Articles | Volume 10, issue 1
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-23-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-23-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Intensified paraglacial slope failures due to accelerating downwasting of a temperate glacier in Mt. Gongga, southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Yan Zhong
Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
Matthew Westoby
Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Engineering and
Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
Francesca Pellicciotti
Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL,
8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Bo Zhang
Department of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Faculty of Geosciences
and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu
611756, China
Jialun Cai
Department of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Faculty of Geosciences
and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu
611756, China
Guoxiang Liu
Department of Surveying and Geo-Informatics, Faculty of Geosciences
and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu
611756, China
Haijun Liao
Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Xuyang Lu
Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
Related authors
No articles found.
Chuanxi Zhao, Wei Yang, Evan Miles, Matthew Westoby, Marin Kneib, Yongjie Wang, Zhen He, and Francesca Pellicciotti
The Cryosphere, 17, 3895–3913, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3895-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-17-3895-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper quantifies the thinning and surface mass balance of two neighbouring debris-covered glaciers in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau during different seasons, based on high spatio-temporal resolution UAV-derived (unpiloted aerial
vehicle) data and in situ observations. Through a comparison approach and high-precision results, we identify that the glacier dynamic and debris thickness are strongly related to the future fate of the debris-covered glaciers in this region.
Fuming Xie, Shiyin Liu, Yongpeng Gao, Yu Zhu, Tobias Bolch, Andreas Kääb, Shimei Duan, Wenfei Miao, Jianfang Kang, Yaonan Zhang, Xiran Pan, Caixia Qin, Kunpeng Wu, Miaomiao Qi, Xianhe Zhang, Ying Yi, Fengze Han, Xiaojun Yao, Qiao Liu, Xin Wang, Zongli Jiang, Donghui Shangguan, Yong Zhang, Richard Grünwald, Muhammad Adnan, Jyoti Karki, and Muhammad Saifullah
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 847–867, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-847-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-847-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, first we generated inventories which allowed us to systematically detect glacier change patterns in the Karakoram range. We found that, by the 2020s, there were approximately 10 500 glaciers in the Karakoram mountains covering an area of 22 510.73 km2, of which ~ 10.2 % is covered by debris. During the past 30 years (from 1990 to 2020), the total glacier cover area in Karakoram remained relatively stable, with a slight increase in area of 23.5 km2.
Muchu Lesi, Yong Nie, Dan Hirsh Shugar, Jida Wang, Qian Deng, Huayong Chen, and Jianrong Fan
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 5489–5512, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5489-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5489-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor plays a vital role in foreign trade and faces threats from water shortage and water-related hazards. An up-to-date glacial lake dataset with critical parameters is basic for water resource and flood risk research, which is absent from the corridor. This study created a glacial lake dataset in 2020 from Landsat and Sentinel images from 1990–2000, using a threshold-based mapping method. Our dataset has the potential to be widely applied.
Marin Kneib, Evan S. Miles, Pascal Buri, Stefan Fugger, Michael McCarthy, Thomas E. Shaw, Zhao Chuanxi, Martin Truffer, Matthew J. Westoby, Wei Yang, and Francesca Pellicciotti
The Cryosphere, 16, 4701–4725, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4701-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-4701-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Ice cliffs are believed to be important contributors to the melt of debris-covered glaciers, but this has rarely been quantified as the cliffs can disappear or rapidly expand within a few weeks. We used photogrammetry techniques to quantify the weekly evolution and melt of four cliffs. We found that their behaviour and melt during the monsoon is strongly controlled by supraglacial debris, streams and ponds, thus providing valuable insights on the melt and evolution of debris-covered glaciers.
Loris Compagno, Matthias Huss, Evan Stewart Miles, Michael James McCarthy, Harry Zekollari, Amaury Dehecq, Francesca Pellicciotti, and Daniel Farinotti
The Cryosphere, 16, 1697–1718, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1697-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1697-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new approach for modelling debris area and thickness evolution. We implement the module into a combined mass-balance ice-flow model, and we apply it using different climate scenarios to project the future evolution of all glaciers in High Mountain Asia. We show that glacier geometry, volume, and flow velocity evolve differently when modelling explicitly debris cover compared to glacier evolution without the debris-cover module, demonstrating the importance of accounting for debris.
Stefan Fugger, Catriona L. Fyffe, Simone Fatichi, Evan Miles, Michael McCarthy, Thomas E. Shaw, Baohong Ding, Wei Yang, Patrick Wagnon, Walter Immerzeel, Qiao Liu, and Francesca Pellicciotti
The Cryosphere, 16, 1631–1652, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1631-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1631-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The monsoon is important for the shrinking and growing of glaciers in the Himalaya during summer. We calculate the melt of seven glaciers in the region using a complex glacier melt model and weather data. We find that monsoonal weather affects glaciers that are covered with a layer of rocky debris and glaciers without such a layer in different ways. It is important to take so-called turbulent fluxes into account. This knowledge is vital for predicting the future of the Himalayan glaciers.
Chuanxi Zhao, Wei Yang, Matthew Westoby, Baosheng An, Guangjian Wu, Weicai Wang, Zhongyan Wang, Yongjie Wang, and Stuart Dunning
The Cryosphere, 16, 1333–1340, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1333-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-1333-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
On 22 March 2021, a ~ 50 Mm 3 ice-rock avalanche occurred from 6500 m a.s.l. in the Sedongpu basin, southeastern Tibet. It caused temporary blockage of the Yarlung Tsangpo river, a major tributary of the Brahmaputra. We utilize field investigations, high-resolution satellite imagery, seismic records, and meteorological data to analyse the evolution of the 2021 event and its impact, discuss potential drivers, and briefly reflect on implications for the sustainable development of the region.
Xiaowen Wang, Lin Liu, Yan Hu, Tonghua Wu, Lin Zhao, Qiao Liu, Rui Zhang, Bo Zhang, and Guoxiang Liu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2791–2810, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2791-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2791-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We characterized the multi-decadal geomorphic changes of a low-angle valley glacier in the East Kunlun Mountains and assessed the detachment hazard influence. The observations reveal a slow surge-like dynamic pattern of the glacier tongue. The maximum runout distances of two endmember avalanche scenarios were presented. This study provides a reference to evaluate the runout hazards of low-angle mountain glaciers prone to detachment.
Thomas E. Shaw, Wei Yang, Álvaro Ayala, Claudio Bravo, Chuanxi Zhao, and Francesca Pellicciotti
The Cryosphere, 15, 595–614, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-595-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-595-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Near surface air temperature (Ta) is important for simulating the melting of glaciers, though its variability in space and time on mountain glaciers is still poorly understood. We combine new Ta observations on glacier in Tibet with several glacier datasets around the world to explore the applicability of an existing method to estimate glacier Ta based upon glacier flow distance. We make a first step at generalising a method and highlight the remaining unknowns for this field of research.
S. Pirasteh, G. Shamsipour, G. Liu, R. Hajibagheri, A. Ghasemzadeh, M. Jokar, H. Zarbakhsh, F. Behnamfar, and J. Li
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B3-2020, 1705–1708, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2020-1705-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2020-1705-2020, 2020
Y. Fu, Y. Ye, G. Liu, B. Zhang, and R. Zhang
Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B3-2020, 583–589, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2020-583-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2020-583-2020, 2020
Álvaro Ayala, David Farías-Barahona, Matthias Huss, Francesca Pellicciotti, James McPhee, and Daniel Farinotti
The Cryosphere, 14, 2005–2027, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2005-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-14-2005-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstruct past glacier changes (1955–2016) and estimate the committed ice loss in the Maipo River basin (semi-arid Andes of Chile), with a focus on glacier runoff. We found that glacier volume has decreased by one-fifth since 1955 and that glacier runoff shows a sequence of decreasing maxima starting in a severe drought in 1968. As meltwater originating from the Andes plays a key role in this dry region, our results can be useful for developing adaptation or mitigation strategies.
Sam Herreid and Francesca Pellicciotti
The Cryosphere, 12, 1811–1829, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1811-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1811-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Ice cliffs are steep, bare ice features that can develop on the lower reaches of a glacier where the surface is covered by a layer of rock debris. Debris cover generally slows the rate of glacier melt, but ice cliffs act as small windows of higher rates of melt. It is therefore important to map these features, a process which we have automated. On a global scale, ice cliffs have variable geometries and characteristics. The method we have developed can accommodate this variability automatically.
