Articles | Volume 12, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-973-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-973-2024
© Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
06 Sep 2024
Research article |
| 06 Sep 2024
| 06 Sep 2024
Drainage rearrangement in an intra-continental mountain belt: a case study from the central South Tian Shan, Kyrgyzstan
Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
Peter van der Beek
Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
Taylor F. Schildgen
Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Edward R. Sobel
Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
Simone Racano
Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
Apolline Mariotti
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Fergus McNab
GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Related authors
No articles found.
Jens Martin Turowski, Fergus McNab, Aaron Bufe, and Stefanie Tofelde
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2342, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-2342, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Channel belts comprise the area that is affected by a river due to lateral migration and floods. As a landform, they affect local water resources, flood hazard, and often host unique ecological communities. Here, we develop a model describing the evolution of channel belt area over time. The model connects the behaviour of the river to the evolution of the channel belt over a timescale of centuries. A comparison to selected data from experiments and real river systems is favourable.
Elizabeth Orr, Taylor Schildgen, Stefanie Tofelde, Hella Wittmann, and Ricardo Alonso
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-784, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-784, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial terraces and alluvial fans in the Toro Basin, NW Argentina record river evolution and global climate cycles over time. Landform dating reveals lower-frequency climate cycles (100-kyr) preserved downstream and higher-frequency cycles (21/40-kyr) upstream, supporting theoretical predications that longer rivers filter out higher-frequency climate signals. This finding improves our understanding of the spatial distribution of sedimentary paleoclimate records within landscapes.
Marion Roger, Arjan de Leeuw, Peter van der Beek, Laurent Husson, Edward R. Sobel, Johannes Glodny, and Matthias Bernet
Solid Earth, 14, 153–179, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-153-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-14-153-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We study the construction of the Ukrainian Carpathians with LT thermochronology (AFT, AHe, and ZHe) and stratigraphic analysis. QTQt thermal models are combined with burial diagrams to retrieve the timing and magnitude of sedimentary burial, tectonic burial, and subsequent exhumation of the wedge's nappes from 34 to ∼12 Ma. Out-of-sequence thrusting and sediment recycling during wedge building are also identified. This elucidates the evolution of a typical wedge in a roll-back subduction zone.
Peter van der Beek and Taylor F. Schildgen
Geochronology, 5, 35–49, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-35-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-5-35-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Thermochronometric data can provide unique insights into the patterns of rock exhumation and the driving mechanisms of landscape evolution. Several well-established thermal models allow for a detailed exploration of how cooling rates evolved in a limited area or along a transect, but more regional analyses have been challenging. We present age2exhume, a thermal model that can be used to rapidly provide a synoptic overview of exhumation rates from large regional thermochronologic datasets.
Johannes Rembe, Renjie Zhou, Edward R. Sobel, Jonas Kley, Jie Chen, Jian-Xin Zhao, Yuexing Feng, and Daryl L. Howard
Geochronology, 4, 227–250, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-227-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-227-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Calcite is frequently formed during alteration processes in the basaltic, uppermost layer of juvenile oceanic crust. Weathered oceanic basalts are hard to date with conventional radiometric methods. We show in a case study from the North Pamir, Central Asia, that calcite U–Pb age data, supported by geochemistry and petrological microscopy, have potential to date sufficiently old oceanic basalts, if the time span between basalt extrusion and latest calcite precipitation (~ 25 Myr) is considered.
Coline Ariagno, Caroline Le Bouteiller, Peter van der Beek, and Sébastien Klotz
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 81–96, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-81-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-81-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The
critical zonenear the surface of the Earth is where geologic substrate, erosion, climate, and life meet and interact. This study focuses on mechanisms of physical weathering that produce loose sediment and make it available for transport. We show that the sediment export from a monitored catchment in the French Alps is modulated by frost-weathering processes and is therefore sensitive to complex modifications in a warming climate.
Xiong Ou, Anne Replumaz, and Peter van der Beek
Solid Earth, 12, 563–580, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-563-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-563-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The low-relief, mean-elevation Baima Xueshan massif experienced slow exhumation at a rate of 0.01 km/Myr since at least 22 Ma and then regional rock uplift at 0.25 km/Myr since ~10 Ma. The high-relief, high-elevation Kawagebo massif shows much stronger local rock uplift related to the motion along a west-dipping thrust fault, at a rate of 0.45 km/Myr since at least 10 Ma, accelerating to 1.86 km/Myr since 1.6 Ma. Mekong River incision plays a minor role in total exhumation in both massifs.
Sara Savi, Stefanie Tofelde, Andrew D. Wickert, Aaron Bufe, Taylor F. Schildgen, and Manfred R. Strecker
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 303–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-303-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-303-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial deposits record changes in water and sediment supply. As such, they are often used to reconstruct the tectonic or climatic history of a basin. In this study we used an experimental setting to analyze how fluvial deposits register changes in water or sediment supply at a confluence zone. We provide a new conceptual framework that may help understanding the construction of these deposits under different forcings conditions, information crucial to correctly inferring the history of a basin.
Apolline Mariotti, Pierre-Henri Blard, Julien Charreau, Carole Petit, Stéphane Molliex, and the ASTER Team
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 1059–1074, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-1059-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-1059-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
This work is the first assessment of the suitability of the in situ 10Be method to determine denudation rates from fine (50–100 μm) detrital quartz at the watershed scale. This method is used worldwide to determine denudation rates from sandy sediments (250 μm-1 mm). We show that in the Var catchment fine-grained sediments (50–100 μm) are suited to the 10Be method, which is vital for future applications of 10Be in sedimentary archives such as offshore sediments.
Mitch K. D'Arcy, Taylor F. Schildgen, Jens M. Turowski, and Pedro DiNezio
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 755–771, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-755-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-755-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
The age of formation of sedimentary deposits is often interpreted to record information about past environmental changes. Here, we show that the timing of abandonment of surfaces also provides valuable information. We derive a new set of equations that can be used to estimate when a sedimentary surface was abandoned based on what is known about its activity from surface dating. Estimates of abandonment age can benefit a variety of geomorphic analyses, which we illustrate with a case study.
Stefanie Tofelde, Sara Savi, Andrew D. Wickert, Aaron Bufe, and Taylor F. Schildgen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 609–631, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-609-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-609-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We performed seven physical experiments to explore terrace formation and sediment export from a braided alluvial river system that is perturbed by changes in water discharge, sediment supply, or base level. Each perturbation differently affects (1) the geometry of terraces and channels, (2) the timing of terrace formation, and (3) the transient response of sediment discharge. Our findings provide guidelines for interpreting fill terraces and sediment export from fluvial systems.
Zoltán Erdős, Ritske S. Huismans, and Peter van der Beek
Solid Earth, 10, 391–404, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-391-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-391-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We used a 2-D thermomechanical code to simulate the evolution of an orogen. Our aim was to study the interaction between tectonic and surface processes in orogenic forelands. We found that an increase in the sediment input to the foreland results in prolonged activity of the active frontal thrust. Such a scenario could occur naturally as a result of increasing relief in the orogenic hinterland or a change in climatic conditions. We compare our results with observations from the Alps.
Andrew D. Wickert and Taylor F. Schildgen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 17–43, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-17-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-17-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers can raise or lower their beds by depositing or eroding sediments. We combine equations for flow, channel/valley geometry, and gravel transport to learn how climate and tectonics shape down-valley profiles of river-bed elevation. Rivers steepen when they receive more sediment (relative to water) and become straighter with tectonic uplift. Weathering and breakdown of gravel is needed to produce gradually widening river channels with concave-up profiles that are often observed in the field.
Jean Braun, Lorenzo Gemignani, and Peter van der Beek
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 257–270, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-257-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-257-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new method to interpret a type of data that geologists obtained by dating minerals in river sand samples. We show that such data contain information about the spatial distribution of the erosion rate (wear of surface rocks by natural processes such as river incision, land sliding or weathering) in the regions neighboring the river. This is important to understand the nature and efficiency of the processes responsible for surface erosion in mountain belts.
Sara Savi, Stefanie Tofelde, Hella Wittmann, Fabiana Castino, and Taylor Schildgen
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2017-30, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2017-30, 2017
Preprint withdrawn
Short summary
Short summary
When using cosmogenic nuclides to determine exposure ages or denudation rates in rapidly evolving landscapes, challenges arise related to the small number of nuclides that have accumulated in surface materials. Here we describe an approach that defines a lower threshold above which samples with low 10Be content can be statistically distinguished from laboratory blanks. This in turn dictates the meaning and reliability of the samples and their possible use.
