Research article 21 Jul 2021
Research article | 21 Jul 2021
Bedrock river erosion through dipping layered rocks: quantifying erodibility through kinematic wave speed
Nate A. Mitchell and Brian J. Yanites
Related subject area
Physical: Geomorphology (including all aspects of fluvial, coastal, aeolian, hillslope and glacial geomorphology)
Landslide-lake outburst floods accelerate downstream hillslope slippage
The relative influence of dune aspect ratio and beach width on dune erosion as a function of storm duration and surge level
A temperature-dependent mechanical model to assess the stability of degrading permafrost rock slopes
The effects of storms and a transient sandy veneer on the interannual planform evolution of a low-relief coastal cliff and shore platform at Sargent Beach, Texas, USA
Identification of rock and fracture kinematics in high alpine rockwalls under the influence of elevation
Controls on the grain size distribution of landslides in Taiwan: the influence of drop height, scar depth and bedrock strength
Assessing the effect of topography on Cs-137 concentrations within forested soils due to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, Japan
Climatic controls on mountain glacier basal thermal regimes dictate spatial patterns of glacial erosion
Tectonically and climatically driven mountain-hopping erosion in central Guatemala from detrital 10Be and river profile analysis
Stochastic alluvial fan and terrace formation triggered by a high-magnitude Holocene landslide in the Klados Gorge, Crete
Controls on the rates and products of particle attrition by bed-load collisions
Particle energy partitioning and transverse diffusion during rarefied travel on an experimental hillslope
Short communication: Runout of rock avalanches limited by basal friction but controlled by fragmentation
Rarefied particle motions on hillslopes – Part 1: Theory
Rarefied particle motions on hillslopes – Part 2: Analysis
Rarefied particle motions on hillslopes – Part 3: Entropy
Rarefied particle motions on hillslopes – Part 4: Philosophy
Implications of the ongoing rock uplift in NW Himalayan interiors
Interactions between deforestation, landscape rejuvenation, and shallow landslides in the North Tanganyika–Kivu rift region, Africa
Relevance of acoustic methods to quantify bedload transport and bedform dynamics in a large sandy-gravel-bed river
Earthquake-induced debris flows at Popocatépetl Volcano, Mexico
Sand mining far outpaces natural supply in a large alluvial river
Controls on the hydraulic geometry of alluvial channels: bank stability to gravitational failure, the critical-flow hypothesis, and conservation of mass and energy
Genesis and propagation of exogenous sediment pulses in mountain channels: insights from flume experiments with seismic monitoring
Effect of stress history on sediment transport and channel adjustment in graded gravel-bed rivers
Hack distributions of rill networks and nonlinear slope length–soil loss relationships
Development of smart boulders to monitor mass movements via the Internet of Things: a pilot study in Nepal
Laboratory observations on meltwater meandering rivulets on ice
Quantifying thresholds of barrier geomorphic change in a cross-shore sediment-partitioning model
The enigma of relict large sorted stone stripes in the tropical Ethiopian Highlands
Growing topography due to contrasting rock types in a tectonically dead landscape
How do modeling choices and erosion zone locations impact the representation of connectivity and the dynamics of suspended sediments in a multi-source soil erosion model?
Sediment shell-content diminishes current-driven sand ripple development and migration
Different coastal marsh sites reflect similar topographic conditions under which bare patches and vegetation recovery occur
Coupling threshold theory and satellite-derived channel width to estimate the formative discharge of Himalayan foreland rivers
Inertial drag and lift forces for coarse grains on rough alluvial beds measured using in-grain accelerometers
GERALDINE (Google Earth Engine supRaglAciaL Debris INput dEtector): a new tool for identifying and monitoring supraglacial landslide inputs
The formation processes and development characteristics of sandbars due to outburst flood triggered by landslide dam overtopping failure
Short communication: Multiscalar roughness length decomposition in fluvial systems using a transform-roughness correlation (TRC) approach
Evolution of events before and after the 17 June 2017 rock avalanche at Karrat Fjord, West Greenland – a multidisciplinary approach to detecting and locating unstable rock slopes in a remote Arctic area
Complementing scale experiments of rivers and estuaries with numerically modelled hydrodynamics
Characterization of morphological units in a small, forested stream using close-range remotely piloted aircraft imagery
Topographic controls on divide migration, stream capture, and diversification in riverine life
Ice sheet and palaeoclimate controls on drainage network evolution: an example from Dogger Bank, North Sea
Experimental study of sediment supply control on step formation, evolution, and stability
A bed load transport equation based on the spatial distribution of shear stress – Oak Creek revisited
Morphometric properties of alternate bars and water discharge: a laboratory investigation
Timing of exotic, far-traveled boulder emplacement and paleo-outburst flooding in the central Himalayas
A 6-year lidar survey reveals enhanced rockwall retreat and modified rockfall magnitudes/frequencies in deglaciating cirques
Short communication: Field data reveal that the transport probability of clasts in Peruvian and Swiss streams mainly depends on the sorting of the grains
Wentao Yang, Jian Fang, and Jing Liu-Zeng
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1251–1262, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1251-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1251-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The eastern Tibetan Plateau is an ideal place to study interactions among different geomorphic drivers. We report the impacts of two 2018 landslide-lake outburst floods up to 100 km distance downstream of the Jinsha River. By using remote sensing images, we found that the 2018 floods caused many hillslopes to slump during the prolonged period afterwards. The finding could help us to obtain a holistic picture of LLF impacts and improve geomorphic models of landscape evolution.
