the evolution of experimental landscapes.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 841–854, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-841-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-841-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Many contemporary models of large-scale fluvial erosion focus on the detachment-limited regime where all material entrained by the river is immediately excavated. This limitation facilitates the comparison with real river profiles and strongly reduces the numerical complexity. Here a simple formulation for the opposite case, transport-limited erosion, and a new numerical scheme that achieves almost the same numerical efficiency as detachment-limited models are presented.
Nikos Theodoratos and James W. Kirchner
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 505–526, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-505-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-505-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We non-dimensionalized a commonly used model of landscape evolution that includes an incision threshold. Whereas the original model included four parameters, we obtained a dimensionless form with a single parameter, which quantifies the relative importance of the incision threshold. Working with this form saves computational time and simplifies theoretical analyses.
Richard Barnes, Kerry L. Callaghan, and Andrew D. Wickert
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 431–445, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-431-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-431-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Maps of elevation are used to help predict the flow of water so we can better understand landslides, floods, and global climate change. However, modeling the flow of water is difficult when elevation maps include swamps, lakes, and other depressions. This paper explains a new method that overcomes these difficulties, allowing models to run faster and more accurately.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 367–377, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-367-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-367-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Models of fluvial erosion have a long history in landform evolution modeling. Interactions between rivers and processes acting at hillslopes (e.g., landslides) are receiving growing interest in this context. While present-day computer capacities allow for applying such coupled models, there is still a scaling problem when considering rivers to be linear elements on a topography. Based on a reinterpretation of old empirical results, this study presents a new approach to overcome this problem.
Sara Savi, Stefanie Tofelde, Andrew D. Wickert, Aaron Bufe, Taylor F. Schildgen, and Manfred R. Strecker
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 303–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-303-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-303-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial deposits record changes in water and sediment supply. As such, they are often used to reconstruct the tectonic or climatic history of a basin. In this study we used an experimental setting to analyze how fluvial deposits register changes in water or sediment supply at a confluence zone. We provide a new conceptual framework that may help understanding the construction of these deposits under different forcings conditions, information crucial to correctly inferring the history of a basin.
Dirk Scherler and Wolfgang Schwanghart
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 245–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-245-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-245-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Drainage divides are believed to provide clues about divide migration and the instability of landscapes. Here, we present a novel approach to extract drainage divides from digital elevation models and to order them in a drainage divide network. We present our approach by studying natural and artificial landscapes generated with a landscape evolution model and disturbed to induce divide migration.
Dirk Scherler and Wolfgang Schwanghart
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 261–274, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-261-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-261-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Drainage divides are believed to provide clues about divide migration and the instability of landscapes. Here, we present a novel approach to extract drainage divides from digital elevation models and to order them in a drainage divide network. We present our approach by studying natural and artificial landscapes generated with a landscape evolution model and disturbed to induce divide migration.
Vincent Godard, Jean-Claude Hippolyte, Edward Cushing, Nicolas Espurt, Jules Fleury, Olivier Bellier, Vincent Ollivier, and the ASTER Team
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 221–243, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-221-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-221-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Slow-slipping faults are often difficult to identify in landscapes. Here we analyzed high-resolution topographic data from the Valensole area at the front of the southwestern French Alps. We measured various properties of hillslopes such as their relief and the shape of hilltops. We observed systematic spatial variations of hillslope morphology indicative of relative changes in erosion rates. These variations are potentially related to slow tectonic deformation across the studied area.
Helen W. Beeson and Scott W. McCoy
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 123–159, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-123-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-123-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We used a computer model to show that, when a landscape is tilted, rivers respond in a distinct way such that river profiles take on unique forms that record tilt timing and magnitude. Using this suite of river forms, we estimated tilt timing and magnitude in the Sierra Nevada, USA, and results were consistent with independent measures. Our work broadens the scope of tectonic histories that can be extracted from landscape form to include tilting, which has been documented in diverse locations.