Margaux Mouchené, Peter van der Beek, Sébastien Carretier, and Frédéric Mouthereau
Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 125–143, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-125-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-125-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
The Lannemezan megafan (northern Pyrenean foreland) was abandoned during the Quaternary and subsequently incised. We use numerical models to explore possible scenarios for the evolution of this megafan. We show that autogenic processes are sufficient to explain its evolution. Climate may have played a second-order role; in contrast base-level change, tectonic activity and flexural isostatic rebound do not appear to have influenced its evolution.
Related subject area
Physical: Landscape Evolution: modelling and field studies
Modeling the formation of toma hills based on fluid dynamics with a modified Voellmy rheology
Flexural isostatic response of continental-scale deltas to climatically driven sea level changes
Scaling between volume and runout of rock avalanches explained by a modified Voellmy rheology
Past anthropogenic land use change caused a regime shift of the fluvial response to Holocene climate change in the Chinese Loess Plateau
Steady-state forms of channel profiles shaped by debris flow and fluvial processes
Refining patterns of melt with forward stratigraphic models of stable Pleistocene coastlines
Optimising global landscape evolution models with 10Be
Self-organization of channels and hillslopes in models of fluvial landform evolution and its potential for solving scaling issues
Stream laws in analog tectonic-landscape models
Short Communication: Motivation for standardizing and normalizing inter-model comparison of computational landscape evolution models
A control volume finite-element model for predicting the morphology of cohesive-frictional debris flow deposits
Erosion and weathering in carbonate regions reveal climatic and tectonic drivers of carbonate landscape evolution
Patterns and rates of soil movement and shallow failures across several small watersheds on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska
River incision, 10Be production and transport in a source-to-sink sediment system (Var catchment, SW Alps)
Simulating the effect of subsurface drainage on the thermal regime and ground ice in blocky terrain in Norway
An experimental study of drainage network development by surface and subsurface flow in low-gradient landscapes
The push and pull of abandoned channels: how floodplain processes and healing affect avulsion dynamics and alluvial landscape evolution in foreland basins
Climate changes and the formation of fluvial terraces in central Amazonia inferred from landscape evolution modeling
Investigation of stochastic-threshold incision models across a climatic and morphological gradient
Comparing the transport-limited and ξ–q models for sediment transport
Autogenic knickpoints in laboratory landscape experiments
Transmissivity and groundwater flow exert a strong influence on drainage density
Graphically interpreting how incision thresholds influence topographic and scaling properties of modeled landscapes
Escarpment retreat rates derived from detrital cosmogenic nuclide concentrations
Hilltop curvature as a proxy for erosion rate: wavelets enable rapid computation and reveal systematic underestimation
Short communication: Analytical models for 2D landscape evolution
Effect of rock uplift and Milankovitch timescale variations in precipitation and vegetation cover on catchment erosion rates
Modeling glacial and fluvial landform evolution at large scales using a stream-power approach
Topographic disequilibrium, landscape dynamics and active tectonics: an example from the Bhutan Himalaya
Last-glacial-cycle glacier erosion potential in the Alps
The rate and extent of wind-gap migration regulated by tributary confluences and avulsions
Inferring potential landslide damming using slope stability, geomorphic constraints, and run-out analysis: a case study from the NW Himalaya
Groundwater erosion of coastal gullies along the Canterbury coast (New Zealand): a rapid and episodic process controlled by rainfall intensity and substrate variability
Erosional response of granular material in landscape models
Transport-limited fluvial erosion – simple formulation and efficient numerical treatment
Dimensional analysis of a landscape evolution model with incision threshold
Computing water flow through complex landscapes – Part 2: Finding hierarchies in depressions and morphological segmentations
Rivers as linear elements in landform evolution models
Interactions between main channels and tributary alluvial fans: channel adjustments and sediment-signal propagation
Drainage divide networks – Part 1: Identification and ordering in digital elevation models
Drainage divide networks – Part 2: Response to perturbations
Hillslope denudation and morphologic response to a rock uplift gradient
Geomorphic signatures of the transient fluvial response to tilting
The destiny of orogen-parallel streams in the Eastern Alps: the Salzach–Enns drainage system
Statistical modelling of co-seismic knickpoint formation and river response to fault slip
A versatile, linear complexity algorithm for flow routing in topographies with depressions
Can the growth of deltaic shorelines be unstable?
Development of proglacial lakes and evaluation of related outburst susceptibility at the Adygine ice-debris complex, northern Tien Shan
Reconstruction of four-dimensional rockfall trajectories using remote sensing and rock-based accelerometers and gyroscopes
Short communication: flow as distributed lines within the landscape
Stefan Hergarten
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1070, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1070, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Toma hills are more or less isolated hills in the deposits of rock avalanches and their origin is still enigmatic. This paper presents results of numerical simulations based on a modified version of a friction law that was originally introduced for snow avalanches. The model produces more or less isolated hills on the valley floor, which look much like toma hills. The results presented here provide the perhaps first explanation for the occurrence of toma hills based on a numerical model.
Sara Polanco, Mike Blum, Tristan Salles, Bruce C. Frederick, Rebecca Farrington, Xuesong Ding, Ben Mather, Claire Mallard, and Louis Moresi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 301–320, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-301-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-301-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Two-thirds of the world's most populated cities are situated close to deltas. We use computer simulations to understand how deltas sink or rise in response to climate-driven sea level changes that operate from thousands to millions of years. Our research shows that because of the interaction between the outer layers of the Earth, sediment transport, and sea level changes deltas develop a self-regulated mechanism that modifies the space they need to gain or lose land.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 219–229, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-219-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-219-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Large landslides turn into an avalanche-like mode of flow at high velocities, which allows for a much longer runout than predicted for a sliding solid body. In this study, the Voellmy rheology widely used in models for hazard assessment is reinterpreted and extended. The new approach predicts the increase in runout length with volume observed in nature quite well and may thus be a major step towards a more consistent modeling of rock avalanches and improved hazard assessment.
Hao Chen, Xianyan Wang, Yanyan Yu, Huayu Lu, and Ronald Van Balen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 163–180, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-163-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-163-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The Wei River catchment, one of the centers of the agricultural revolution in China, has experienced intense land use changes since 6000 BCE. This makes it an ideal place to study the response of river systems to anthropogenic land use change. Modeling results show the sensitivity of discharge and sediment yield to climate change increased abruptly when the agricultural land area exceeded a threshold at around 1000 BCE. This regime shift in the fluvial catchment led to a large sediment pulse.
Luke A. McGuire, Scott W. McCoy, Odin Marc, William Struble, and Katherine R. Barnhart
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1117–1143, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1117-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1117-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Debris flows are mixtures of mud and rocks that can travel at high speeds across steep landscapes. Here, we propose a new model to describe how landscapes are shaped by debris flow erosion over long timescales. Model results demonstrate that the shapes of channel profiles are sensitive to uplift rate, meaning that it may be possible to use topographic data from steep channel networks to infer how erosion rates vary across a landscape.
Patrick Boyden, Paolo Stocchi, and Alessio Rovere
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 917–931, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-917-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-917-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Preservation bias often hampers the extraction of sea level changes from the stratigraphic record. In this contribution, we use a forward stratigraphic model to build three synthetic subtropical fringing reefs for a site in southwestern Madagascar (Indian Ocean). Each of the three synthetic reefs represents a different ice sheet melt scenario for the Pleistocene. We then evaluate each resultant reef sequence against the observed stratigraphic record.
Gregory A. Ruetenik, John D. Jansen, Pedro Val, and Lotta Ylä-Mella
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 865–880, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-865-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-865-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We compare models of erosion against a global compilation of long-term erosion rates in order to find and interpret best-fit parameters using an iterative search. We find global signals among exponents which control the relationship between erosion rate and slope, as well as other parameters which are common in long-term erosion modelling. Finally, we analyse the global variability in parameters and find a correlation between precipitation and coefficients for optimised models.
Stefan Hergarten and Alexa Pietrek
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 741–755, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-741-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-741-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The transition from hillslopes to channelized flow is typically attributed to a threshold catchment size in landform evolution models. Here we propose an alternative concept directly based on topography. Using this concept, channels and hillslopes self-organize, whereby the catchment size of the channel heads varies over some range. Our numerical results suggest that this concept works better than the established idea of a strict threshold catchment size.
Riccardo Reitano, Romano Clementucci, Ethan M. Conrad, Fabio Corbi, Riccardo Lanari, Claudio Faccenna, and Chiara Bazzucchi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 731–740, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-731-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-731-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tectonics and surface processes work together in shaping orogens through their evolution. Laboratory models are used to overcome some limitations of direct observations since they allow for continuous and detailed analysis of analog orogens. We use a rectangular box filled with an analog material made of granular materials to study how erosional laws apply and how erosion affects the analog landscape as a function of the applied boundary conditions (regional slope and rainfall rate).