Xiaowen Wang, Lin Liu, Lin Zhao, Tonghua Wu, Zhongqin Li, and Guoxiang Liu
The Cryosphere, 11, 997–1014, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-997-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-997-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Rock glaciers are abundant in high mountains in western China but have been ignored for 20 years. We used a new remote-sensing-based method to map active rock glaciers in the Chinese part of the Tien Shan and compiled an inventory of 261 active rock glaciers and included quantitative information about their locations, geomorphic parameters, and downslope velocities. Our dataset suggests that the lower limit of permafrost there is 2500–2800 m.
Matthew J. Westoby, Stuart A. Dunning, John Woodward, Andrew S. Hein, Shasta M. Marrero, Kate Winter, and David E. Sugden
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 515–529, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-515-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-515-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
We quantify the surface evolution of an Antarctic blue-ice moraine complex over 1- and 12-month intervals using repeat terrestrial laser scanning and structure-from-motion photogrammetry. We find net uplift and lateral movement of moraines within a field season (mean uplift ~ 0.10 m) and local surface lowering of a similar magnitude. Net uplift across the site between seasons was 0.07 m. Such data offer new opportunities to understand linkages between surface ablation, ice flow and debris supply within moraines.
X. Lu, Y. Yan, J. Sun, X. Zhang, Y. Chen, X. Wang, and G. Cheng
Solid Earth, 6, 1195–1205, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1195-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-1195-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Grazing exclusion has been widely adopted to restore degraded grasslands in Tibet. We investigated soil properties and nutrients by comparing free-grazing and grazing exclusion grasslands. The results showed that grazing exclusion had no impact on most soil properties and nutrients, and even caused a considerable decrease in soil TN and TP in the soil surface layer. Nevertheless, climate conditions during the growing season played an important role in controlling the soil quality status.
M. J. Westoby, J. Brasington, N. F. Glasser, M. J. Hambrey, J. M. Reynolds, M. A. A. M. Hassan, and A. Lowe
Earth Surf. Dynam., 3, 171–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-171-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-3-171-2015, 2015
Q. Liu, C. Mayer, and S. Liu
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-4545-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-4545-2013, 2013
Revised manuscript not accepted
Y. Zhang, Y. Hirabayashi, K. Fujita, S. Liu, and Q. Liu
The Cryosphere Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-2413-2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-2413-2013, 2013
Revised manuscript not accepted
Related subject area
Physical: Geomorphology (including all aspects of fluvial, coastal, aeolian, hillslope and glacial geomorphology)
Quantifying the migration rate of drainage divides from high-resolution topographic data
Long-term monitoring (1953–2019) of geomorphologically active sections of Little Ice Age lateral moraines in the context of changing meteorological conditions
Coevolving edge rounding and shape of glacial erratics: the case of Shap granite, UK
Dimensionless argument: a narrow grain size range near 2 mm plays a special role in river sediment transport and morphodynamics
Path length and sediment transport estimation from DEMs of difference: a signal processing approach
Influence of cohesive clay on wave–current ripple dynamics captured in a 3D phase diagram
Statistical characterization of erosion and sediment transport mechanics in shallow tidal environments – Part 1: Erosion dynamics
Statistical characterization of erosion and sediment transport mechanics in shallow tidal environments – Part 2: Suspended sediment dynamics
Geomorphological and hydrological controls on sediment export in earthquake-affected catchments in the Nepal Himalaya
Optimization of passive acoustic bedload monitoring in rivers by signal inversion
Stochastic properties of coastal flooding events – Part 2: Probabilistic analysis
Field monitoring of pore water pressure in fully and partly saturated debris flows at Ohya landslide scar, Japan
Analysis of autogenic bifurcation processes resulting in river avulsion
Bedload transport fluctuations, flow conditions, and disequilibrium ratio at the Swiss Erlenbach stream: results from 27 years of high-resolution temporal measurements
Stochastic properties of coastal flooding events – Part 1: convolutional-neural-network-based semantic segmentation for water detection
Coexistence of two dune scales in a lowland river
Alpine hillslope failure in the western US: insights from the Chaos Canyon landslide, Rocky Mountain National Park, USA
Using repeat UAV-based laser scanning and multispectral imagery to explore eco-geomorphic feedbacks along a river corridor
Numerical modelling of the evolution of a river reach with a complex morphology to help define future sustainable restoration decisions
Method to evaluate large-wood behavior in terms of the convection equation associated with sediment erosion and deposition
Effects of seasonal variations in vegetation and precipitation on catchment erosion rates along a climate and ecological gradient: insights from numerical modeling
On the use of convolutional deep learning to predict shoreline change
Riverine Sediment Response to Deforestation in the Amazon Basin
On the use of packing models for the prediction of fluvial sediment porosity
Automated riverbed composition analysis using deep learning on underwater images
Marsh-induced backwater: the influence of non-fluvial sedimentation on a delta's channel morphology and kinematics
Spatial and temporal variations in rockwall erosion rates derived from cosmogenic 10Be in medial moraines at five valley glaciers around Pigne d'Arolla, Switzerland
Downstream rounding rate of pebbles in the Himalaya
Building a bimodal landscape: bedrock lithology and bed thickness controls on the morphology of Last Chance Canyon, New Mexico, USA
Geotechnical controls on erodibility in fluvial impact erosion
Linear-stability analysis of plane beds under flows with suspended loads
Stream hydrology controls on ice cliff generation, evolution, and survival on debris-covered glaciers
Estimating surface water availability in high mountain rock slopes using a numerical energy balance model
Sediment source and sink identification using Sentinel-2 and a small network of turbidimeters on the Vjosa River
Spatiotemporal bedload transport patterns over two-dimensional bedforms
Ice-buttressing-controlled rock slope failure on a cirque headwall, Lake District, UK
The probabilistic nature of dune collisions in 2D
Shape still matters: rockfall interactions with trees and deadwood in a mountain forest uncover a new facet of rock shape dependency
A process-based model for fluvial valley width
Earthquake contributions to coastal cliff retreat
Morphologic and morphometric differences between gullies formed in different substrates on Mars: new insights into the gully formation processes
Testing the sensitivity of the CAESAR-Lisflood landscape evolution model to grid cell size
Development of a machine learning model for river bed load
Modeling the spatially distributed nature of subglacial sediment transport and erosion
Confinement width and inflow-to-sediment discharge ratio control the morphology and braiding intensity of submarine channels: insights from physical experiments and reduced-complexity models
The influence of dune lee side shape on time-averaged velocities and turbulence
Implications for the Resilience of Modern Coastal Systems Derived from Mesoscale Barrier Dynamics at Fire Island, New York
Synoptic-scale to mesoscale atmospheric circulation connects fluvial and coastal gravel conveyors and directional deposition of coastal landforms in the Dead Sea basin
Initial shape reconstruction of a volcanic island as a tool for quantifying long-term coastal erosion: the case of Corvo Island (Azores)
Geospatial modelling of large-wood supply to rivers: a state-of-the-art model comparison in Swiss mountain river catchments
Chao Zhou, Xibin Tan, Yiduo Liu, and Feng Shi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 433–448, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-433-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-433-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The drainage-divide stability provides new insights into both the river network evolution and the tectonic and/or climatic changes. Several methods have been proposed to determine the direction of drainage-divide migration. However, how to quantify the migration rate of drainage divides remains challenging. In this paper, we propose a new method to calculate the migration rate of drainage divides from high-resolution topographic data.
Moritz Altmann, Madlene Pfeiffer, Florian Haas, Jakob Rom, Fabian Fleischer, Tobias Heckmann, Livia Piermattei, Michael Wimmer, Lukas Braun, Manuel Stark, Sarah Betz-Nutz, and Michael Becht
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 399–431, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-399-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-399-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We show a long-term erosion monitoring of several sections on Little Ice Age lateral moraines with derived sediment yield from historical and current digital elevation modelling (DEM)-based differences. The first study period shows a clearly higher range of variability of sediment yield within the sites than the later periods. In most cases, a decreasing trend of geomorphic activity was observed.
Paul A. Carling
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 381–397, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-381-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-381-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Edge rounding in Shap granite glacial erratics is an irregular function of distance from the source outcrop in northern England, UK. Block shape is conservative, evolving according to block fracture mechanics – stochastic and silver ratio models – towards either of two attractor states. Progressive reduction in size occurs for blocks transported at the sole of the ice mass where the blocks are subject to compressive and tensile forces of the ice acting against a bedrock or till surface.