Michael Itzkin, Laura J. Moore, Peter Ruggiero, Sally D. Hacker, and Reuben G. Biel
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1223–1237, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1223-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1223-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Studies of the impact of storms on dunes typically focus on the importance of dune elevation,
here we analyze the protective services offered by the dune height and width, the morphology
of the beach fronting the dune, and artificial dune construction via the use of sand fences.
We find that dune volume loss most strongly correlates to beach width rather than dune shape,
although when beach width is controlled for low and wide dunes offer greater protection than
tall and narrow dunes.
Philipp Mamot, Samuel Weber, Saskia Eppinger, and Michael Krautblatter
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1125–1151, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1125-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1125-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The mechanical response of permafrost degradation on high-mountain rock slope stability has not been calculated in a numerical model yet. We present the first approach for a model with thermal and mechanical input data derived from laboratory and field work, and existing concepts. This is applied to a test site at the Zugspitze, Germany. A numerical sensitivity analysis provides the first critical stability thresholds related to the rock temperature, slope angle and fracture network orientation.
Rose V. Palermo, Anastasia Piliouras, Travis E. Swanson, Andrew D. Ashton, and David Mohrig
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 1111–1123, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1111-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-1111-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
At Sargent Beach, Texas, USA, a rapidly eroding soft-sediment cliff system, we study the planform evolution of the cliff face in response to storms and sediment cover. Through this analysis, we characterize the feedbacks between morphology and retreat rate of a cliff face. We find that after a storm event, the roughness and sinuosity of the cliff face increase, which sustains higher retreat rates for years following.
Daniel Draebing
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 977–994, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-977-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-977-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Alpine rockwalls are affected by weathering processes that result in rock and fracture deformation. This deformation decreases rockwall stability with time. I installed crackmeters along a topographic gradient to identify the spatial and temporal variation of weathering processes. My data show that elevation-dependent snow cover, topographic factors and fracture dipping control the frequency and magnitude of weathering processes and resulting rock kinematics.
Odin Marc, Jens M. Turowski, and Patrick Meunier
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 995–1011, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-995-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-995-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The size of grains delivered to rivers is an essential parameter for understanding erosion and sediment transport and their related hazards. In mountains, landslides deliver these rock fragments, but few studies have analyzed the landslide properties that control the resulting sizes. We present measurements on 17 landslides from Taiwan and show that their grain sizes depend on rock strength, landslide depth and drop height, thereby validating and updating a previous theory on fragmentation.
Misa Yasumiishi, Taku Nishimura, Jared Aldstadt, Sean J. Bennett, and Thomas Bittner
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 861–893, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-861-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-861-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Topographic effects on radioactive contamination in a forested area were quantitatively examined using soil core samples collected in a village in Fukushima, Japan. The results confirmed that local topography influences the contamination patterns in soils, and its effects vary depending on the combinations of the topographic parameters. This finding suggests that topographic characteristics should be considered carefully in future environmental radioactive risk assessments.
Jingtao Lai and Alison M. Anders
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 845–859, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-845-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-845-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Glaciers are strong erosive agents, and they have created many unique landforms in mountain belts. Climate has been viewed as a primary control on glacial erosion, yet our understanding of the mechanism by which climate impacts glacial erosion remains limited. Using computer simulations, we find that climate controls glacial erosion by modulating the temperature of the basal ice. Our results suggest that a warm and/or wet climate can create warm basal ice and, therefore, enhance erosion.