Nicole M. Gasparini, Katherine R. Barnhart, and Adam M. Forte
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2023-17, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2023-17, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
Computational landscape evolution models (LEMs) show how landscapes change through time. There are many LEMs in the scientific community, but there are no standards for testing whether LEMs produce correct solutions or comparing output among LEMs. We present a comparison of three LEMs, illustrating both strengths and weaknesses. We hope our examples will motivate the LEM community to develop methods for inter-model comparison, which could help to avoid current and future modeling pitfalls.
Tzu-Yin Kasha Chen, Ying-Chen Wu, Chi-Yao Hung, Hervé Capart, and Vaughan R. Voller
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 325–342, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-325-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-325-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Predicting the extent and thickness of debris flow deposits is important for assessing and mitigating hazards. We propose a simplified mass balance model for predicting the morphology of terminated debris flows depositing over complex topography. A key element in this model is that the termination of flow of the deposit is determined by prescribed values of yield stress and friction angle. The model results are consistent with available analytical solutions and field and laboratory observations.
Richard Ott, Sean F. Gallen, and David Helman
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 247–257, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-247-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-247-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We compile data on carbonate denudation, the sum of mechanical erosion and chemical weathering, from cosmogenic nuclides and use them in conjunction with weathering data to constrain the partitioning of denudation into erosion and weathering. We show how carbonate erosion and weathering respond to different climatic and tectonic conditions and find that variations in denudation partitioning can be used to explain the vastly different morphology of carbonate landscapes on Earth.
Joanmarie Del Vecchio, Emma R. Lathrop, Julian B. Dann, Christian G. Andresen, Adam D. Collins, Michael M. Fratkin, Simon Zwieback, Rachel C. Glade, and Joel C. Rowland
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 227–245, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-227-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-227-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In cold regions of the Earth, thawing permafrost can change the landscape, impact ecosystems, and lead to the release of greenhouse gases. In this study we used many observational tools to better understand how sediment moves on permafrost hillslopes. Some topographic change conforms to our understanding of slope stability and sediment transport as developed in temperate landscapes, but much of what we observed needs further explanation by permafrost-specific geomorphic models.
Carole Petit, Tristan Salles, Vincent Godard, Yann Rolland, and Laurence Audin
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 183–201, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-183-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-183-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present new tools in the landscape evolution model Badlands to simulate 10Be production, erosion and transport. These tools are applied to a source-to-sink system in the SW French Alps, where the model is calibrated. We propose a model that fits river incision rates and 10Be concentrations in sediments, and we show that 10Be in deep marine sediments is a signal with multiple contributions that cannot be easily interpreted in terms of climate forcing.
Cas Renette, Kristoffer Aalstad, Juditha Aga, Robin Benjamin Zweigel, Bernd Etzelmüller, Karianne Staalesen Lilleøren, Ketil Isaksen, and Sebastian Westermann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 33–50, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-33-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-33-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
One of the reasons for lower ground temperatures in coarse, blocky terrain is a low or varying soil moisture content, which most permafrost modelling studies did not take into account. We used the CryoGrid community model to successfully simulate this effect and found markedly lower temperatures in well-drained, blocky deposits compared to other set-ups. The inclusion of this drainage effect is another step towards a better model representation of blocky mountain terrain in permafrost regions.
Brian G. Sockness and Karen B. Gran
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 581–603, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-581-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-581-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
To study channel network development following continental glaciation, we ran small physical experiments where networks slowly expanded into flat surfaces. By changing substrate and rainfall, we altered flow pathways between surface and subsurface. Initially, most channels grew by overland flow. As relief increased, erosion through groundwater sapping occurred, especially in runs with high infiltration and low cohesion, highlighting the importance of groundwater in channel network evolution.
Harrison K. Martin and Douglas A. Edmonds
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 555–579, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-555-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-555-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
River avulsions (rivers suddenly changing course) redirect water and sediment. These floods can harm people and control how some landscapes evolve. We model how abandoned channels from older avulsions affect where, when, and why future avulsions occur in mountain-front areas. We show that abandoned channels can push and pull avulsions, and the way they heal controls landscapes. Avulsion models should include abandoned channels; we also highlight opportunities for future field workers.
Ariel Henrique do Prado, Renato Paes de Almeida, Cristiano Padalino Galeazzi, Victor Sacek, and Fritz Schlunegger
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 457–471, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-457-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-457-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Our work is focused on describing how and why the terrace levels of central Amazonia were formed during the last 100 000 years. We propose to address this question through a landscape evolution numerical model. Our results show that terrace levels at lower elevation were established in response to dry–wet climate changes and the older terrace levels at higher elevations most likely formed in response to a previously higher elevation of the regional base level.
Clément Desormeaux, Vincent Godard, Dimitri Lague, Guillaume Duclaux, Jules Fleury, Lucilla Benedetti, Olivier Bellier, and the ASTER Team
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 473–492, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-473-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-473-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Landscape evolution is highly dependent on climatic parameters, and the occurrence of intense precipitation events is considered to be an important driver of river incision. We compare the rate of erosion with the variability of river discharge in a mountainous landscape of SE France where high-magnitude floods regularly occur. Our study highlights the importance of the hypotheses made regarding the threshold that river discharge needs to exceed in order to effectively cut down into the bedrock.
Jean Braun
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 301–327, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-301-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-301-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
By comparing two models for the transport of sediment, we find that they share a similar steady-state solution that adequately predicts the shape of most depositional systems made of a fan and an alluvial plain. The length of the fan is controlled by the size of the mountain drainage area feeding the sedimentary system and its slope by the incoming sedimentary flux. We show that the models differ in their transient behavior to external forcing and are characterized by different response times.
Léopold de Lavaissière, Stéphane Bonnet, Anne Guyez, and Philippe Davy
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 229–246, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-229-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-229-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers are known to record changes in tectonic or climatic variation through long adjustment of their longitudinal profile slope. Here we describe such adjustments in experimental landscapes and show that they may result from the sole effect of intrinsic geomorphic processes. We propose a new model of river evolution that links long profile adjustment to cycles of river widening and narrowing. This result emphasizes the need to better understand control of lateral erosion on river width.
Elco Luijendijk
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 1–22, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The distance between rivers is a noticeable feature of the Earth's surface. Previous work has indicated that subsurface groundwater flow may be important for drainage density. Here, I present a new model that combines subsurface and surface water flow and erosion, and demonstrates that groundwater exerts an important control on drainage density. Streams that incise rapidly can capture the groundwater discharge of adjacent streams, which may cause these streams to become dry and stop incising.
Nikos Theodoratos and James W. Kirchner
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1545–1561, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1545-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1545-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We examine stream-power incision and linear diffusion landscape evolution models with and without incision thresholds. We present a steady-state relationship between curvature and the steepness index, which plots as a straight line. We view this line as a counterpart to the slope–area relationship for the case of landscapes with hillslope diffusion. We show that simple shifts and rotations of this line graphically express the topographic response of landscapes to changes in model parameters.
Yanyan Wang and Sean D. Willett
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1301–1322, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1301-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1301-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Although great escarpment mountain ranges are characterized by high relief, modern erosion rates suggest slow rates of landscape change. We question this interpretation by presenting a new method for interpreting concentrations of cosmogenic isotopes. Our analysis shows that erosion has localized onto an escarpment face, driving retreat of the escarpment at high rates. Our quantification of this retreat rate rationalizes the high-relief, dramatic landscape with the rates of geomorphic change.
William T. Struble and Joshua J. Roering
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1279–1300, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1279-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1279-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We used a mathematical technique known as a wavelet transform to calculate the curvature of hilltops in western Oregon, which we used to estimate erosion rate. We find that this technique operates over 1000 times faster than other techniques and produces accurate erosion rates. We additionally built artificial hillslopes to test the accuracy of curvature measurement methods. We find that at fast erosion rates, curvature is underestimated, raising questions of measurement accuracy elsewhere.
Philippe Steer
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1239–1250, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1239-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1239-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
How landscapes respond to tectonic and climatic changes is a major issue in Earth sciences. I have developed a new model that solves for landscape evolution in two dimensions using analytical solutions. Compared to numerical models, this new model is quicker and more accurate. It can compute in a single time step the topography at equilibrium of a landscape or be used to describe its evolution through time, e.g. during changes in tectonic or climatic conditions.
Hemanti Sharma, Todd A. Ehlers, Christoph Glotzbach, Manuel Schmid, and Katja Tielbörger
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1045–1072, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1045-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1045-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We study effects of variable climate–vegetation with different uplift rates on erosion–sedimentation using a landscape evolution modeling approach. Results suggest that regardless of uplift rates, transients in precipitation–vegetation lead to transients in erosion rates in the same direction of change. Vegetation-dependent erosion and sedimentation are influenced by Milankovitch timescale changes in climate, but these transients are superimposed upon tectonically driven uplift rates.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 937–952, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-937-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-937-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a new approach to modeling glacial erosion on large scales. The formalism is similar to large-scale models of fluvial erosion, so glacial and fluvial processes can be easily combined. The model is simpler and numerically less demanding than established models based on a more detailed description of the ice flux. The numerical implementation almost achieves the efficiency of purely fluvial models, so that simulations over millions of years can be performed on standard PCs.