Gary Parker, Chenge An, Michael P. Lamb, Marcelo H. Garcia, Elizabeth H. Dingle, and Jeremy G. Venditti
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 367–380, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-367-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-367-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
River morphology has traditionally been divided by the size 2 mm. We use dimensionless arguments to show that particles in the 1–5 mm range (i) are the finest range not easily suspended by alluvial flood flows, (ii) are transported preferentially over coarser gravel, and (iii), within limits, are also transported preferentially over sand. We show how fluid viscosity mediates the special status of sediment in this range.
Lindsay Marie Capito, Enrico Pandrin, Walter Bertoldi, Nicola Surian, and Simone Bizzi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 321–345, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-321-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-321-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose that the pattern of erosion and deposition from repeat topographic surveys can be a proxy for path length in gravel-bed rivers. With laboratory and field data, we applied tools from signal processing to quantify this periodicity and used these path length estimates to calculate sediment transport using the morphological method. Our results highlight the potential to expand the use of the morphological method using only remotely sensed data as well as its limitations.
Xuxu Wu, Jonathan Malarkey, Roberto Fernández, Jaco H. Baas, Ellen Pollard, and Daniel R. Parsons
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 231–247, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-231-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-231-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The seabed changes from flat to rippled in response to the frictional influence of waves and currents. This experimental study has shown that the speed of this change, the size of ripples that result and even whether ripples appear also depend on the amount of sticky mud present. This new classification on the basis of initial mud content should lead to improvements in models of seabed change in present environments by engineers and the interpretation of past environments by geologists.
Andrea D'Alpaos, Davide Tognin, Laura Tommasini, Luigi D'Alpaos, Andrea Rinaldo, and Luca Carniello
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 181–199, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-181-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-181-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Sediment erosion induced by wind waves is one of the main drivers of the morphological evolution of shallow tidal environments. However, a reliable description of erosion events for the long-term morphodynamic modelling of tidal systems is still lacking. By statistically characterizing sediment erosion dynamics in the Venice Lagoon over the last 4 centuries, we set up a novel framework for a synthetic, yet reliable, description of erosion events in tidal systems.
Davide Tognin, Andrea D'Alpaos, Luigi D'Alpaos, Andrea Rinaldo, and Luca Carniello
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 201–218, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-201-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-201-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Reliable quantification of sediment transport processes is necessary to understand the fate of shallow tidal environments. Here we present a framework for the description of suspended sediment dynamics to quantify deposition in the long-term modelling of shallow tidal systems. This characterization, together with that of erosion events, allows one to set up synthetic, yet reliable, models for the long-term evolution of tidal landscapes.
Emma L. S. Graf, Hugh D. Sinclair, Mikaël Attal, Boris Gailleton, Basanta Raj Adhikari, and Bishnu Raj Baral
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 135–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-135-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-135-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using satellite images, we show that, unlike other examples of earthquake-affected rivers, the rivers of central Nepal experienced little increase in sedimentation following the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Instead, a catastrophic flood occurred in 2021 that buried towns and agricultural land under up to 10 m of sediment. We show that intense storms remobilised glacial sediment from high elevations causing much a greater impact than flushing of earthquake-induced landslides.
Mohamad Nasr, Adele Johannot, Thomas Geay, Sebastien Zanker, Jules Le Guern, and Alain Recking
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 117–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrophones are used to monitor sediment transport in the river by listening to the acoustic noise generated by particle impacts on the riverbed. However, this acoustic noise is modified by the river flow and can cause misleading information about sediment transport. This article proposes a model that corrects the measured acoustic signal. Testing the model showed that the corrected signal is better correlated with bedload flux in the river.
Byungho Kang, Rusty A. Feagin, Thomas Huff, and Orencio Durán Vinent
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 105–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-105-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-105-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a detailed characterization of the frequency, intensity and duration of flooding events at a site along the Texas coast. Our analysis demonstrates the suitability of relatively simple wave run-up models to estimate the frequency and intensity of coastal flooding. Our results validate and expand a probabilistic model of coastal flooding driven by wave run-up that can then be used in coastal risk management in response to sea level rise.
Shunsuke Oya, Fumitoshi Imaizumi, and Shoki Takayama
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 67–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-67-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-67-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The monitoring of pore water pressure in fully and partly saturated debris flows was performed at Ohya landslide scar, central Japan. The pore water pressure in some partly saturated flows greatly exceeded the hydrostatic pressure. The depth gradient of the pore water pressure in the lower part of the flow was generally higher than the upper part of the flow. We conclude that excess pore water pressure is present in many debris flow surges and is an important mechanism in debris flow behavior.
Gabriele Barile, Marco Redolfi, and Marco Tubino
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 87–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-87-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-87-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
River bifurcations often show the closure of one branch (avulsion), whose causes are still poorly understood. Our model shows that when one branch stops transporting sediments, the other considerably erodes and captures much more flow, resulting in a self-sustaining process. This phenomenon intensifies when increasing the length of the branches, eventually leading to branch closure. This work may help to understand when avulsions occur and thus to design sustainable river restoration projects.
Dieter Rickenmann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 11–34, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-11-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-11-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Field measurements of the bedload flux with a high temporal resolution in a steep mountain stream were used to analyse the transport fluctuations as a function of the flow conditions. The disequilibrium ratio, a proxy for the solid particle concentration in the flow, was found to influence the sediment transport behaviour, and above-average disequilibrium conditions – associated with a larger sediment availability on the streambed – substantially affect subsequent transport conditions.
Byungho Kang, Rusty A. Feagin, Thomas Huff, and Orencio Durán Vinent
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal flooding can cause significant damage to coastal ecosystems, infrastructure, and communities and is expected to increase in frequency with the acceleration of sea level rise. In order to respond to it, it is crucial to measure and model their frequency and intensity. Here, we show deep-learning techniques can be successfully used to automatically detect flooding events from complex coastal imagery, opening the way to real-time monitoring and data acquisition for model development.
Judith Y. Zomer, Bart Vermeulen, and Antonius J. F. Hoitink
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1283–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1283-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1283-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary bedforms that are superimposed on large, primary dunes likely play a large role in fluvial systems. This study demonstrates that they can be omnipresent. Especially during peak flows, they grow large and can have steep slopes, likely affecting flood risk and sediment transport dynamics. Primary dune morphology determines whether they continuously or intermittently migrate. During discharge peaks, the secondary bedforms can become the dominant dune scale.
Matthew C. Morriss, Benjamin Lehmann, Benjamin Campforts, George Brencher, Brianna Rick, Leif S. Anderson, Alexander L. Handwerger, Irina Overeem, and Jeffrey Moore
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1251–1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1251-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we investigate the 28 June 2022 collapse of the Chaos Canyon landslide in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. We find that the landslide was moving prior to its collapse and took place at peak spring snowmelt; temperature modeling indicates the potential presence of permafrost. We hypothesize that this landslide could be part of the broader landscape evolution changes to alpine terrain caused by a warming climate, leading to thawing alpine permafrost.
Christopher Tomsett and Julian Leyland
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1223–1249, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1223-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1223-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation influences how rivers change through time, yet the way in which we analyse vegetation is limited. Current methods collect detailed data at the individual plant level or determine dominant vegetation types across larger areas. Herein, we use UAVs to collect detailed vegetation datasets for a 1 km length of river and link vegetation properties to channel evolution occurring within the study site, providing a new method for investigating the influence of vegetation on river systems.
Rabab Yassine, Ludovic Cassan, Hélène Roux, Olivier Frysou, and François Pérès
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1199–1221, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1199-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1199-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Predicting river morphology evolution is very complicated, especially for mountain rivers with complex morphologies such as the Lac des Gaves reach in France. A 2D hydromorphological model was developed to reproduce the channel's evolution and provide reliable volumetric predictions while revealing the challenge of choosing adapted sediment transport and friction laws. Our model can provide decision-makers with reliable predictions to design suitable restoration measures for this reach.
Daisuke Harada and Shinji Egashira
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1183–1197, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1183-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1183-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper proposes a method for describing large-wood behavior in terms of the convection equation and the storage equation, which are associated with active sediment erosion and deposition. Compared to the existing Lagrangian method, the proposed method can easily simulate the behavior of large wood in the flow field with active sediment transport. The method is applied to the flood disaster in the Akatani River in 2017, and the 2-D flood flow computations are successfully performed.