Philippe Steer, Thomas Croissant, Edwin Baynes, and Dimitri Lague
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 681–706, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-681-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-681-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We use a statistical earthquake generator to investigate the influence of fault activity on river profile development and on the formation of co-seismic knickpoints. We find that the magnitude distribution of knickpoints resulting from a purely seismic fault is homogeneous. Shallow aseismic slip favours knickpoints generated by large-magnitude earthquakes nucleating at depth. Accounting for fault burial by alluvial cover can modulate the topographic expression of earthquakes and fault activity.
Cited articles
Anderson, R. S., Molnar, P., and Kessler, M. A.: Features of glacial valley
profiles simply explained, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 111, 1–14,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jf000344, 2006.
Bartosch, T., Stüwe, K., and Robl, J.: Topographic evolution of the
Eastern Alps: The influence of strike-slip faulting activity, Lithosphere, 9, 384–398, https://doi.org/10.1130/l594.1, 2017.
Beaumont, C., Fullsack, P., and Hamilton, J.: Erosional control of active
compressional orogens, in: Thrust Tectonics, edited by: McClay, K. R.,
Springer, Dordrecht, 1–18, 1992.
Beeson, H. W., McCoy, S. W., and Keen-Zebert, A.: Geometric disequilibrium
of river basins produces long-lived transient landscapes, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 475, 34–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.07.010, 2017.
Bishop, P.: Long-term landscape evolution: linking tectonics and surface
processes, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 32, 329–365, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1493, 2007.
Brocard, G., Willenbring, J., Suski, B., Audra, P., Authemayou, C.,
Cosenza-Muralles, B., Moran-Ical, S., Demory, F., Rochette, P., Vennemann, T., Holliger, K., and Teyssier, C.: Rate and processes of river network
rearrangement during incipient faulting: The case of the Cahabon River,
Guatemala, Am. J. Sci., 312, 449–507, https://doi.org/10.2475/05.2012.01, 2012.
Brocklehurst, S. H. and Whipple, K. X.: Glacial erosion and relief production in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, California, Geomorphology, 42, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-555x(01)00069-1, 2002.
Burbank, D. W., Blythe, A. E., Putkonen, J., Pratt-Sitaula, B., Gabet, E.,
Oskin, M., Barros, A., and Ojha, T. P.: Decoupling of erosion and precipitation in the Himalayas, Nature, 426, 652–655, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02187, 2003.
Castelltort, S., Goren, L., Willett, S. D., Champagnac, J. D., Herman, F., and Braun, J.: River drainage patterns in the New Zealand Alps primarily
controlled by plate tectonic strain, Nat. Geosci., 5, 744–748,
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1582, 2012.
Cederbom, C. E., Sinclair, H. D., Schlunegger, F., and Rahn, M. K.:
Climate-induced rebound and exhumation of the European Alps, Geology, 32,
709–712, https://doi.org/10.1130/g20491.1, 2004.
Champagnac, J. D., Molnar, P., Sue, C., and Herman, F.: Tectonics, climate,
and mountain topography, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid, 117, B02403, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jb008348, 2012.
Clark, M. K., Schoenbohm, L. M., Royden, L. H., Whipple, K. X., Burchfiel, B. C., Zhang, X., Tang, W., Wang, E., and Chen, L.: Surface uplift, tectonics, and erosion of eastern Tibet from large-scale drainage patterns, Tectonics, 23, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002TC001402, 2004.
Crosby, B. T. and Whipple, K. X.: Knickpoint initiation and distribution
within fluvial networks: 236 waterfalls in the Waipaoa River, North Island,
New Zealand, Geomorphology, 82, 16–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.08.023, 2006.
Dadson, S. J., Hovius, N., Chen, H., Dade, W. B., Hsieh, M.-L., Willett, S. D., Hu, J.-C., Horng, M.-J., Chen, M.-C., Stark, C. P., Lague, D., and Lin,
J.-C.: Links between erosion, runoff variability and seismicity in the
Taiwan orogen, Nature, 426, 648–651, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02150, 2003.
