Earth Surface Dynamics
Earth Surface Dynamics
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Articles | Volume 12, issue 5
Articles | Volume 12, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1193-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1193-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Articles | Volume 12, issue 5
Research article
 | 
22 Oct 2024
Research article |  | 22 Oct 2024

Modeling the formation of toma hills based on fluid dynamics with a modified Voellmy rheology

Stefan Hergarten

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Cited articles

Abele, G.: Bergstürze in den Alpen: ihre Verbreitung, Morphologie und Folgeerscheinungen, no. 25 in Wiss. Alpenvereinshefte, Dt. Alpenverein, München, https://bibliothek.alpenverein.de/webOPAC/01_Alpenvereins-Publikationen/06_wiss._Alpenvereinshefte/AV-HeftNr.025.pdf (last access: 16 October 2024), 1974. a, b, c
Argentin, A.-L., Robl, J., Prasicek, G., Hergarten, S., Hölbling, D., Abad, L., and Dabiri, Z.: Controls on the formation and size of potential landslide dams and dammed lakes in the Austrian Alps, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 1615–1637, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1615-2021, 2021. a
Bartelt, P. and Buser, O.: Frictional relaxation in avalanches, Ann. Glaciol., 51, 98–104, https://doi.org/10.3189/172756410791386607, 2010. a, b
Buser, O. and Bartelt, P.: Production and decay of random kinetic energy in granular snow avalanches, J. Glaciol., 55, 3–12, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214309788608859, 2009. a, b
Campbell, C. S., Cleary, P. W., and Hopkins, M.: Large‐scale landslide simulations: Global deformation, velocities and basal friction, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid, 100, 8267–8283, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB00937, 1995. a
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Toma hills are relatively isolated hills found in the deposits of rock avalanches, and their origin is still enigmatic. This paper presents the results of numerical simulations based on a modified version of a friction law that was originally introduced for snow avalanches. The model produces more or less isolated hills (which look much like toma hills) on the valley floor. The results provide, perhaps, the first explanation of the occurrence of toma hills based on a numerical model.
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