Hemanti Sharma and Todd A. Ehlers
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1161–1181, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1161-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1161-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonality in precipitation (P) and vegetation (V) influences catchment erosion (E), although which factor plays the dominant role is unclear. In this study, we performed a sensitivity analysis of E to P–V seasonality through numerical modeling. Our results suggest that P variations strongly influence seasonal variations in E, while the effect of seasonal V variations is secondary but significant. This is more pronounced in moderate and least pronounced in extreme environmental settings.
Eduardo Gomez-de la Peña, Giovanni Coco, Colin Whittaker, and Jennifer Montaño
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1145–1160, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1145-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1145-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Predicting how shorelines change over time is a major challenge in coastal research. We here have turned to deep learning (DL), a data-driven modelling approach, to predict the movement of shorelines using observations from a camera system in New Zealand. The DL models here implemented succeeded in capturing the variability and distribution of the observed shoreline data. Overall, these findings indicate that DL has the potential to enhance the accuracy of current shoreline change predictions.
Anuska Narayanan, Sagy Cohen, and John Robert Gardner
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2271, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2271, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study investigates Amazon deforestation's profound impact on sediment dynamics. Novel remote sensing data and statistical analyses reveal significant changes, especially in heavily deforested regions, with rapid effects within a year. In less disturbed areas, a 1- to 2-year lag occurs, influenced by natural sediment shifts and human activities. These findings highlight the need to understand human activities' consequences for our planet's future.
Christoph Rettinger, Mina Tabesh, Ulrich Rüde, Stefan Vollmer, and Roy M. Frings
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1097–1115, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1097-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1097-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Packing models promise efficient and accurate porosity predictions of fluvial sediment deposits. In this study, three packing models were reviewed, calibrated, and validated. Only two of the models were able to handle the continuous and large grain size distributions typically encountered in rivers. We showed that an extension by a cohesion model is necessary and developed guidelines for successful predictions in different rivers.
Alexander A. Ermilov, Gergely Benkő, and Sándor Baranya
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1061–1095, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1061-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1061-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A novel, artificial-intelligence-based riverbed sediment analysis methodology is introduced that uses underwater images to identify the characteristic sediment classes. The main novelties of the procedure are as follows: underwater images are used, the method enables continuous mapping of the riverbed along the measurement vessel’s route contrary to conventional techniques, the method is cost-efficient, and the method works without scaling.
Kelly M. Sanks, John B. Shaw, Samuel M. Zapp, José Silvestre, Ripul Dutt, and Kyle M. Straub
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1035–1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1035-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1035-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
River deltas encompass many depositional environments (like channels and wetlands) that interact to produce coastal environments that change through time. The processes leading to sedimentation in wetlands are often neglected from physical delta models. We show that wetland sedimentation constrains flow to the channels, changes sedimentation rates, and produces channels more akin to field-scale deltas. These results have implications for the management of these vulnerable coastal landscapes.
Katharina Wetterauer and Dirk Scherler
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1013–1033, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1013-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1013-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In glacial landscapes, debris supply rates vary spatially and temporally. Rockwall erosion rates derived from cosmogenic 10Be concentrations in medial moraine debris at five Swiss glaciers around Pigne d'Arolla indicate an increase in erosion from the end of the Little Ice Age towards deglaciation but temporally more stable rates over the last ∼100 years. Rockwall erosion rates are higher where rockwalls are steep and north-facing, suggesting a potential slope and temperature control.
Prakash Pokhrel, Mikael Attal, Hugh D. Sinclair, Simon M. Mudd, and Mark Naylor
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2157, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2157, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Pebbles become increasingly rounded during downstream transport in rivers due to abrasion. This study quantifies pebble roundness along the length of two Himalayan rivers. We demonstrate that roundness increases with downstream distance and that the rates are dependent on rock type. We apply this to reconstructing travel distances, and hence size of ancient Himalayan. Results show that the ancient river network was larger than the modern indicating that there has been river capture.
Sam Anderson, Nicole Gasparini, and Joel Johnson
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 995–1011, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-995-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-995-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured rock strength and amount of fracturing in the two different rock types, sandstones and carbonates, in Last Chance Canyon, New Mexico, USA. Where there is more carbonate bedrock, hills and channels steepen in Last Chance Canyon. This is because the carbonate-type bedrock tends to be more thickly bedded, is less fractured, and is stronger. The carbonate bedrock produces larger boulders than the sandstone bedrock, which can protect the more fractured sandstone bedrock from erosion.
Jens M. Turowski, Gunnar Pruß, Anne Voigtländer, Andreas Ludwig, Angela Landgraf, Florian Kober, and Audrey Bonnelye
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 979–994, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-979-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-979-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers can cut into rocks, and their strength modulates the river's erosion rates. Yet, which properties of the rock control its response to erosive action is poorly understood. Here, we describe parallel experiments to measure rock erosion rates under fluvial impact erosion and the rock's geotechnical properties such as fracture strength, elasticity, and density. Erosion rates vary over a factor of a million between different rock types. We use the data to improve current theory.
Koji Ohata, Hajime Naruse, and Norihiro Izumi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 961–977, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-961-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-961-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the influence of sediment transport modes on the formation of bedforms using theoretical analysis. The results of the theoretical analysis were verified with published data of plane beds obtained by fieldwork and laboratory experiments. We found that suspended sand particles can promote the formation of plane beds on a fine-grained bed, which suggests that the presence of suspended particles suppresses the development of dunes under submarine sediment-laden gravity currents.
Eric Petersen, Regine Hock, and Michael G. Loso
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1913, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1913, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Ice cliffs are melt hot spots that increase melt rates on debris-covered glaciers which otherwise see a reduction in melt rates. In this study, we show how surface runoff streams contribute to the generation, evolution, and survival of ice cliffs by carving into the glacier and transporting rocky debris. On Kennicott Glacier, Alaska, 31.4 % of streams are actively influenced by streams, while nearly half are within 10 m of streams.
Matan Ben-Asher, Florence Magnin, Sebastian Westermann, Josué Bock, Emmanuel Malet, Johan Berthet, Ludovic Ravanel, and Philip Deline
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 899–915, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-899-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-899-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Quantitative knowledge of water availability on high mountain rock slopes is very limited. We use a numerical model and field measurements to estimate the water balance at a steep rock wall site. We show that snowmelt is the main source of water at elevations >3600 m and that snowpack hydrology and sublimation are key factors. The new information presented here can be used to improve the understanding of thermal, hydrogeological, and mechanical processes on steep mountain rock slopes.
Jessica Droujko, Srividya Hariharan Sudha, Gabriel Singer, and Peter Molnar
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 881–897, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-881-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-881-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We combined data from satellite images with data measured from a kayak in order to understand the propagation of fine sediment in the Vjosa River. We were able to find some storm-activated and some permanent sources of sediment. We also estimated how much fine sediment is carried into the Adriatic Sea by the Vjosa River: approximately 2.5 Mt per year, which matches previous findings. With our work, we hope to show the potential of open-access satellite images.
Kate C. P. Leary, Leah Tevis, and Mark Schmeeckle
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 835–847, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-835-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-835-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Despite the importance of bedforms (e.g., ripples, dunes) to sediment transport, the details of sediment transport on a sub-bedform scale are poorly understood. This paper investigates sediment transport in the downstream and cross-stream directions over bedforms with straight crests. We find that the patterns of bedload transport are highly variable on the sub-bedform scale, which is important for our understanding of the evolution of bedforms with complex crest geometries.
Paul A. Carling, John D. Jansen, Teng Su, Jane Lund Andersen, and Mads Faurschou Knudsen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 817–833, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-817-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-817-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Many steep glaciated rock walls collapsed when the Ice Age ended. How ice supports a steep rock wall until the ice decays is poorly understood. A collapsed rock wall was surveyed in the field and numerically modelled. Cosmogenic exposure dates show it collapsed and became ice-free ca. 18 ka ago. The model showed that the rock wall failed very slowly because ice was buttressing the slope. Dating other collapsed rock walls can improve understanding of how and when the last Ice Age ended.