Dixon, J. L., von Blanckenburg, F., Stuwe, K., and Christl, M.: Glaciation's
topographic control on Holocene erosion at the eastern edge of the Alps,
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 895–909, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-895-2016, 2016.
Dunkl, I., Kuhlemann, J., Reinecker, J., and Frisch, W.: Cenozoic relief
evolution of the Eastern Alps – con-straints from apatite fission track
age-provenance of Neogene intramontane sediments, Mitteil. Österreich. Geol. Gesell., 98, 92–105, 2005.
Eizenhöfer, P. R., McQuarrie, N., Shelef, E., and Ehlers, T. A.: Landscape Response to Lateral Advection in Convergent Orogens Over Geologic
Time Scales, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 124, 2056–2078, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jf005100, 2019.
Forte, A. M. and Whipple, K. X.: Criteria and tools for determining drainage divide stability, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 493, 102–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.026, 2018.
Fox, M., Goren, L., May, D. A., and Willett, S. D.: Inversion of fluvial
channels for paleorock uplift rates in Taiwan, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119,
1853–1875, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jf003196, 2014.
Fox, M., Herman, F., Willett, S. D., and Schmid, S. M.: The exhumation
history of the European Alps inferred from linear inversion of thermochronometric data, Am. J. Sci., 316, 505–541, 2016.
Frisch, W., Kuhlemann, J., Dunkl, I., and Brugel, A.: Palinspastic reconstruction and topographic evolution of the eastern Alps during late
Tertiary tectonic extrusion, Tectonophysics, 297, 1–15,
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(98)00160-7, 1998.
Frisch, W., Dunkl, I., and Kuhlemann, J.: Post-collisional orogen-parallel
large-scale extension in the Eastern Alps, Tectonophysics, 327, 239–265,
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(00)00204-3, 2000.
Frisch, W., Kuhlemann, J., Dunkl, I., and Szekely, B.: The Dachstein
paleosurface and the Augenstein Formation in the Northern Calcareous Alps –
a mosaic stone in the geomorphological evolution of the Eastern Alps, Int. J. Earth Sci., 90, 500–518, https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310000189, 2001.
Garcia-Castellanos, D., Verges, J., Gaspar-Escribano, J., and Cloetingh, S.:
Interplay between tectonics, climate, and fluvial transport during the Cenozoic evolution of the Ebro Basin (NE Iberia), J. Geophys. Res., 108, 2347, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jb002073, 2003.
Gilbert, G. K.: Geology of the Henry Mountains, US Geological and Geographical Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1877.
Goren, L.: A theoretical model for fluvial channel response time during
time-dependent climatic and tectonic forcing and its inverse applications,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 10753–10763, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gl070451, 2016.
Goren, L., Willett, S. D., Herman, F., and Braun, J.: Coupled numerical-analytical approach to landscape evolution modeling, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 39, 522–545, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3514, 2014.
Goren, L., Castelltort, S., and Klinger, Y.: Modes and rates of horizontal
deformation from rotated river basins: Application to the Dead Sea fault system in Lebanon, Geology, 43, 843–846, https://doi.org/10.1130/G36841.1, 2015.
Guerit, L., Goren, L., Dominguez, S., Malavieille, J., and Castelltort, S.:
Landscape 'stress' and reorganization from chi-maps: Insights from experimental drainage networks in oblique collision setting, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 43, 3152–3163, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4477, 2018.
Haeuselmann, P., Granger, D. E., Jeannin, P.-Y., and Lauritzen, S.-E.: Abrupt glacial valley incision at 0.8 Ma dated from cave deposits in Switzerland, Geology, 35, 143–146, https://doi.org/10.1130/g23094a, 2007.