Martine Simoes, Timothée Sassolas-Serrayet, Rodolphe Cattin, Romain Le Roux-Mallouf, Matthieu Ferry, and Dowchu Drukpa
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 895–921, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-895-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-895-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Elevated low-relief regions and major river knickpoints have for long been noticed and questioned in the emblematic Bhutan Himalaya. We document the morphology of this region using morphometric analyses and field observations, at a variety of spatial scales. Our findings reveal a highly unstable river network, with numerous non-coeval river captures, most probably related to a dynamic response to local tectonic uplift in the mountain hinterland.
Julien Seguinot and Ian Delaney
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 923–935, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-923-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-923-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ancient Alpine glaciers have carved a fascinating landscape of piedmont lakes, glacial valleys, and mountain cirques. Using a previous supercomputer simulation of glacier flow, we show that glacier erosion has constantly evolved and moved to different parts of the Alps. Interestingly, larger glaciers do not always cause more rapid erosion. Instead, glacier erosion is modelled to slow down during glacier advance and peak during phases of retreat, such as the one the Earth is currently undergoing.
Eitan Shelef and Liran Goren
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 687–700, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-687-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-687-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Drainage basins are bounded by water divides (divides) that define their shape and extent. Divides commonly coincide with high ridges, but in places that experienced extensive tectonic deformation, divides sometimes cross elongated valleys. Inspired by field observations and using simulations of landscape evolution, we study how side channels that drain to elongated valleys induce pulses of divide migration, affecting the distribution of water and erosion products across mountain ranges.
Vipin Kumar, Imlirenla Jamir, Vikram Gupta, and Rajinder K. Bhasin
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 351–377, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-351-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-351-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Despite a history of landslide damming and flash floods in the NW Himalaya, only a few studies have been performed. This study predicts some potential landslide damming sites in the Satluj valley, NW Himalaya, using field observations, laboratory analyses, geomorphic proxies, and numerical simulations. Five landslides, comprising a total landslide volume of 26.3 ± 6.7 M m3, are found to have the potential to block the river in the case of slope failure.
Aaron Micallef, Remus Marchis, Nader Saadatkhah, Potpreecha Pondthai, Mark E. Everett, Anca Avram, Alida Timar-Gabor, Denis Cohen, Rachel Preca Trapani, Bradley A. Weymer, and Phillipe Wernette
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We study coastal gullies along the Canterbury coast of New Zealand using field observations, sample analyses, drones, satellites, geophysical instruments and modelling. We show that these coastal gullies form when rainfall intensity is higher than 40 mm per day. The coastal gullies are formed by landslides where buried channels or sand lenses are located. This information allows us to predict where coastal gullies may form in the future.
Riccardo Reitano, Claudio Faccenna, Francesca Funiciello, Fabio Corbi, and Sean D. Willett
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 973–993, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-973-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-973-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Looking into processes that occur on different timescales that span over thousands or millions of years is difficult to achieve. This is the case when we try to understand the interaction between tectonics and surface processes. Analog modeling is an investigating technique that can overcome this limitation. We study the erosional response of an analog landscape by varying the concentration of components of analog materials that strongly affect the evolution of experimental landscapes.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 841–854, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-841-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-841-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Many contemporary models of large-scale fluvial erosion focus on the detachment-limited regime where all material entrained by the river is immediately excavated. This limitation facilitates the comparison with real river profiles and strongly reduces the numerical complexity. Here a simple formulation for the opposite case, transport-limited erosion, and a new numerical scheme that achieves almost the same numerical efficiency as detachment-limited models are presented.
Nikos Theodoratos and James W. Kirchner
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 505–526, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-505-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-505-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We non-dimensionalized a commonly used model of landscape evolution that includes an incision threshold. Whereas the original model included four parameters, we obtained a dimensionless form with a single parameter, which quantifies the relative importance of the incision threshold. Working with this form saves computational time and simplifies theoretical analyses.
Richard Barnes, Kerry L. Callaghan, and Andrew D. Wickert
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 431–445, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-431-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-431-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Maps of elevation are used to help predict the flow of water so we can better understand landslides, floods, and global climate change. However, modeling the flow of water is difficult when elevation maps include swamps, lakes, and other depressions. This paper explains a new method that overcomes these difficulties, allowing models to run faster and more accurately.
Stefan Hergarten
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 367–377, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-367-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-367-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Models of fluvial erosion have a long history in landform evolution modeling. Interactions between rivers and processes acting at hillslopes (e.g., landslides) are receiving growing interest in this context. While present-day computer capacities allow for applying such coupled models, there is still a scaling problem when considering rivers to be linear elements on a topography. Based on a reinterpretation of old empirical results, this study presents a new approach to overcome this problem.
Sara Savi, Stefanie Tofelde, Andrew D. Wickert, Aaron Bufe, Taylor F. Schildgen, and Manfred R. Strecker
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 303–322, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-303-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-303-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial deposits record changes in water and sediment supply. As such, they are often used to reconstruct the tectonic or climatic history of a basin. In this study we used an experimental setting to analyze how fluvial deposits register changes in water or sediment supply at a confluence zone. We provide a new conceptual framework that may help understanding the construction of these deposits under different forcings conditions, information crucial to correctly inferring the history of a basin.
Dirk Scherler and Wolfgang Schwanghart
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 245–259, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-245-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-245-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Drainage divides are believed to provide clues about divide migration and the instability of landscapes. Here, we present a novel approach to extract drainage divides from digital elevation models and to order them in a drainage divide network. We present our approach by studying natural and artificial landscapes generated with a landscape evolution model and disturbed to induce divide migration.
Dirk Scherler and Wolfgang Schwanghart
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 261–274, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-261-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-261-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Drainage divides are believed to provide clues about divide migration and the instability of landscapes. Here, we present a novel approach to extract drainage divides from digital elevation models and to order them in a drainage divide network. We present our approach by studying natural and artificial landscapes generated with a landscape evolution model and disturbed to induce divide migration.
Vincent Godard, Jean-Claude Hippolyte, Edward Cushing, Nicolas Espurt, Jules Fleury, Olivier Bellier, Vincent Ollivier, and the ASTER Team
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 221–243, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-221-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-221-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Slow-slipping faults are often difficult to identify in landscapes. Here we analyzed high-resolution topographic data from the Valensole area at the front of the southwestern French Alps. We measured various properties of hillslopes such as their relief and the shape of hilltops. We observed systematic spatial variations of hillslope morphology indicative of relative changes in erosion rates. These variations are potentially related to slow tectonic deformation across the studied area.
Helen W. Beeson and Scott W. McCoy
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 123–159, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-123-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-123-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We used a computer model to show that, when a landscape is tilted, rivers respond in a distinct way such that river profiles take on unique forms that record tilt timing and magnitude. Using this suite of river forms, we estimated tilt timing and magnitude in the Sierra Nevada, USA, and results were consistent with independent measures. Our work broadens the scope of tectonic histories that can be extracted from landscape form to include tilting, which has been documented in diverse locations.
Georg Trost, Jörg Robl, Stefan Hergarten, and Franz Neubauer
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 69–85, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-69-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-69-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The evolution of the drainage system in the Eastern Alps is inherently linked to different tectonic stages. This leads to a situation in which major orogen-parallel alpine rivers, such as the Salzach and the Enns, are characterized by elongated east–west-oriented catchments. We investigate the stability of present-day drainage divides and the stability of reconstructed paleo-drainage systems. Our results indicate a progressive stability of the network towards the present-day situation.
Philippe Steer, Thomas Croissant, Edwin Baynes, and Dimitri Lague
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 681–706, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-681-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-681-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We use a statistical earthquake generator to investigate the influence of fault activity on river profile development and on the formation of co-seismic knickpoints. We find that the magnitude distribution of knickpoints resulting from a purely seismic fault is homogeneous. Shallow aseismic slip favours knickpoints generated by large-magnitude earthquakes nucleating at depth. Accounting for fault burial by alluvial cover can modulate the topographic expression of earthquakes and fault activity.
Guillaume Cordonnier, Benoît Bovy, and Jean Braun
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 549–562, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-549-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-549-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a new algorithm to solve the problem of flow routing across local depressions in the topography, one of the main computational bottlenecks in landscape evolution models. Our solution is more efficient than the state-of-the-art algorithms, with an optimal linear asymptotic complexity. The algorithm has been designed specifically to be used within landscape evolution models, and also suits more generally the efficient treatment of large digital elevation models.