Paul A. Jarvis, Clement Narteau, Olivier Rozier, and Nathalie M. Vriend
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 803–815, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-803-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-803-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sand dune migration velocity is inversely proportional to dune size. Consequently, smaller, faster dunes can collide with larger, slower downstream dunes. Such collisions can result in either coalescence or ejection, whereby the dunes exchange mass but remain separate. Our numerical simulations show that the outcome depends probabilistically on the dune size ratio, which we describe through an empirical function. Our numerical predictions compare favourably against experimental observations.
Adrian Ringenbach, Peter Bebi, Perry Bartelt, Andreas Rigling, Marc Christen, Yves Bühler, Andreas Stoffel, and Andrin Caviezel
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 779–801, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-779-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-779-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Swiss researchers carried out repeated rockfall experiments with rocks up to human sizes in a steep mountain forest. This study focuses mainly on the effects of the rock shape and lying deadwood. In forested areas, cubic-shaped rocks showed a longer mean runout distance than platy-shaped rocks. Deadwood especially reduced the runouts of these cubic rocks. The findings enrich standard practices in modern rockfall hazard zoning assessments and strongly urge the incorporation of rock shape effects.
Jens Martin Turowski, Aaron Bufe, and Stefanie Tofelde
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1770, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1770, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Fluvial valleys are ubiquitous landforms, and understanding their formation and evolution affects a wide range of disciplines, from archaeology over geology to fish biology. Here, we develop a model to predict the width of fluvial valleys for a wide range of geographic conditions. In the model, fluvial valley width is controlled by the two competing factors of lateral channel mobility and uplift. The model complies with available data and yields a broad range of quantitative predictions.
Colin K. Bloom, Corinne Singeisen, Timothy Stahl, Andrew Howell, and Chris Massey
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 757–778, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-757-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-757-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquakes can cause damaging coastal cliff retreat, but we have a limited understanding of how these infrequent events influence multidecadal retreat. This makes hazard planning a challenge. In this study, we use historic aerial images to measure coastal cliff-top retreat at a site in New Zealand. We find that earthquakes account for close to half of multidecadal retreat at this site, and our results have helped us to develop tools for estimating the influence of earthquakes at other sites.
Rishitosh K. Sinha, Dwijesh Ray, Tjalling De Haas, Susan J. Conway, and Axel Noblet
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 713–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-713-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-713-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our detailed investigation of Martian gullies formed in different substrates in 29 craters distributed between 30°–75° S latitude suggests that they can be differentiated from one another in terms of (1) morphology and length of alcoves and (2) mean gradient of the gully fans. The comparison between the Melton ratio, alcove length, and fan gradient of Martian and terrestrial gullies suggests that Martian gullies were likely formed by terrestrial debris-flow-like processes in the past.
Christopher J. Skinner and Thomas J. Coulthard
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 695–711, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-695-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-695-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Landscape evolution models allow us to simulate the way the Earth's surface is shaped and help us to understand relevant processes, in turn helping us to manage landscapes better. The models typically represent the land surface using a grid of square cells of equal size, averaging heights in those squares. This study shows that the size chosen by the modeller for these grid cells is important, with larger sizes making sediment output events larger but less frequent.
Hossein Hosseiny, Claire C. Masteller, Jedidiah E. Dale, and Colin B. Phillips
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 681–693, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-681-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-681-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
It is of great importance to engineers and geomorphologists to predict the rate of bed load in rivers. In this contribution, we used a large dataset of measured data and developed an artificial neural network (ANN), a machine learning algorithm, for bed load prediction. The ANN model predicted the bed load flux close to measured values and better than the ones obtained from four standard bed load models with varying degrees of complexity.
Ian Delaney, Leif Anderson, and Frédéric Herman
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 663–680, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-663-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-663-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a two-dimensional subglacial sediment transport model that evolves a sediment layer in response to subglacial sediment transport conditions. The model captures sediment transport in supply- and transport-limited regimes across a glacier's bed and considers both the creation and transport of sediment. Model outputs show how the spatial distribution of sediment and water below a glacier can impact the glacier's discharge of sediment and erosion of bedrock.
Sam Y. J. Huang, Steven Y. J. Lai, Ajay B. Limaye, Brady Z. Foreman, and Chris Paola
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 615–632, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-615-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-615-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use experiments and a model to study the effects of confinement width and the inflow-to-sediment discharge ratio on the evolution of submarine braided channels. We find that confinement width controls most of the morphological changes. These trends are consistent for submarine braided channels both with and without confinement width effects and similar to fluvial braided rivers. Furthermore, we built a model that can simulate the flow bifurcation and confluence of submarine braided channels.
Alice Lefebvre and Julia Cisneros
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 575–591, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-575-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-575-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Underwater dunes are found in various environments with strong hydrodynamics and sandy sediment. Using a numerical model, we investigated how the dune shape influences flow velocity and turbulence. We propose a classification with three types of dunes, depending on their mean lee side angles (low-angle dunes, intermediate-angle dunes and high-angle dunes). We discuss the implications of this classification on the interaction between dune morphology, flow and sediment transport.
Daniel Ciarletta, Jennifer Miselis, Julie Bernier, and Arnell Forde
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1307, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1307, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed the evolution of Fire Island, a barrier island in New York, USA, to identify drivers of landscape change. Results reveal Fire Island was once divided into multiple inlet-separated islands with distinct features. Later, inlets closed, and Fire Island’s landscape became more uniform as human activities intensified. The island is now less mobile and less likely to resist and recover from storm impacts and sea-level rise. This vulnerability may exist for other stabilized barriers.
Haggai Eyal, Moshe Armon, Yehouda Enzel, and Nadav G. Lensky
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 547–574, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-547-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-547-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Extracting paleoenvironmets from sedimentologic and geomorphic records is a main goal in Earth sciences. We study a chain of processes connecting causative Mediterranean cyclones, coeval floods, storm waves generated by mesoscale funneled wind, and coastal gravel transport. This causes northward dispersion of gravel along the modern Dead Sea coast, which has also persisted since the late Pleistocene, resulting in beach berms and fan deltas always being deposited north of channel mouths.
Rémi Bossis, Vincent Regard, and Sébastien Carretier
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 529–545, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-529-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-529-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a method to calculate the volume of rock eroded by the sea on volcanic islands, by reconstructing their pre-erosion shape and size. The method has been applied on Corvo Island (Azores). We show that before the island was eroded, it was roughly 8 km wide and 1 km high. The island has lost more than 6 km3 of rock and 80 % of its surface. We also show that the erosion of sea cliffs is mainly due to the moderate and most frequent waves.
Nicolas Steeb, Virginia Ruiz-Villanueva, Alexandre Badoux, Christian Rickli, Andrea Mini, Markus Stoffel, and Dieter Rickenmann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 487–509, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-487-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-487-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Various models have been used in science and practice to estimate how much large wood (LW) can be supplied to rivers. This contribution reviews the existing models proposed in the last 35 years and compares two of the most recent spatially explicit models by applying them to 40 catchments in Switzerland. Differences in modelling results are discussed, and results are compared to available observations coming from a unique database.
Cited articles
Ballantyne, C. K.: Paraglacial landform succession and sediment storage in deglaciated mountain valleys: theory and approaches to calibration, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementband 132, 1–18, 2003.
Ballantyne, C. K.: Paraglacial geomorphology, Quaternary Sci. Rev.,
21, 1935–2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00005-7, 2002.
Ballantyne, C. K.: PERMAFROST AND PERIGLACIAL FEATURES | Paraglacial
Geomorphology, in: Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, Second Edition,
edited by: Elias, S. A. and Mock, C. J., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 553–565, https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-44-452747-8/00102-2,
2013.
Ballantyne, C. K. and Benn, D. I.: Paraglacial Slope Adjustment and
Resedlmenfation following Recent Glacier Retreat, Fåbergstølsdalen,
Norway, Arct. Alp. Res., 26, 255–269, 1994.
Ballantyne, C. K., Wilson, P., Gheorghiu, D., and Rodés, À.:
Enhanced rock-slope failure following ice-sheet deglaciation: timing and
causes, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 39, 900–913, https://doi.org/10.1002/ESP.3495, 2014.
Bhushan, S., Syed, T. H., Arendt, A. A., Kulkarni, A. V., and Sinha, D.:
Assessing controls on mass budget and surface velocity variations of
glaciers in Western Himalaya, Sci. Rep.-UK, 8, 8885, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27014-y, 2018.
Boulton, G. S.: Boulder shapes and grain-size distributions of debris as
indicators of transport paths through a glacier and till genesis,
Sedimentology, 25, 773–799, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1978.tb00329.x, 1978.