Hallet, B., Hunter, L., and Bogen, J.: Rates of erosion and sediment evacuation by glaciers: A review of field data and their implications, Global Planet. Change, 12, 213–235, https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(95)00021-6, 1996.
Handy, M. R., Ustaszewski, K., and Kissling, E.: Reconstructing the
Alps–Carpathians–Dinarides as a key to understanding switches in subduction polarity, slab gaps and surface motion, Int. J. Earth Sci., 104, 1–26, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-014-1060-3, 2015.
Headley, R. M.: River redirected, Nat. Geosci., 10, 327–328, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2946, 2017.
Hergarten, S.: Self organized criticality in earth systems, Springer, Berlin, 272 pp., 2002.
Hergarten, S., Robl, J., and Stüwe, K.: Extracting topographic swath
profiles across curved geomorphic features, Earth Surf. Dynam., 2, 97–104, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-97-2014, 2014.
Hergarten, S., Robl, J., and Stüwe, K.: Tectonic geomorphology at small
catchment sizes – extensions of the stream-power approach and the χ method, Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 1–9, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-1-2016, 2016.
Herman, F., Seward, D., Valla, P. G., Carter, A., Kohn, B., Willett, S. D., and Ehlers, T. A.: Worldwide acceleration of mountain erosion under a cooling climate, Nature, 504, 423–426, 2013.
Hodges, K. V., Wobus, C., Ruhl, K., Schildgen, T., and Whipple, K.: Quaternary deformation, river steepening, and heavy precipitation at the
front of the Higher Himalayan ranges, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 220, 379–389, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(04)00063-9, 2004.
Houseman, G. and England, P.: Finite strain calculations of continental
deformation. 1. Method and general results for convergent zones, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid, 91, 3651–3663, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB03p03651, 1986.
Howard, A. D.: Thresholds in river regimes, Thresholds in geomorphology,
edited by: Coates, D. R. and Vitek, J. D., George Allen and Unwin, London, UK, 227–258, 1980.
Howard, A. D.: A detachment-limited model of drainage-basin evolution, Water
Resour. Res., 30, 2261–2285, https://doi.org/10.1029/94wr00757, 1994.
Keil, M. and Neubauer, F.: Initiation and development of a fault-controlled, orogen-parallel overdeepened valley: The Upper Enns Valley, Austria, Aust. J. Earth Sci., 102, 80–90, https://doi.org/10.1127/0372-8854/2012/0074, 2009.
Kirby, E. and Whipple, K. X.: Expression of active tectonics in erosional
landscapes, J. Struct. Geol., 44, 54–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2012.07.009, 2012.
Kooi, H. and Beaumont, C.: Large-scale geomorphology: Classical concepts
reconciled and integrated with contemporary ideas via a surface processes
model, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid, 101, 3361–3386, https://doi.org/10.1029/95jb01861, 1996.
Kuhlemann, J.: Paleogeographic and paleotopographic evolution of the Swiss
and Eastern Alps since the Oligocene, Global Planet. Change, 58, 224–236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.03.007, 2007.
Kuhlemann, J., Frisch, W., Dunkl, I., Szekely, B., and Spiegel, C.: Miocene
shifts of the drainage divide in the Alps and their foreland basin, Z. Geomorphol., 45, 239–265, 2001.
Kuhlemann, J., Frisch, W., Szekely, B., Dunkl, I., and Kazmer, M.: Post-collisional sediment budget history of the Alps: tectonic versus climatic control, Int. J. Earth Sci., 91, 818–837, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-002-0266-y, 2002.
Kuhlemann, J., Dunkl, I., Brugel, A., Spiegel, C., and Frisch, W.: From source terrains of the Eastern Alps to the Molasse Basin: Detrital record of
non-steady-state exhumation, Tectonophysics, 413, 301–316,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.11.007, 2006.
Kühni, A. and Pfiffner, O. A.: The relief of the Swiss Alps and adjacent areas and its relation to lithology and structure: topographic analysis from a 250-m DEM, Geomorphology, 41, 285–307, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00060-5, 2001.