Meng Zhao, Gerard Salter, Vaughan R. Voller, and Shuwang Li
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 505–513, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-505-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-505-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Typically, we think of a shoreline growing with a smooth line separating the land and the water. If the growth is unstable, however, the land–water front will exhibit a roughness that grows with time. Here we ask whether the growth of deltaic shorelines cab be unstable. Through mathematical analysis we show that growth is unstable when the shoreline is building onto an adverse slope. The length scale of the unstable signal in such a case, however, might be obscured by other geomorphic processes.
Kristyna Falatkova, Miroslav Šobr, Anton Neureiter, Wolfgang Schöner, Bohumír Janský, Hermann Häusler, Zbyněk Engel, and Vojtěch Beneš
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 301–320, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-301-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-301-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In the last 50 years the Adygine glacier has been subject to relatively fast recession comparable to other glaciers in Tien Shan. As a consequence, a three-level cascade of glacial lakes formed, two of which were categorised as having medium outburst susceptibility. By 2050, the glacier is expected to have shrunk to 56–73 % of its 2012 extent. Further development of the site will result in formation of new lakes and probably also increase of outburst susceptibility due to permafrost degradation.
Andrin Caviezel, Sophia E. Demmel, Adrian Ringenbach, Yves Bühler, Guang Lu, Marc Christen, Claire E. Dinneen, Lucie A. Eberhard, Daniel von Rickenbach, and Perry Bartelt
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 199–210, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-199-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-199-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
In rockfall hazard assessment, knowledge about the precise flight path of assumed boulders is vital for its accuracy. We present the full reconstruction of artificially induced rockfall events. The extracted information such as exact velocities, jump heights and lengths provide detailed insights into how rotating rocks interact with the ground. The information serves as future calibration of rockfall modelling tools with the goal of even more realistic modelling predictions.
John J. Armitage
Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 67–75, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-67-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-67-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
Landscape evolution models (LEMs) aim to capture an aggregation of the processes of erosion and deposition and predict evolving topography. A key aspect of any LEM is how water is chosen to be routed down the surface, which can impact the model results and, importantly, the numerical accuracy. I find that by treating flow as lines within the model domain and by distributing water down all slopes, the results are independent of resolution, pointing to a new method to model landscape evolution.
Cited articles
Abdrakhmatov, K. Y., Aldazhanov, S. A., Hager, B. H., Hamburger, M. W., Herring, T. A., Kalabaev, K. B., Makarov, V. I., Molnar, P., Panasyuk, S. V., Prilepin, M. T., Reilinger, R. E., Sadybakasov, I. S., Souter, B. J., Trapeznikov, Y. A., Tsurkov, V. Y., and Zubovich, A. V.: Relatively recent construction of the Tien Shan inferred from GPS measurements of present-day crustal deformation rates, Nature, 384, 450–453, https://doi.org/10.1038/384450a0, 1996.
Abdrakhmatov, K. E., Weldon, R., Thompson, S., Burbank, D., Ch, R., Miller, M., and Molnar, P.: Origin, direction, and rate of modern compression of the central Tien Shan (Kyrgyzstan), Russ. Geol. Geophys., 42, 1585–1609, 2001.
Babault, J., Van Den Driessche, J., and Teixell, A.: Longitudinal to transverse drainage network evolution in the High Atlas (Morocco): The role of tectonics, Tectonics, 31, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC003015, 2012.
Babault, J., Teixell, A., Struth, L., Van Den Driessche, J., Arboleya, M. L., and Tesón, E.: Shortening, structural relief and drainage evolution in inverted rifts: Insights from the Atlas Mountains, the eastern Cordillera of Colombia and the Pyrenees, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 377, 141–158, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP377.14, 2013.
Babault, J., Viaplana-Muzas, M., Legrand, X., Van Den Driessche, J., González-Quijano, M., and Mudd, S. M.: Source-to-sink constraints on tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the western Central Range and Cenderawasih Bay (Indonesia), J. Asian Earth Sci., 156, 265–287, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.02.004, 2018.
Bazhenov, M. L. and Mikolaichuk, A. V.: Structural evolution of Central Asia to the north of Tibet: A synthesis of paleomagnetic and geological data, Geotectonics, 38, 379–393, 2004.
Bazhenov, M. L., Collins, A. Q., Degtyarev, K. E., Levashova, N. M., Mikolaichuk, A. V., Pavlov, V. E., and Van der Voo, R.: Paleozoic northward drift of the North Tien Shan (Central Asia) as revealed by Ordovician and Carboniferous paleomagnetism, Tectonophysics, 366, 113–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00075-1, 2003.
Berlin, M. M. and Anderson, R. S.: Modeling of knickpoint retreat on the Roan Plateau, western Colorado, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 112, F03S06, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000553, 2007.
Bishop, P.: Drainage rearrangement by river capture, beheading and diversion, Prog. Phys. Geog. Earth Environ., 19, 449–473, https://doi.org/10.1177/030913339501900402, 1995.
Biske, Y. S.: Late Paleozoic collision of the Tarimskiy and Kirghiz–Kazakh paleocontinents (English translation), Geotectonics, 29, 26–34, 1995.
Blomdin, R., Stroeven, A. P., Harbor, J. M., Lifton, N. A., Heyman, J., Gribenski, N., Petrakov, D. A., Caffee, M. W., Ivanov, M. N., Hättestrand, C., Rogozhina, I., and Usubaliev, R.: Evaluating the timing of former glacier expansions in the Tian Shan: A key step towards robust spatial correlations, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 153, 78–96, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.07.029, 2016.
Boschman, L. M., Carraro, L., Cassemiro, F. A. S., de Vries, J., Altermatt, F., Hagen, O., Hoorn, C., and Pellissier, L.: Freshwater fish diversity in the western Amazon basin shaped by Andean uplift since the Late Cretaceous, Nat. Ecol. Evol., 7, 2037–2044, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02220-8, 2023.
Burbank, D. W., Mclean, J. K., Bullen, M., Abdrakhmatov, K. Y., and Miller, M. M.: Partitioning of intermontane basins by thrust-related folding, Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan, Basin Res., 11, 75–92, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.1999.00086.x, 1999.
Burtman, V. S.: Structural geology of the Tien Shan, USSR, Journ. Sci., 275-A, 157–186, 1975.
Burtman, V. S.: Tien Shan, Pamir, and Tibet: History and geodynamics of Phanerozoic oceanic basins, Geotectonics, 44, 388–404, https://doi.org/10.1134/S001685211005002X, 2010.
Chang, J., Li, D., Min, K., Qiu, N., Xiao, Y., Wu, H., and Liu, N.: Cenozoic deformation of the Kalpin fold-and-thrust belt, southern Chinese Tian Shan: New insights from low-T thermochronology and sandbox modeling, Tectonophysics, 766, 416–432, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2019.06.018, 2019.
Chang, J., Glorie, S., Qiu, N., Min, K., Xiao, Y., and Xu, W.: Late Miocene (10.0 ∼ 6.0 Ma) Rapid Exhumation of the Chinese South Tianshan: Implications for the Timing of Aridification in the Tarim Basin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 48, e2020GL090623, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090623, 2021.
Charreau, J., Blard, P.-H., Puchol, N., Avouac, J.-P., Lallier-Vergès, E., Bourlès, D., Braucher, R., Gallaud, A., Finkel, R., Jolivet, M., Chen, Y., and Roy, P.: Paleo-erosion rates in Central Asia since 9 Ma: A transient increase at the onset of Quaternary glaciations?, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 304, 85–92, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.01.018, 2011.
Charreau, J., Saint-Carlier, D., Dominguez, S., Lavé, J., Blard, P. H., Avouac, J. P., Jolivet, M., Chen, Y., Wang, S. L., Brown, N. D., Malatesta, L. C., and Rhodes, E.: Denudation outpaced by crustal thickening in the eastern Tianshan, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 479, 179–191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.09.025, 2017.
Charreau, J., Blard, P., Zumaque, J., Martin, L. C. P., Delobel, T., and Szafran, L.: Basinga: A cell-by-cell GIS toolbox for computing basin average scaling factors, cosmogenic production rates and denudation rates, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 44, 2349–2365, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4649, 2019.
Charreau, J., Blard, P.-H., Lavé, J., Dominguez, S., and Li, W. S.: Unsteady topography in the eastern Tianshan due to imbalance between denudation and crustal thickening, Tectonophysics, 848, 229702, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2022.229702, 2023.
Chen, Y., Li, W., Deng, H., Fang, G., and Li, Z.: Changes in Central Asia's Water Tower: Past, Present and Future, Sci. Rep., 6, 35458, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep35458, 2016.