Brun, F., Berthier, E., Wagnon, P., Kääb, A., and Treichler, D.: A
spatially resolved estimate of High Mountain Asia glacier mass balances from
2000 to 2016, Nat. Geosci., 10, 668–673, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2999, 2017.
Cai, J., Jia, H., Liu, G., Zhang, B., Liu, Q., Fu, Y., Wang, X., and Zhang,
R.: An Accurate Geocoding Method for GB-SAR Images Based on Solution Space
Search and Its Application in Landslide Monitoring, Remote Sensing, 13, 832,
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13050832, 2021.
Cao, B., Pan, B., Guan, W., Wen, Z., and Wang, J.: Changes in glacier volume
on Mt. Gongga, southeastern Tibetan Plateau, based on the analysis of
multi-temporal DEMs from 1966 to 2015, J. Glaciol., 65, 366–375,
2019.
Chen, C., Zhang, L. M., Xiao, T., and He, J.: Barrier lake bursting and
flood routing in the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon in October 2018, J.
Hydrol., 583, 124603, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHYDROL.2020.124603, 2020.
Cheng, Z. L., Liu, J. J., and Liu, J. K.: Debris flow induced by glacial
lake break in southeast Tibet, WIT Trans. Eng. Sci., 67,
101–111, https://doi.org/10.2495/DEB100091, 2010.
Church, M. and Ryder, J. M.: Paraglacial Sedimentation: A Consideration of
Fluvial Processes Conditioned by Glaciation, GSA Bulletin, 83, 3059–3072,
https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[3059:psacof]2.0.co;2, 1972.
Cody, E., Anderson, B. M., McColl, S. T., Fuller, I. C., and Purdie, H. L.:
Paraglacial adjustment of sediment slopes during and immediately after
glacial debuttressing, Geomorphology, 371, 107411, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107411, 2020.
Coe, J. A.: Bellwether sites for evaluating changes in landslide frequency
and magnitude in cryospheric mountainous terrain: a call for systematic,
long-term observations to decipher the impact of climate change, Landslides,
17, 2483–2501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-020-01462-y, 2020.
Cook, S. J., Porter, P. R., and Bendall, C. A.: Geomorphological
consequences of a glacier advance across a paraglacial rock avalanche
deposit, Geomorphology, 189, 109–120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.01.022,
2013.
Curry, A. M., Cleasby, V., and Zukowskyj, P.: Paraglacial response of steep,
sediment-mantled slopes to post-“Little Ice Age” glacier recession in the
central Swiss Alps, J. Quaternary Sci., 21, 211–225, https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.954, 2006.
Deline, P., Gruber, S., Delaloye, R., Fischer, L., Geertsema, M., Giardino,
M., Hasler, A., Kirkbride, M., Krautblatter, M., and Magnin, F.: Ice loss
and slope stability in high-mountain regions, in: Snow and Ice-related
hazards, risks and disasters, Elsevier, edited by: Shroder, J. F., Haeberli, W., and Whiteman, C., 521–561, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394849-6.00015-9, 2015a.
Deline, P., Hewitt, K., Reznichenko, N., and Shugar, D.: Rock
Avalanches onto Glaciers, chap. 9, in: Landslide Hazards, Risks and Disasters, edited
by: Shroder, J. F. and Davies, T., Academic Press, Boston, 263–319, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-396452-6.00009-4, 2015b.
Draebing, D. and Krautblatter, M.: The Efficacy of Frost Weathering
Processes in Alpine Rockwalls, Geophys. Res. Lett., 46, 6516–6524,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL081981, 2019.
Dunning, S. A., Rosser, N. J., McColl, S. T., and Reznichenko, N. V.: Rapid
sequestration of rock avalanche deposits within glaciers, Nat. Commun., 6,
7964, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8964, 2015.
Dusik, J.-M., Neugirg, F., and Haas, F.: Slope Wash, Gully Erosion and
Debris Flows on Lateral Moraines in the Upper Kaunertal, Austria, in:
Geomorphology of Proglacial Systems: Landform and Sediment Dynamics in
Recently Deglaciated Alpine Landscapes, edited by: Heckmann, T., and Morche,
D., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 177–196, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94184-4_11, 2019.
Eichel, J., Krautblatter, M., Schmidtlein, S., and Dikau, R.: Biogeomorphic
interactions in the Turtmann glacier forefield, Switzerland, Geomorphology,
201, 98–110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.06.012, 2013.
Eichel, J., Draebing, D., and Meyer, N.: From active to stable: Paraglacial
transition of Alpine lateral moraine slopes, Land Degrad.
Dev., 29, 4158–4172, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3140, 2018.
Emmer, A., Klimeš, J., Hölbling, D., Abad, L., Draebing, D.,
Skalák, P., Štěpánek, P., and Zahradníček, P.:
Distinct types of landslides in moraines associated with the post-LIA
glacier thinning: Observations from the Kinzl Glacier, Huascarán, Peru,
Sci. Total Environ., 739, 139997, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139997, 2020.
Fan, J., An, C., Zhang, X., Li, X., and Tan, J.: Hazard assessment of
glacial lake outburst floods in Southeast Tibet based on RS and GIS
technologies, Int. J. Remote Sens., 40, 4955–4979, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2019.1577578, 2019.
Farr, T. G., Rosen, P. A., Caro, E., Crippen, R., Duren, R., Hensley, S.,
Kobrick, M., Paller, M., Rodriguez, E., Roth, L., Seal, D., Shaffer, S.,
Shimada, J., Umland, J., Werner, M., Oskin, M., Burbank, D., and Alsdorf,
D.: The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, Rev. Geophys., 45, RG2004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005RG000183, 2007.
Fickert, T. and Grüninger, F.: High-speed colonization of bare
ground – Permanent plot studies on primary succession of plants in recently
deglaciated glacier forelands, Land Degrad. Dev., 29,
2668–2680, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3063, 2018.
Fischer, L., Amann, F., Moore, J. R., and Huggel, C.: Assessment of
periglacial slope stability for the 1988 Tschierva rock avalanche (Piz
Morteratsch, Switzerland), Eng. Geol., 116, 32–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2010.07.005, 2010.
Fischer, L., Purves, R. S., Huggel, C., Noetzli, J., and Haeberli, W.: On the influence of topographic, geological and cryospheric factors on rock avalanches and rockfalls in high-mountain areas, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 12, 241–254, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-241-2012, 2012.
Fountain, A. G. and Walder, J. S.: Water flow through temperate glaciers,
Rev. Geophys., 36, 299–328, 1998.
Fyffe, C. L., Woodget, A. S., Kirkbride, M. P., Deline, P., Westoby, M. J.,
and Brock, B. W.: Processes at the margins of supraglacial debris cover:
Quantifying dirty ice ablation and debris redistribution, Earth Surf.
Proc. Land., 45, 2272–2290, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4879, 2020.
Glueer, F., Loew, S., and Manconi, A.: Paraglacial history and structure of
the Moosfluh Landslide (1850–2016), Switzerland, Geomorphology, 355,
106677, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.02.021, 2020.
Grämiger, L. M., Moore, J. R., Gischig, V. S., Ivy-Ochs, S., and Loew,
S.: Beyond debuttressing: Mechanics of paraglacial rock slope damage during
repeat glacial cycles, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 122,
1004–1036, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF003967, 2017.
Gruber, S., Fleiner, R., Guegan, E., Panday, P., Schmid, M.-O., Stumm, D., Wester, P., Zhang, Y., and Zhao, L.: Review article: Inferring permafrost and permafrost thaw in the mountains of the Hindu Kush Himalaya region, The Cryosphere, 11, 81–99, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-11-81-2017, 2017.
Haiguanju: Hailuogou Scenic Area achieved another record in tourist
reception in 2019, available at: http://www.gzz.gov.cn/gzzrmzf/c100044/202001/38048f67a8d3431fa8fe98d250b42281.shtml (last access: 10 July 2020),
2020.
Haritashya, U. K., Kargel, J. S., Shugar, D. H., Leonard, G. J., Strattman,
K., Watson, C. S., Shean, D., Harrison, S., Mandli, K. T., and Regmi, D.:
Evolution and Controls of Large Glacial Lakes in the Nepal Himalaya, Remote
Sensing, 10, 798, https://doi.org/10.3390/RS10050798, 2018.