Loget, N. and Van Den Driessche, J.: Wave train model for knickpoint migration, Geomorphology, 106, 376–382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.10.017, 2009.
MacGregor, K. R., Anderson, R. S., Anderson, S. P., and Waddington, E. D.:
Numerical simulations of glacial-valley longitudinal profile evolution,
Geology, 28, 1031–1034, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<1031:NSOGLP>2.0.CO;2, 2000.
Miller, S. R. and Slingerland, R. L.: Topographic advection on fault-bend folds: Inheritance of valley positions and the formation of wind gaps, Geology, 34, 769–772, https://doi.org/10.1130/g22658.1, 2006.
Miller, S. R., Slingerland, R. L., and Kirby, E.: Characteristics of steady
state fluvial topography above fault-bend folds, J. Geophys. Res., 112,
F04004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jf000772, 2007.
Miller, S. R., Baldwin, S. L., and Fitzgerald, P. G.: Transient fluvial incision and active surface uplift in the Woodlark Rift of eastern Papua New
Guinea, Lithosphere, 4, 131–149, https://doi.org/10.1130/L135.1, 2012.
Molnar, P.: Nature, nurture and landscape, Nature, 426, 612–613,
https://doi.org/10.1038/426612a, 2003.
Molnar, P. and Lyon-Caen, H.: Some simple physical aspects of the support,
structure, and evolution of mountain belts, in: Processes in Continental
Lithospheric Deformation. Geological Society of America Special Paper,
edited by: Clark Jr., S. P., Burchfiel, B. C., and Suppe, J., Geological Society of America, Boulder, 179–207, 1988.
Montgomery, D. R.: Valley formation by fluvial and glacial erosion, Geology,
30, 1047–1050, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<1047:VFBFAG>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Montgomery, D. R., Balco, G., and Willett, S. D.: Climate, tectonics, and
the morphology of the Andes, Geology, 29, 579–582,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0579:ctatmo>2.0.co;2, 2001.
Neubauer, F.: Formation of an intra-orogenic transtensional basin: the Neogene Wagrain basin in the Eastern Alps, Swiss J.fGeosci., 109, 37–56, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-016-0206-7, 2016.
Norton, K. P., Abbuhl, L. M., and Schlunegger, F.: Glacial conditioning as an erosional driving force in the Central Alps, Geology, 38, 655–658,
https://doi.org/10.1130/g31102.1, 2010.
Perron, J. T. and Royden, L.: An integral approach to bedrock river profile
analysis, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 38, 570–576, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3302, 2013.
Prasicek, G., Larsen, I. J., and Montgomery, D. R.: Tectonic control on the
persistence of glacially sculpted topography, Nat. Commun., 6, 8028, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9028, 2015.
Ratschbacher, L., Frisch, W., Neubauer, F., Schmid, S. M., and Neugebauer, J.: Extension in compressional orogenic belts: the eastern Alps, Geology, 17, 404–407, 1989.
Ratschbacher, L., Frisch, W., Linzer, H.-G., and Merle, O.: Lateral extrusion in the Eastern Alps, part 2: structural analysis, Tectonics, 10, 257–271, 1991.
Reiners, P. W., Ehlers, T. A., Mitchell, S. G., and Montgomery, D. R.: Coupled spatial variations in precipitation and long-term erosion rates across the Washington Cascades, Nature, 426, 645–647, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02111, 2003.
Robl, J. and Stüwe, K.: Continental collision with finite indenter
strength: 2. European Eastern Alps, Tectonics, 24, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004TC001741, 2005a.
Robl, J. and Stüwe, K.: Continental collision with finite indenter strength: 1. Concept and model formulation, Tectonics, 24, TC4005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004tc001727, 2005b.
Robl, J., Hergarten, S., and Stüwe, K.: Morphological analysis of the
drainage system in the Eastern Alps, Tectonophysics, 460, 263–277,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2008.08.024, 2008a.