Clementucci, R., Ballato, P., Siame, L., Fox, M., Lanari, R., Sembroni, A., Faccenna, C., Yaaqoub, A., and Essaifi, A.: Surface Uplift and Topographic Rejuvenation of a Tectonically Inactive Range: Insights From the Anti-Atlas and the Siroua Massif (Morocco), Tectonics, 42, e2022TC007383, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022TC007383, 2023.
Craw, D., Upton, P., Burridge, C. P., Wallis, G. P., and Waters, J. M.: Rapid biological speciation driven by tectonic evolution in New Zealand, Nat. Geosci., 9, 140–144, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2618, 2016.
Crosby, B. T. and Whipple, K. X.: Knickpoint initiation and distribution within fluvial networks: 236 waterfalls in the Waipaoa River, North Island, New Zealand, Geomorphology, 82, 16–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.08.023, 2006.
Cunningham, D., Owen, L., Snee, L., and Jiliang, L.: Structural framework of a major intracontinental orogenic termination zone: the easternmost Tien Shan, China, J. Geol. Soc., 160, 575–590, https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764902-122, 2003.
DiBiase, R. A., Whipple, K. X., Heimsath, A. M., and Ouimet, W. B.: Landscape form and millennial erosion rates in the San Gabriel Mountains, CA, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 289, 134–144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.10.036, 2010.
Dumitru, T. A., Zhou, D., Chang, E. Z., Graham, S. A., Hendrix, M. S., Sobel, E. R., and Carroll, A. R.: Uplift, exhumation, and deformation in the Chinese Tian Shan, in: Paleozoic and Mesozoic Tectonic Evolution of Central and Eastern Asia: From Continental Assembly to Intracontinental Deformation, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 194, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-1194-0.71, 71–99, 2001.
European Space Agency: Copernicus Glo-30 Global Digital Elevation Model, Copernicus DEM [data set], https://doi.org/10.5270/ESA-c5d3d65, 2015.
Fadul, C. M., Oliveira, P., and Val, P.: Ongoing landscape transience in the eastern Amazon Craton consistent with lithologic control of base level, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 47, 3117–3132, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5447, 2022.
Flint, J. J.: Stream gradient as a function of order, magnitude, and discharge, Water Resour. Res., 10, 969–973, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR010i005p00969, 1974.
Forte, A. M. and Whipple, K. X.: Short communication: The Topographic Analysis Kit (TAK) for TopoToolbox, Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 87–95, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-87-2019, 2019 (code available at: https://github.com/amforte/Topographic-Analysis-Kit.git, last access: 2 September 2024).
Frisch, K., Voigt, S., Verestek, V., Appel, E., Albert, R., Gerdes, A., Arndt, I., Raddatz, J., Voigt, T., Weber, Y., and Batenburg, S. J.: Long-Period Astronomical Forcing of Westerlies' Strength in Central Asia During Miocene Climate Cooling, Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 34, 1784–1806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019PA003642, 2019.
Gailleton, B., Mudd, S. M., Clubb, F. J., Grieve, S. W. D., and Hurst, M. D.: Impact of Changing Concavity Indices on Channel Steepness and Divide Migration Metrics, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 126, e2020JF006060, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JF006060, 2021.
Gallen, S. F. and Wegmann, K. W.: River profile response to normal fault growth and linkage: an example from the Hellenic forearc of south-central Crete, Greece, Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 161–186, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-161-2017, 2017.
Garcia-Castellanos, D. and Jiménez-Munt, I.: Topographic Evolution and Climate Aridification during Continental Collision: Insights from Computer Simulations, PLOS ONE, 10, e0132252, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132252, 2015.
Giachetta, E. and Willett, S. D.: Effects of River Capture and Sediment Flux on the Evolution of Plateaus: Insights From Numerical Modeling and River Profile Analysis in the Upper Blue Nile Catchment, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 123, 1187–1217, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JF004252, 2018.
Glorie, S., De Grave, J., Buslov, M. M., Zhimulev, F. I., Stockli, D. F., Batalev, V. Y., Izmer, A., Van Den Haute, P., Vanhaecke, F., and Elburg, M. A.: Tectonic history of the Kyrgyz South Tien Shan (Atbashi-Inylchek) suture zone: The role of inherited structures during deformation-propagation, Tectonics, 30, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011TC002949, 2011.
Goren, L., Fox, M., and Willett, S. D.: Tectonics from fluvial topography using formal linear inversion: Theory and applications to the Inyo Mountains, California, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119, 1651–1681, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JF003079, 2014.
Grin, E., Schaller, M., and Ehlers, T. A.: Spatial distribution of cosmogenic 10Be derived denudation rates between the Western Tian Shan and Northern Pamir, Tajikistan, Geomorphology, 321, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.08.007, 2018.
Guan, X., Yao, J., and Schneider, C.: Variability of the precipitation over the Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia. Part I: Linear and nonlinear trends of the annual and seasonal precipitation, Int. J. Climatol., 42, 118–138, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.7235, 2022.
Gupta, S.: Himalayan drainage patterns and the origin of fluvial megafans in the Ganges foreland basin, Geology, 25, 11, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0011:HDPATO>2.3.CO;2, 1997.
Harkins, N., Kirby, E., Heimsath, A., Robinson, R., and Reiser, U.: Transient fluvial incision in the headwaters of the Yellow River, northeastern Tibet, China, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 112, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000570, 2007.
He, C., Yang, C.-J., Turowski, J. M., Ott, R. F., Braun, J., Tang, H., Ghantous, S., Yuan, X., and Stucky de Quay, G.: A global dataset of the shape of drainage systems, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 1151–1166, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-1151-2024, 2024a.
He, C., Braun, J., Tang, H., Yuan, X., Acevedo-Trejos, E., Ott, R. F., and Stucky de Quay, G.: Drainage divide migration and implications for climate and biodiversity, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 5, 177–192, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-023-00511-z, 2024b.
Heidarzadeh, G., Ballato, P., Hassanzadeh, J., Ghassemi, M. R., and Strecker, M. R.: Lake overspill and onset of fluvial incision in the Iranian Plateau: Insights from the Mianeh Basin, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 469, 135–147, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.04.019, 2017.
Hendrix, M. S., Graham, S. A., Carroll, A. R., Sobel, E. R., McKnight, C. L., Schulein, B. J., and Wang, Z.: Sedimentary record and climatic implications of recurrent deformation in the Tian Shan: Evidence from Mesozoic strata of the north Tarim, south Junggar, and Turpan basins, northwest China, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 104, 53–79, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1992)104<0053:SRACIO>2.3.CO;2, 1992.
Horton, B. K. and Decelles, P. G.: Modern and ancient fluvial megafans in the foreland basin system of the central Andes, southern Bolivia: implications for drainage network evolution in fold-thrust belts, Basin Res., 13, 43–63, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2117.2001.00137.x, 2001.
Hovius, N.: Regular spacing of drainage outlets from linear mountain belts, Basin Res., 8, 29–44, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.1996.tb00113.x, 1996.
Izquierdo-Llavall, E., Roca, E., Xie, H., Pla, O., Muñoz, J. A., Rowan, M. G., Yuan, N., and Huang, S.: Influence of Overlapping décollements, Syntectonic Sedimentation, and Structural Inheritance in the Evolution of a Contractional System: The Central Kuqa Fold-and-Thrust Belt (Tian Shan Mountains, NW China), Tectonics, 37, 2608–2632, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017TC004928, 2018.
Jia, Y., Sun, J., Lü, L., Pang, J., and Wang, Y.: Late Oligocene-Miocene intra-continental mountain building of the Harke Mountains, southern Chinese Tian Shan: Evidence from detrital AFT and AHe analysis, J. Asian Earth Sci., 191, 104198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.104198, 2020.
Jia, Y., Glotzbach, C., Lü, L., and Ehlers, T. A.: Cenozoic Tectono-Geomorphologic Evolution of the Pamir-Tian Shan Convergence Zone: Evidence From Detrital Zircon U-Pb Provenance Analyses, Tectonics, 40, e2020TC006345, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020TC006345, 2021.
Jolivet, M., Dominguez, S., Charreau, J., Chen, Y., Li, Y., and Wang, Q.: Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic history of the central Chinese Tian Shan: Reactivated tectonic structures and active deformation, Tectonics, 29, TC6019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010TC002712, 2010.
Jourdon, A., Petit, C., Rolland, Y., Loury, C., Bellahsen, N., Guillot, S., Le Pourhiet, L., and Ganino, C.: New structural data on Late Paleozoic tectonics in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan (Central Asian Orogenic Belt), Gondwana Res., 46, 57–78, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2017.03.004, 2017.
Jourdon, A., Le Pourhiet, L., Petit, C., and Rolland, Y.: Impact of range-parallel sediment transport on 2D thermo-mechanical models of mountain belts: Application to the Kyrgyz Tien Shan, Terra Nova, 30, 279–288, https://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12337, 2018.