Gilles Brocard, Jane Kathrin Willenbring, Tristan Salles, Michael Cosca, Axel Guttiérez-Orrego, Noé Cacao Chiquín, Sergio Morán-Ical, and Christian Teyssier
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 795–822, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-795-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-795-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The rise of a mountain affects the circulation of water, both in the atmosphere and over the land surface, thereby affecting the erosion of the land surface. We document how the rise of a mountain in central Guatemala has affected the erosion of an older range nearby. The new range intercepts precipitation formerly delivered to the older range. River response to the uplift of the new range has decreased incision across the older one. Both have reduced hillslope erosion over the old range.
Elena T. Bruni, Richard F. Ott, Vincenzo Picotti, Negar Haghipour, Karl W. Wegmann, and Sean F. Gallen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 771–793, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-771-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-771-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Klados River catchment contains seemingly overlarge, well-preserved alluvial terraces and fans. Unlike previous studies, we argue that the deposits formed in the Holocene based on their position relative to a paleoshoreline uplifted in 365 CE and seven radiocarbon dates. We also find that constant sediment supply from high-lying landslide deposits disconnected the valley from regional tectonics and climate controls, which resulted in fan and terrace formation guided by stochastic events.
Kimberly Litwin Miller and Douglas Jerolmack
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 755–770, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-755-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-755-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We conducted experiments to investigate the mechanics of sediment attrition due to collisions with the channel bed during downstream transport. During this process, the grains become rounder and smaller, changing the overall distribution of sediment in the river. In this work we examine how material properties play a role in the breakdown of sediment due to energetic collisions and the fine particles that are produced when chipped off of larger grains.
Sarah G. W. Williams and David J. Furbish
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 701–721, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-701-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-701-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Particle motions and travel distances prior to deposition on hillslope surfaces depend on a balance of gravitational and frictional forces. We elaborate how particle energy is partitioned and dissipated during travel using measurements of particle travel distances supplemented with high-speed imaging of drop–impact–rebound experiments. Results show that particle shape plays a dominant role in how energy is partitioned during impact with a surface and how far particles travel in two dimensions.
Øystein T. Haug, Matthias Rosenau, Michael Rudolf, Karen Leever, and Onno Oncken
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 665–672, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-665-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-665-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The runout of rock avalanches scales with their volume but also shows a considerable variation for avalanches with similar volumes. Here we show that besides size-dependent weakening mechanisms, fragmentation can account for the observed variability in runout. We use laboratory-scale experimental avalanches to simulate and analyse the role of fragmentation. We find that fragmentation consumes energy but also increases avalanche mobility. It does so systematically and predictably.
David Jon Furbish, Joshua J. Roering, Tyler H. Doane, Danica L. Roth, Sarah G. W. Williams, and Angel M. Abbott
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 539–576, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-539-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-539-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sediment particles skitter down steep hillslopes on Earth and Mars. Particles gain speed in going downhill but are slowed down and sometimes stop due to collisions with the rough surface. The likelihood of stopping depends on the energetics of speeding up (heating) versus slowing down (cooling). Statistical physics predicts that particle travel distances are described by a generalized Pareto distribution whose form varies with the Kirkby number – the ratio of heating to cooling.
David Jon Furbish, Sarah G. W. Williams, Danica L. Roth, Tyler H. Doane, and Joshua J. Roering
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 577–613, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-577-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-577-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The generalized Pareto distribution of particle travel distances on steep hillslopes, as described in a companion paper (Furbish et al., 2021a), is entirely consistent with measurements of travel distances obtained from laboratory and field-based experiments, supplemented with high-speed imaging and audio recordings that highlight the effects of bumpety-bump particle motions. Particle size and shape, in concert with surface roughness, strongly influence particle energetics and deposition.
David Jon Furbish, Sarah G. W. Williams, and Tyler H. Doane
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 615–628, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-615-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-615-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The generalized Pareto distribution of particle travel distances on steep hillslopes, as described in two companion papers (Furbish et al., 2021a, 2021b), is a maximum entropy distribution. This simply represents the most probable way that a great number of particles become distributed into distance states, subject to a fixed total energetic cost due to frictional effects of particle–surface collisions. The maximum entropy criterion is equivalent to a formal application of Occam's razor.
David Jon Furbish and Tyler H. Doane
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 629–664, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-629-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-629-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Using analyses of particle motions on steep hillslopes in three companion papers (Furbish et al., 2021a, 2021b, 2021c), we offer philosophical perspective on the merits of a statistical mechanics framework for describing sediment particle motions and transport, and the implications of rarefied versus continuum transport conditions. We highlight the mechanistic yet probabilistic nature of the approach, and the importance of tailoring the style of thinking to the process and scale of interest.