Robl, J., Stüwe, K., Hergarten, S., and Evans, L.: Extension during
continental convergence in the Eastern Alps: The influence of orogen-scale
strike-slip faults, Geology, 36, 963–966, 2008b.
Robl, J., Prasicek, G., Hergarten, S., and Stüwe, K.: Alpine topography in the light of tectonic uplift and glaciation, Global Planet. Change, 127, 34–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.01.008, 2015.
Robl, J., Heberer, B., Prasicek, G., Neubauer, F., and Hergarten, S.: The
topography of a continental indenter: The interplay between crustal deformation, erosion, and base level changes in the eastern Southern Alps, J.
Geophys. Res.-Earth, 122, 310–334, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003884, 2017a.
Robl, J., Hergarten, S., and Prasicek, G.: The topographic state of fluvially conditioned mountain ranges, Earth-Sci. Rev., 168, 190–217,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.03.007, 2017b.
Roe, G. H., Whipple, K. X., and Fletcher, J. K.: Feedbacks among climate,
erosion, and tectonics in a critical wedge orogen, Am. J. Sci., 308, 815–842, https://doi.org/10.2475/07.2008.01, 2008.
Royden, L. and Perron, J. T.: Solutions of the stream power equation and application to the evolution of river longitudinal profiles, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 497–518, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrf.20031, 2013.
Royden, L. H., Burchfiel, B. C., King, R. W., Wang, E., Chen, Z. L., Shen, F., and Liu, Y. P.: Surface deformation and lower crustal flow in eastern
Tibet, Science, 276, 788–790, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5313.788, 1997.
Salcher, B. C., Kober, F., Kissling, E., and Willett, S. D.: Glacial impact on short-wavelength topography and long-lasting effects on the denudation of a deglaciated mountain range, Global Planet. Change, 115, 59–70,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.01.002, 2014.
Schmid, S. M., Fügenschuh, B., Kissling, E., and Schuster, R.: Tectonic
map and overall architecture of the Alpine orogen, Eclog. Geolog. Helvet., 97, 93–117, 2004.
Schmidt, K. M. and Montgomery, D. R.: Limits to relief, Science, 270, 617–620, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5236.617, 1995.
Schwanghart, W. and Scherler, D.: Short Communication: TopoToolbox 2-MATLAB-based software for topographic analysis and modeling in Earth surface sciences, Earth Surf. Dynam., 2, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-1-2014,
2014.
Shugar, D. H., Clague, J. J., Best, J. L., Schoof, C., Willis, M. J., Copland, L., and Roe, G. H.: River piracy and drainage basin reorganization
led by climate-driven glacier retreat, Nat. Geosci., 10, 370–375, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2932, 2017.
Stüwe, K., Robl, J., Hergarten, S., and Evans, L.: Modeling the influence of horizontal advection, deformation, and late uplift on the drainage development in the India-Asia collision zone, Tectonics, 27, TC6011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007tc002186, 2008.
Tapponnier, P., Peltzer, G., Ledain, A. Y., Armijo, R., and Cobbold, P.:
Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia - New insights from simple experiments with plasticine, Geology, 10, 611–616,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1982)10<611:PETIAN>2.0.CO;2, 1982.
Tucker, G. E. and Slingerland, R. L.: Erosional dynamics, flexural isostasy, and long-lived escarpments - A numerical modeling study, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid, 99, 12229–12243, https://doi.org/10.1029/94jb00320, 1994.
Valla, P. G., van der Beek, P. A., and Lague, D.: Fluvial incision into bedrock: Insights from morphometric analysis and numerical modeling of gorges incising glacial hanging valleys (Western Alps, France), J. Geophys. Res., 115, F02010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jf001079, 2010.
van der Beek, P. and Bourbon, P.: A quantification of the glacial imprint on relief development in the French western Alps, Geomorphology, 97, 52–72,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.02.038, 2008.
van Heijst, M. and Postma, G.: Fluvial response to sea-level changes: a
quantitative analogue, experimental approach, Basin Res., 13, 269–292,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.2001.00149.x, 2001.