Hartmeyer, I., Delleske, R., Keuschnig, M., Krautblatter, M., Lang, A., Schrott, L., and Otto, J.-C.: Current glacier recession causes significant rockfall increase: the immediate paraglacial response of deglaciating cirque walls, Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 729–751, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-729-2020, 2020.
He, Y., Zhang, Z., Theakstone, W., Chen, T., Yao, T., and Pang, H.: Changing features of the climate and glaciers in China's monsoonal temperate glacier region, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4530–4536, 2003.
He, Y., Li, Z., Yang, X., Jia, W., He, X., Song, B., Zhang, N., and Liu, Q.:
Changes of the Hailuogou Glacier, Mt. Gongga, China, against the background
of global warming in the last several decades, J. China Univ.
Geosci., 19, 271–281, 2008.
Hedding, D. W., Erofeev, A. A., Hansen, C. D., Khon, A. V., and Abbasov, Z.
R.: Geomorphological processes and landforms of glacier forelands in the
upper Aktru River basin (Gornyi Altai), Russia: evidence for rapid recent
retreat and paraglacial adjustment, J. Mt. Sci., 17,
824–837, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-019-5845-5, 2020.
Hemond, H. F. and Fechner, E. J.: The Atmosphere, in: Chemical
Fate and Transport in the Environment, chap. 4, Third Edition, edited by: Hemond, H.
F., and Fechner, E. J., Academic Press, Boston, 311–454, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-340270-7.50008-4, 2015.
Herman, F., De Doncker, F., Delaney, I., Prasicek, G., and Koppes, M.: The impact of glaciers on mountain erosion, Nat. Rev. Earth Environ., 2, 422–435, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00165-9, 2021.
Hewitt, K., Clague, J., and Deline, P.: Catastrophic Rock Slope Failures and
Mountain Glaciers, in: Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers, edited by:
Singh, V. P., Singh, P., and Haritashya, Springer, 113–126, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_615, 2011.
Hu, G., Chen, N., Deng, M., and Wang, Y.: Classification and Initiation
Conditions of Debris Flows in Linzhi Area, Tibet, Bulletin of Soil and Water
Conservation, 31, 193–197 + 221, 2011.
Huggel, C., Caplan-Auerbach, J., Waythomas, C. F., and Wessels, R. L.:
Monitoring and modeling ice-rock avalanches from ice-capped volcanoes: A
case study of frequent large avalanches on Iliamna Volcano, Alaska, J.
Volcanol. Geoth. Res., 168, 114–136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.08.009, 2007.
Hungr, O., Leroueil, S., and Picarelli, L.: The Varnes classification of
landslide types, an update, Landslides, 11, 167–194, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-013-0436-y, 2014.
Jarman, D.: Large rock slope failures in the Highlands of Scotland:
Characterisation, causes and spatial distribution, Eng. Geol., 83,
161–182, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGGEO.2005.06.030, 2006.
Kääb, A., Jacquemart, M., Gilbert, A., Leinss, S., Girod, L., Huggel, C., Falaschi, D., Ugalde, F., Petrakov, D., Chernomorets, S., Dokukin, M., Paul, F., Gascoin, S., Berthier, E., and Kargel, J. S.: Sudden large-volume detachments of low-angle mountain glaciers – more frequent than thought?, The Cryosphere, 15, 1751–1785, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1751-2021, 2021.
Ke, C.-Q., Kou, C., Ludwig, R., and Qin, X.: Glacier velocity measurements
in the eastern Yigong Zangbo basin, Tibet, China, J. Glaciol., 59,
1060–1068, https://doi.org/10.3189/2013JOG12J234, 2013.
Kirkbride, M. P. and Deline, P.: Spatial heterogeneity in the paraglacial
response to post-Little Ice Age deglaciation of four headwater cirques in
the Western Alps, Land Degrad. Dev., 29, 3127–3140, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2975, 2018.
Krautblatter, M., and Leith, K.: Glacier- and permafrost-related slope
instabilities, in: The High-Mountain Cryosphere: Environmental Changes and
Human Risks, edited by: Kääb, A., Huggel, C., Clague, J. J., and
Carey, M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 147–165, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107588653, 2015.
Li, X., Ding, Y., Liu, Q., Zhang, Y., Han, T., Jing, Z., Yu, Z., Li, Q., and
Liu, S.: Intense Chemical Weathering at Glacial Meltwater-Dominated
Hailuogou Basin in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau, Water, 11, 1209, https://doi.org/10.3390/w11061209, 2019.
Li, Z., He, Y., Yang, X., Theakstone, W. H., Jia, W., Pu, T., Liu, Q., He,
X., Song, B., Zhang, N., Wang, S., and Du, J.: Changes of the Hailuogou
glacier, Mt. Gongga, China, against the background of climate change during
the Holocene, Quatern. Int., 218, 166–175, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2008.09.005, 2010.
Liao, H., Liu, Q., Zhong, Y., and Lu, X.: Landsat-Based Estimation of the
Glacier Surface Temperature of Hailuogou Glacier, Southeastern Tibetan
Plateau, Between 1990 and 2018, Remote Sensing, 12, 2105, https://doi.org/10.3390/RS12132105,
2020.
Liu, G., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., and Fu, H.: Mineral deformation and subglacial
processes on ice-bedrock interface of Hailuogou Glacier, Chinese Sci.
Bull., 54, 3318–3325, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-009-0289-x, 2009.
Liu, G., Zhang, B., Liu, Q., Zhang, R., Cai, J., Fu, Y., Yu, B., and Li, Z.:
Monitoring Dynamics of Hailuogou Glacier and the Secondary Landslide
Disasters Based on Combination of Satellite SAR and Ground-Based SAR,
Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University, 44, 980–995, 2019.
Liu, J., Zhang, J., Gao, B., Li, Y., Mengyu, L., Wujin, D., and Zhou, L.: An
overview of glacial lake outburst flood in Tibet, China, Journal of
Glaciology and Geocryology, 41, 1335–1347, 2019.
Liu, Q. and Liu, S.: Seasonal evolution of the englacial and subglacial
drainage systems of a temperate glacier revealed by hydrological analysis,
Sci. Cold Arid. Reg., 2, 51–58, 2010.
Liu, Q. and Zhang, Y.: Studies on the dynamics of monsoonal temperate
glaciers in Mt.Gongga: a review, Mt. Res., 35, 717–726, 2017.
Liu, Q., Liu, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Guo, W., and Xu, J.:
Recent shrinkage and hydrological response of Hailuogou glacier, a monsoon
temperate glacier on the east slope of Mount Gongga, China, J.
Glaciol., 56, 215–224, 2010.
Liu, Q., Liu, S., and Cao, W.: Seasonal Variation of Drainage System in the
Lower Ablation Area of a Monsoonal Temperate Debris-Covered Glacier in Mt.
Gongga, South-Eastern Tibet, Water, 10, 1050, https://doi.org/10.3390/w10081050, 2018.
Liu, W., Carling, P. A., Hu, K., Wang, H., Zhou, Z., Zhou, L., Liu, D., Lai,
Z., and Zhang, X.: Outburst floods in China: A review, Earth-Sci.
Rev., 197, 102895, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EARSCIREV.2019.102895, 2019.
Matsuoka, N.: Frost weathering and rockwall erosion in the southeastern
Swiss Alps: Long-term (1994–2006) observations, Geomorphology, 99, 353–368,
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GEOMORPH.2007.11.013, 2008.
McColl, S. T.: Paraglacial rock-slope stability, Geomorphology, 153–154,
1–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.02.015, 2012.
McColl, S. T.: Landslide Causes and Triggers, in: Landslide
Hazards, Risks and Disasters, edited by: Shroder, J. F., and Davies, T., Chap. 2,
Academic Press, Boston, 17–42, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818464-6.00011-1, 2015.
McColl, S. T. and Davies, T. R.: Large ice-contact slope movements: glacial
buttressing, deformation and erosion, Earth Surf. Proc. Land.,
38, 1102–1115, 2013.
Miles, K. E., Hubbard, B., Miles, E. S., Quincey, D. J., Rowan, A. V.,
Kirkbride, M., and Hornsey, J.: Continuous borehole optical televiewing
reveals variable englacial debris concentrations at Khumbu Glacier, Nepal,
Communications Earth & Environment, 2, 12, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00070-x, 2021.
Neckel, N., Loibl, D., and Rankl, M.: Recent slowdown and thinning of
debris-covered glaciers in south-eastern Tibet, Earth Planet. Sc.