Kirby, E. and Whipple, K. X.: Expression of active tectonics in erosional landscapes, J. Struct. Geol., 44, 54–75, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2012.07.009, 2012.
Kudriavtseva, A., Codilean, A.T., Sobel, E.R., Landgraf, A., Fülöp, R.H., Dzhumabaeva, A., Abdrakhmatov, K., Wilcken, K.M., Schildgen, T., Fink, D., Fujioka, T., Gong, L., Rosenwinkel, S., Merchel, S., and Rugel, G.: Impact of Quaternary glaciations on denudation rates in North Pamir–Tian Shan inferred from cosmogenic 10Be and low‐temperature thermochronology, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 128, e2023JF007193, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JF007193, 2023.
Lague, D.: The stream power river incision model: Evidence, theory and beyond, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 39, 38–61, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3462, 2014.
Li, W., Chen, Y., Yuan, X., Xiao, W., and Windley, B. F.: Intracontinental deformation of the Tianshan Orogen in response to India-Asia collision, Nat. Commun., 13, 3738, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30795-6, 2022.
Lifton, N., Beel, C., Hättestrand, C., Kassab, C., Rogozhina, I., Heermance, R., Oskin, M., Burbank, D., Blomdin, R., Gribenski, N., Caffee, M., Goehring, B. M., Heyman, J., Ivanov, M., Li, Y., Li, Y., Petrakov, D., Usubaliev, R., Codilean, A. T., Chen, Y., Harbor, J., and Stroeven, A. P.: Constraints on the late Quaternary glacial history of the Inylchek and Sary-Dzaz valleys from in situ cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al, eastern Kyrgyz Tian Shan, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 101, 77–90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.06.032, 2014.
Lü, L., Li, T., Chen, Z., Chen, J., Jobe, J. T., and Fang, L.: Active Structural Geometries and Their Correlation With Moderate (M 5.5–7.0) Earthquakes in the Jiashi–Keping Region, Tian Shan Southwestern Front, Tectonics, 40, e2021TC006760, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021TC006760, 2021.
Lyu, L., Li, T., Jia, Y., and Chen, J.: Multi-stage Cenozoic exhumation history of southern Central Tian Shan: implications for geodynamic and sedimentary evolution, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-7773, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-7773, 2024.
Macaulay, E. A., Sobel, E. R., Mikolaichuk, A., Landgraf, A., Kohn, B., and Stuart, F.: Thermochronologic insight into late Cenozoic deformation in the basement-cored Terskey Range, Kyrgyz Tien Shan, Tectonics, 32, 487–500, https://doi.org/10.1002/tect.20040, 2013.
Macaulay, E. A., Sobel, E. R., Mikolaichuk, A., Kohn, B., and Stuart, F. M.: Cenozoic deformation and exhumation history of the Central Kyrgyz Tien Shan, Tectonics, 33, 135–165, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013TC003376, 2014.
Macaulay, E. A., Sobel, E. R., Mikolaichuk, A., Wack, M., Gilder, S. A., Mulch, A., Fortuna, A. B., Hynek, S., and Apayarov, F.: The sedimentary record of the Issyk Kul basin, Kyrgyzstan: climatic and tectonic inferences, Basin Res., 28, 57–80, https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12098, 2016.
MacGregor, K. R., Anderson, R. S., Anderson, S. P., and Waddington, E. D.: Numerical simulations of glacial-valley longitudinal profile evolution, Geology, 28, 1031–1034, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)028<1031:NSOGVL>2.3.CO;2, 2000.
Malatesta, L. C. and Avouac, J. P.: Contrasting river incision in north and south Tian Shan piedmonts due to variable glacial imprint in mountain valleys, Geology, 46, 659–662, https://doi.org/10.1130/G40320.1, 2018.
Marrucci, M., Zeilinger, G., Ribolini, A., and Schwanghart, W.: Origin of knickpoints in an Alpine context subject to different perturbing factors, Stura Valley, Maritime Alps (North-Western Italy), Geosciences, 8, 10–13, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8120443, 2018.
McNab, F. and Gong, L.: Simulating knickpoint migration due to drainage capture and accelerated base-level fall with the 1D detachment-limited stream-power law, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11505509, 2024.
Mikolaichuk, A., Apayarov, F., and Gordeev, D.: Correlation of geological complexes of the Khan-Tengri Mountain massif, Earth ArXiv [preprint], https://doi.org/10.31223/X5KM18, 2022.
Mikolaichuk, A. V., Apayarov, F. K., Buchroithner, M. F., Chernavskaja, Z. I., Skrinnik, L. I., Ghes, M. D., Esmintsev, A. N., Charimov, T. A.: Digital Geological Map of the Khan Tengri Massif (Kyrgyzstan), ISTC Project No. KR-920, map and report, https://www.kyrgyzstan.ethz.ch/other-projects/istc-project-no-kr-920/index.html (last access: 22 August 2024), 2008.
Montgomery, D. R.: Slope Distributions, Threshold Hillslopes, and Steady-state Topography, Am. J. Sci., 301, 432–454, https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.301.4-5.432, 2001.
Morin, J., Jolivet, M., Barrier, L., Laborde, A., Li, H., and Dauteuil, O.: Planation surfaces of the Tian Shan Range (Central Asia): Insight on several 100 million years of topographic evolution, J. Asian Earth Sci., 177, 52–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.03.011, 2019.
Mudd, S. M., Clubb, F. J., Gailleton, B., and Hurst, M. D.: How concave are river channels?, Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 505–523, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-505-2018, 2018.
Neely, A. B., Bookhagen, B., and Burbank, D. W.: An automated knickzone selection algorithm (KZ-Picker) to analyze transient landscapes: Calibration and validation, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 122, 1236–1261, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JF004250, 2017.
Niemann, J. D., Gasparini, N. M., Tucker, G. E., and Bras, R. L.: A quantitative evaluation of Playfair's law and its use in testing long-term stream erosion models, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 26, 1317–1332, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.272, 2001.
Oberlander, T. M.: The origin of drainage transverse to structures in orogens, in: Tectonic Geomorphology, edited by: Morisawa, M. and Hack, J. T., Allen & Unwin, Boston, USA, 155–182, ISBN 0-04-551098-9, 1985.
Ouimet, W. B., Whipple, K. X., and Granger, D. E.: Beyond threshold hillslopes: Channel adjustment to base-level fall in tectonically active mountain ranges, Geology, 37, 579–582, https://doi.org/10.1130/G30013A.1, 2009.
Penserini, B. D., Morell, K. D., Codilean, A. T., Fülöp, R. H., Wilcken, K. M., Yanites, B. J., Kumar, A., Fan, S., and Mearce, T.: Magnitude and timing of transient incision resulting from large‐scale drainage capture, Sutlej River, Northwest Himalaya, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 49, 334–353, 2024.
Perron, J. T. and Royden, L.: An integral approach to bedrock river profile analysis, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 38, 570–576, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3302, 2013.
Prud'homme, C., Scardia, G., Vonhof, H., Guinoiseau, D., Nigmatova, S., Fiebig, J., Gerdes, A., Janssen, R., and Fitzsimmons, K. E.: Central Asian modulation of Northern Hemisphere moisture transfer over the Late Cenozoic, Commun. Earth Environ., 2, 106, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-021-00173-z, 2021.
Puchol, N., Charreau, J., Blard, P. H., Lavé, J., Dominguez, S., Pik, R., Saint-Carlier, D., and Team, A.: Limited impact of Quaternary glaciations on denudation rates in Central Asia, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 129, 479–499, https://doi.org/10.1130/B31475.1, 2017.
Racano, S., Schildgen, T., Ballato, P., Yıldırım, C., and Wittmann, H.: Rock-uplift history of the Central Pontides from river-profile inversions and implications for development of the North Anatolian Fault, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 616, 118231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118231, 2023.
Richter, F., Pearson, J., Vilkas, M., Heermance, R. V., Garzione, C. N., Cecil, M. R., Jepson, G., Moe, A., Xu, J., Liu, L., and Chen, J.: Growth of the southern Tian Shan-Pamir and its impact on central Asian climate, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 135, 1859–1878, https://doi.org/10.1130/B36471.1, 2022.
Rittner, M., Vermeesch, P., Carter, A., Bird, A., Stevens, T., Garzanti, E., Andò, S., Vezzoli, G., Dutt, R., Xu, Z., and Lu, H.: The provenance of Taklamakan desert sand, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 437, 127–137, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.12.036, 2016.
Rohrmann, A., Kirby, E., and Schwanghart, W.: Accelerated Miocene incision along the Yangtze River driven by headward drainage basin expansion, Sci. Adv., 9, eadh1636, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adh1636, 2023.