Wang, X. and Neubauer, F.: Orogen-parallel strike-slip faults bordering
metamorphic core complexes: the Salzach-Enns fault zone in the eastern Alps,
Austria, J. Struct. Geol., 20, 799–818, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(98)00013-3, 1998.
Whipple, K. X.: Fluvial landscape response time: How plausible is steady-state denudation?, Am. J. Sci., 301, 313–325, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.301.4-5.313, 2001.
Whipple, K. X., Kirby, E., and Brocklehurst, S. H.: Geomorphic limits to
climate-induced increases in topographic relief, Nature, 401, 39–43,
https://doi.org/10.1038/43375, 1999.
Whipple, K. X., Forte, A. M., DiBiase, R. A., Gasparini, N. M., and Ouimet, W. B.: Timescales of landscape response to divide migration and drainage
capture: Implications for the role of divide mobility in landscape evolution, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 122, 248–273, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jf003973, 2017.
Willett, S. D.: Orogeny and orography: The effects of erosion on the structure of mountain belts, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid, 104, 28957–28981, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jb900248, 1999.
Willett, S. D., Slingerland, R., and Hovius, N.: Uplift, shortening, and
steady state topography in active mountain belts, Am. J. Sci., 301, 455–485, 2001.
Willett, S. D., McCoy, S. W., Perron, J. T., Goren, L., and Chen, C. Y.:
Dynamic reorganization of river basins, Science, 343, 1248765,
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248765, 2014.
Winterberg, S. and Willett, S. D.: Greater Alpine river network evolution,
interpretations based on novel drainage analysis, Swiss J. Geosci., 112, 3–22, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-018-0332-5, 2019.
Wobus, C. W., Hodges, K. V., and Whipple, K. X.: Has focused denudation
sustained active thrusting at the Himalayan topographic front?, Geology, 31,
861-864, 10.1130/g19730.1, 2003.
Wobus, C. W., Whipple, K. X., Kirby, E., Snyder, N. P., Johnson, J., Spyropolou, K., Crosby, B., and Sheehan, D.: Tectonics from topography:
Procedures, promise, and pitfalls, in: Tectonics, Climate, and Landscape
Evolution, edited by: Willett, S. D., Hovius, N., Brandon, M. T., and Fisher, D. M., Geological Society of America Special Papers, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, 55–74, 2006.
Yang, R., Willett, S. D., and Goren, L.: In situ low-relief landscape formation as a result of river network disruption, Nature, 520, 526–529,
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14354, 2015.
Yang, R., Fellin, M. G., Herman, F. d. r., Willett, S. D., Wang, W., and Maden, C.: Spatial and temporal pattern of erosion in the Three Rivers Region, southeastern Tibet, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 433, 10–20,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.10.032, 2016.
Yanites, B. J., Ehlers, T. A., Becker, J. K., Schnellmann, M., and Heuberger, S.: High magnitude and rapid incision from river capture: Rhine River, Switzerland, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 1060–1084, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrf.20056, 2013.
Züst, F., Dahms, D., Purves, R., and Egli, M.: Surface reconstruction and derivation of erosion rates over several glaciations (1 Ma) in an alpine
setting (Sinks Canyon, Wyoming, USA), Geomorphology, 219, 232–247,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.05.017, 2014.
Short summary
The evolution of the drainage system in the Eastern Alps is inherently linked to different tectonic stages. This leads to a situation in which major orogen-parallel alpine rivers, such as the Salzach and the Enns, are characterized by elongated east–west-oriented catchments. We investigate the stability of present-day drainage divides and the stability of reconstructed paleo-drainage systems. Our results indicate a progressive stability of the network towards the present-day situation.
The evolution of the drainage system in the Eastern Alps is inherently linked to different...