Lett., 464, 95–102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.02.008, 2017.
Oerlemans, J.: Climate sensitivity of Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand, as
revealed by numerical modeling, Arct. Alp. Res., 29, 233–239,
1997.
Pan, B. T., Zhang, G. L., Wang, J., Cao, B., Geng, H. P., Wang, J., Zhang, C., and Ji, Y. P.: Glacier changes from 1966–2009 in the Gongga Mountains, on the south-eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and their climatic forcing, The Cryosphere, 6, 1087–1101, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-1087-2012, 2012.
Reheis, M. J.: Source, transportation and deposition of debris on Arapaho
Glacier, Front Range, Colorado, U.S.A, J. Glaciol., 14, 407–420,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022143000021936, 1975.
Reznichenko, N. V., Davies, T. R. H., Shulmeister, J., and Larsen, S. H.: A
new technique for identifying rock avalanche–sourced sediment in moraines
and some paleoclimatic implications, Geology, 40, 319–322, https://doi.org/10.1130/g32684.1, 2012.
Rodríguez-Rodríguez, L., González-Lemos, S., Ballesteros, D.,
Valenzuela, P., Domínguez-Cuesta, M. J., Llana-Fúnez, S., and
Jiménez-Sánchez, M.: Timing of paraglacial rock-slope failures and
denudation signatures in the Cantabrian Mountains (North Iberian Peninsula),
Land Degrad. Dev., 29, 3159–3173, https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3012,
2018.
Rowan, A. V., Quincey, D. J., Gibson, M. J., Glasser, N. F., Westoby, M. J.,
Irvine-Fynn, T. D. L., Porter, P. R., and Hambrey, M. J.: The sustainability
of water resources in High Mountain Asia in the context of recent and future
glacier change, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 462, 189,
https://doi.org/10.1144/SP462.12, 2018.
Salerno, F., Thakuri, S., D'Agata, C., Smiraglia, C., Manfredi, E. C.,
Viviano, G., and Tartari, G.: Glacial lake distribution in the Mount Everest
region: Uncertainty of measurement and conditions of formation, Global
Planet. Change, 92, 30-39, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GLOPLACHA.2012.04.001, 2012.
Scherler, D., Wulf, H., and Gorelick, N.: Global Assessment of Supraglacial
Debris-Cover Extents, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 11798–711805, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL080158, 2018.
Schiefer, E. and Gilbert, R.: Reconstructing morphometric change in a
proglacial landscape using historical aerial photography and automated DEM
generation, Geomorphology, 88, 167–178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.11.003,
2007.
Shugar, D. H., Jacquemart, M., Shean, D., Bhushan, S., Upadhyay, K., Sattar,
A., Schwanghart, W., McBride, S., Vries, M. V. W. d., Mergili, M., Emmer,
A., Deschamps-Berger, C., McDonnell, M., Bhambri, R., Allen, S., Berthier,
E., Carrivick, J. L., Clague, J. J., Dokukin, M., Dunning, S. A., Frey, H.,
Gascoin, S., Haritashya, U. K., Huggel, C., Kääb, A., Kargel, J. S.,
Kavanaugh, J. L., Lacroix, P., Petley, D., Rupper, S., Azam, M. F., Cook, S.
J., Dimri, A. P., Eriksson, M., Farinotti, D., Fiddes, J., Gnyawali, K. R.,
Harrison, S., Jha, M., Koppes, M., Kumar, A., Leinss, S., Majeed, U., Mal,
S., Muhuri, A., Noetzli, J., Paul, F., Rashid, I., Sain, K., Steiner, J.,
Ugalde, F., Watson, C. S., and Westoby, M.: A massive rock and ice avalanche
caused the 2021 disaster at Chamoli, Indian Himalaya, Science, 373, 300–306,
https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.ABH4455, 2021.
Smith, W. D., Dunning, S. A., Brough, S., Ross, N., and Telling, J.: GERALDINE (Google Earth Engine supRaglAciaL Debris INput dEtector): a new tool for identifying and monitoring supraglacial landslide inputs, Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 1053–1065, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1053-2020, 2020.
Su, Z. and Shi, Y.: Response of monsoonal temperate glaciers to global
warming since the Little Ice Age, Quatern. Int., 97–98, 123-131,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00057-5, 2002.
van Woerkom, T., Steiner, J. F., Kraaijenbrink, P. D. A., Miles, E. S., and Immerzeel, W. W.: Sediment supply from lateral moraines to a debris-covered glacier in the Himalaya, Earth Surf. Dynam., 7, 411–427, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-7-411-2019, 2019.
Wang, P., Li, Z., Li, H., Wang, W., Wu, L., Zhang, H., Huai, B., and Wang,
L.: Recent Evolution in Extent, Thickness, and Velocity of Haxilegen Glacier
No. 51, Kuytun River Basin, Eastern Tianshan Mountains, Arct. Antarct.
Alp. Res., 48, 241–252, https://doi.org/10.1657/AAAR0014-079, 2016.
Williams, H. B. and Koppes, M. N.: A comparison of glacial and paraglacial
denudation responses to rapid glacial retreat, Ann. Glaciol., 60,
151–164, https://doi.org/10.1017/aog.2020.1, 2020.
Xu, Q., Shang, Y., AschTheo, v., Wang, S., Zhang, Z., and Dong, X.:
Observations from the large, rapid Yigong rock slide – debris avalanche,
southeast Tibet, Can. Geotech. J., 49, 589–606, https://doi.org/10.1139/T2012-021, 2012.
Xu, X., Ma, D., He, D., and Huang, H.: Analysis on hydro-thermal combination
of debris flow occurrence in Mt. Gongga region, Mt. Res., 4, 431–437,
2007.
Yao, T., Xue, Y., Chen, D., Chen, F., Thompson, L., Cui, P., Koike, T., Lau,
W. K. M., Lettenmaier, D., Mosbrugger, V., Zhang, R., Xu, B., Dozier, J.,
Gillespie, T., Gu, Y., Kang, S., Piao, S., Sugimoto, S., Ueno, K., Wang, L.,
Wang, W., Zhang, F., Sheng, Y., Guo, W., Ailikun, Yang, X., Ma, Y., Shen, S.
S. P., Su, Z., Chen, F., Liang, S., Liu, Y., Singh, V. P., Yang, K., Yang,
D., Zhao, X., Qian, Y., Zhang, Y., and Li, Q.: Recent Third Pole's Rapid
Warming Accompanies Cryospheric Melt and Water Cycle Intensification and
Interactions between Monsoon and Environment: Multidisciplinary Approach
with Observations, Modeling, and Analysis, B. Am.
Meteorol. Soc., 100, 423–444, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0057.1, 2019a.
Yao, T., Yu, W., Wu, G., Xu, B., Yang, W., Zhao, H., Wang, W., Li, S., Wang,
N., Li, Z., Liu, S., and You, C.: Glacier anomalies and relevant disaster
risks on the Tibetan Plateau and surroundings, Chinese Sci. Bull., 64,
2770–2782, 2019b.
Yao, X., Liu, S., Sun, M., and Zhang, X.: Study on the glacial lake outburst
flood events in Tibet since the 20th Century, Journal of Natural Resources,
29, 1377–1390, 2014.
Zhang, W.: Some features of the surge glacier in the Mt. Namjagbarwa,
Mt. Res., 3, 234–238, 1985.
Zhang, Y., Fujita, K., Liu, S., Liu, Q., and Wang, X.: Multi-decadal
ice-velocity and elevation changes of a monsoonal maritime glacier:
Hailuogou glacier, China, J. Glaciol., 56, 65–74, https://doi.org/10.3189/002214310791190884, 2010.
Zhu, Z.: On Characteristics of Visitor Flow to Hailuogou Glacier Forest Park
in Sichuan, Journal of Huizhou University, 35, 66–69 + 80, 2015.
Short summary
Slope failures exist in many paraglacial regions and are the main manifestation of the interaction between debris-covered glaciers and slopes. We mapped paraglacial slope failures (PSFs) along the Hailuogou Glacier (HLG), Mt. Gongga, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. We argue that the formation, evolution, and current status of these typical PSFs are generally related to glacier history and paraglacial geomorphological adjustments, and influenced by the fluctuation of climate conditions.
Slope failures exist in many paraglacial regions and are the main manifestation of the...