Rolland, Y., Jourdon, A., Petit, C., Bellahsen, N., Loury, C., Sobel, E. R., and Glodny, J.: Thermochronology of the highest central Asian massifs (Khan Tengri - Pobedi, SE Kyrgyztan): Evidence for Late Miocene (ca. 8 Ma) reactivation of Permian faults and insights into building the Tian Shan, J. Asian Earth Sci., 200, 104466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104466, 2020.
Rudge, J. F., Roberts, G. G., White, N. J., and Richardson, C. N.: Uplift histories of Africa and Australia from linear inverse modeling of drainage inventories, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 120, 894–914, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JF003297, 2015.
Schwanghart, W. and Kuhn, N. J.: TopoToolbox: A set of Matlab functions for topographic analysis, Environ. Modell. Softw., 25, 770–781, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.12.002, 2010.
Schwanghart, W. and Scherler, D.: Short Communication: TopoToolbox 2 – MATLAB-based software for topographic analysis and modeling in Earth surface sciences, Earth Surf. Dynam., 2, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-1-2014, 2014 (code available at: https://github.com/wschwanghart/topotoolbox.git, last access: 2 September 2024).
Schwanghart, W. and Scherler, D.: Bumps in river profiles: uncertainty assessment and smoothing using quantile regression techniques, Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 821–839, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-821-2017, 2017.
Schwanghart, W. and Scherler, D.: Divide mobility controls knickpoint migration on the Roan Plateau (Colorado, USA), Geology, 48, 698–702, https://doi.org/10.1130/G47054.1, 2020.
Seagren, E. G. and Schoenbohm, L. M.: Base Level and Lithologic Control of Drainage Reorganization in the Sierra de las Planchadas, NW Argentina, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 124, 1516–1539, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JF004885, 2019.
Seagren, E. G., McMillan, M., and Schoenbohm, L. M.: Tectonic Control on Drainage Evolution in Broken Forelands: Examples From NW Argentina, Tectonics, 41, e2020TC006536, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020TC006536, 2022.
Shelef, E. and Goren, L.: The rate and extent of wind-gap migration regulated by tributary confluences and avulsions, Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 687–700, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-687-2021, 2021.
Smith, A. G. G., Fox, M., Schwanghart, W., and Carter, A.: Comparing methods for calculating channel steepness index, Earth-Sci. Rev., 227, 103970, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103970, 2022.
Sobel, E. R. and Dumitru, T. A.: Thrusting and exhumation around the margins of the western Tarim basin during the India-Asia collision, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 102, 5043–5063, https://doi.org/10.1029/96jb03267, 1997.
Sobel, E. R., Hilley, G. E., and Strecker, M. R.: Formation of internally drained contractional basins by aridity-limited bedrock incision, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 108, 2344, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001883, 2003.
Sobel, E. R., Chen, J., and Heermance, R.: Late Oligocene–Early Miocene initiation of shortening in the Southwestern Chinese Tian Shan: Implications for Neogene shortening rate variations, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 247, 70–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.03.048, 2006a.
Sobel, E. R., Oskin, M., Burbank, D., and Mikolaichuk, A.: Exhumation of basement-cored uplifts: Example of the Kyrgyz Range quantified with apatite fission track thermochronolgy, Tectonics, 25, TC2008, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005TC001809, 2006b.
Stokes, M. F., Kim, D., Gallen, S. F., Benavides, E., Keck, B. P., Wood, J., Goldberg, S. L., Larsen, I. J., Mollish, J. M., Simmons, J. W., Near, T. J., and Perron, J. T.: Erosion of heterogeneous rock drives diversification of Appalachian fishes, Science, 380, 855–859, https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.ADD9791, 2023.
Streit, R. L., Burbank, D. W., Strecker, M. R., Alonso, R. N., Cottle, J. M., and Kylander-Clark, A. R. C.: Controls on intermontane basin filling, isolation and incision on the margin of the Puna Plateau, NW Argentina (∼ 23° S), Basin Res., 29, 131–155, https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12141, 2017.
Stroeven, A. P., Hättestrand, C., Heyman, J., Kleman, J., and Morén, B. M.: Glacial geomorphology of the Tian Shan, J. Maps, 9, 505–512, https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2013.820879, 2013.
Struth, L., Babault, J., and Teixell, A.: Drainage reorganization during mountain building in the river system of the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes, Geomorphology, 250, 370–383, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.09.012, 2015.
Sun, J., Liu, W., Liu, Z., Deng, T., Windley, B. F., and Fu, B.: Extreme aridification since the beginning of the Pliocene in the Tarim Basin, western China, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 485, 189–200, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.06.012, 2017.
Valla, P. G., van der Beek, P. A., and Lague, D.: Fluvial incision into bedrock: Insights from morphometric analysis and numerical modeling of gorges incising glacial hanging valleys (Western Alps, France), J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 115, F02010, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001079, 2010.
Viaplana-Muzas, M., Babault, J., Dominguez, S., Van Den Driessche, J., and Legrand, X.: Modelling of drainage dynamics influence on sediment routing system in a fold-and-thrust belt, Basin Res., 31, 290–310, https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.12321, 2019.
Wang, Q., Zhang, P. Z., Freymueller, J. T., Bilham, R., Larson, K. M., Lai, X., You, X., Niu, Z., Wu, J., Li, Y., Liu, J., Yang, Z., and Chen, Q.: Present-day crustal deformation in China constrained by global positioning system measurements, Science, 294, 574–577, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063647, 2001.
Watson, M. P., Hayward, A. B., Parkinson, D. N., and Zhang, Z. M.: Plate tectonic history, basin development and petroleum source rock deposition onshore China, Mar. Petrol. Geol., 4, 205–225, https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(87)90045-6, 1987.
Whipple, K. X.: Bedrock Rivers And The Geomorphology of Active Orogens, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 32, 151–185, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120356, 2004.
Whipple, K. X. and Tucker, G. E.: Dynamics of the stream-power river incision model: Implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs, J. Geophys. Res.-Sol. Ea., 104, 17661–17674, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900120, 1999.
Whipple, K. X., DiBiase, R. A., and Crosby, B. T.: Bedrock Rivers, in: Treatise on Geomorphology, vol. 9, Elsevier, 550–573, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374739-6.00254-2, 2013.
Wobus, C., Whipple, K. X., Kirby, E., Snyder, N., Johnson, J., Spyropolou, K., Crosby, B., and Sheehan, D.: Tectonics from topography: Procedures, promise, and pitfalls, in: Tectonics, Climate, and Landscape Evolution, Geological Society of America Spec. Publ., 398, 55–74, https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2398(04), 2006.
Wolf, S. G., Huismans, R. S., Braun, J., and Yuan, X.: Topography of mountain belts controlled by rheology and surface processes, Nature, 606, 516–521, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04700-6, 2022.
Wu, C., Zheng, W., Zhang, P., Zhang, Z., Jia, Q., Yu, J., Zhang, H., Yao, Y., Liu, J., Han, G., and Chen, J.: Oblique Thrust of the Maidan Fault and Late Quaternary Tectonic Deformation in the Southwestern Tian Shan, Northwestern China, Tectonics, 38, 2625–2645, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC005248, 2019.
Xiao, W., Windley, B. F., Allen, M. B., and Han, C.: Paleozoic multiple accretionary and collisional tectonics of the Chinese Tianshan orogenic collage, Gondwana Res., 23, 1316–1341, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.01.012, 2013.
Yang, S., Li, J., and Wang, Q.: The deformation pattern and fault rate in the Tianshan Mountains inferred from GPS observations, Sci. China Ser. D, 51, 1064–1080, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-008-0090-8, 2008.
Yanites, B. J., Ehlers, T. A., Becker, J. K., Schnellmann, M., and Heuberger, S.: High magnitude and rapid incision from river capture: Rhine River, Switzerland, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 1060–1084, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrf.20056, 2013.
Yin, A., Nie, S., Craig, P., Harrison, T. M., Ryerson, F. J., Xianglin, Q., and Geng, Y.: Late Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the southern Chinese Tian Shan, Tectonics, 17, 1–27, https://doi.org/10.1029/97TC03140, 1998.
Zachos, J., Pagani, H., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K.: Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present, Science, 292, 686–693, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059412, 2001.
Zhukov, Y. V., Zakharov, I. L., Berezansky, A. V., and Izraileva, R. M.: Geological map of Kyrgyz Republic, scale 1:500 000, Agency of Geology and Mineral Resources of the Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, 2008.
Short summary
We choose the large Saryjaz river from South Tian Shan to analyse topographic and fluvial metrics. By quantifying the spatial distribution of major metrics and comparing with modelling patterns, we suggest that the observed transience was triggered by a big capture event during the Plio-Pleistocene and potentially affected by both tectonic and climate factors. This conclusion underlines the importance of local contingent factors in driving drainage development.
We choose the large Saryjaz river from South Tian Shan to analyse topographic and fluvial...