Saptarshi Dey, Rasmus C. Thiede, Arindam Biswas, Naveen Chauhan, Pritha Chakravarti, and Vikrant Jain
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 463–485, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-463-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-463-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Ongoing deformation of the Himalaya is not constrained to its southern extremity. With morphometric analysis using a high-resolution digital elevation model, satellite image analysis, luminescence chronology of fluvial terraces and field observations, we identify a zone of rapid rock uplift in the interior of the Kashmir Himalaya. Our results suggest active tectonic and structural control on the growth of topography in the Himalayan interiors over multi-millennial timescales.
Arthur Depicker, Gerard Govers, Liesbet Jacobs, Benjamin Campforts, Judith Uwihirwe, and Olivier Dewitte
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 445–462, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-445-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-445-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated how shallow landslide occurrence is impacted by deforestation and rifting in the North Tanganyika–Kivu rift region (Africa). We developed a new approach to calculate landslide erosion rates based on an inventory compiled in biased © Google Earth imagery. We find that deforestation increases landslide erosion by a factor of 2–8 and for a period of roughly 15 years. However, the exact impact of deforestation depends on the geomorphic context of the landscape (rejuvenated/relict).
Jules Le Guern, Stéphane Rodrigues, Thomas Geay, Sébastien Zanker, Alexandre Hauet, Pablo Tassi, Nicolas Claude, Philippe Jugé, Antoine Duperray, and Louis Vervynck
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 423–444, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-423-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-423-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Despite the inherent difficulties in quantifying its value, sediment transport is essential to understanding fluvial systems. This study tries to improve the measurement by comparing several methods. Acoustic methods are compared to direct measurements with samplers. The hydrophone is well adapted to quantify sediment transport in mountain streams, but this study shows the potential and the efficiency of this device in large lowland rivers.
Velio Coviello, Lucia Capra, Gianluca Norini, Norma Dávila, Dolors Ferrés, Víctor Hugo Márquez-Ramírez, and Eduard Pico
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 393–412, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-393-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-393-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Puebla–Morelos earthquake (19 September 2017) was the most damaging event in central Mexico since 1985. The seismic shaking produced hundreds of shallow landslides on the slopes of Popocatépetl Volcano. The larger landslides transformed into large debris flows that travelled for kilometers. We describe this exceptional mass wasting cascade and its predisposing factors, which have important implications for both the evolution of the volcanic edifice and hazard assessment.
Christopher Hackney, Grigorios Vasilopoulos, Sokchhay Heng, Vasudha Darbari, Samuel Walker, and Daniel Parsons
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-39, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-39, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
Unsustainable sand mining poses a threat to the stability of river channels. We use satellite imagery to estimate volumes of material removed from the Mekong River, Cambodia, over the period 2016–2020. We demonstrate that current rates of extraction now exceed previous estimates for the entire Mekong basin and significantly exceed the volume of sand naturally transported by the river. Our work highlights the importance of satellite imagery in monitoring sand mining activity over large areas.
Jon D. Pelletier
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 379–391, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-379-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-379-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The sizes and shapes of alluvial channels vary in a systematic way with the water flow they convey during large floods. It is demonstrated that the depth of alluvial channels is controlled by the resistance of channel bank material to slumping, which in turn is controlled by clay content. Deeper channels have faster water flow in a manner controlled by the critical hydraulic state to which channels tend to evolve. Channel width and slope can be further quantified using conservation principles.
Marco Piantini, Florent Gimbert, Hervé Bellot, and Alain Recking
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-28, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-28, 2021
Revised manuscript under review for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
We carry out laboratory experiments to investigate the formation and propagation dynamics of exogenous sediment pulses in mountain rivers. We show that the ability of a self-formed deposit to destabilize and generate sediment pulses depends on the sand content of the mixture, while each pulse turns out to be formed by a front, a body, and a tail. Seismic measurements reveal a complex and non-unique dependency between seismic power and sediment pulses’ transport characteristics.
Chenge An, Marwan A. Hassan, Carles Ferrer-Boix, and Xudong Fu
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 333–350, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-333-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-333-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mountain rivers are characterized by fluctuations of water flow, including both flood and inter-flood low flow. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to how inter-flood low flow affects the sediment transport in subsequent floods. Here we present a series of flume experiments. Results show that the existence of inter-flood low flow can reduce the sediment transport at the beginning of the subsequent flood. However, such an effect is gradually erased with the increase of flow intensity.
Tyler H. Doane, Jon D. Pelletier, and Mary H. Nichols
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 317–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-317-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-317-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This paper explores how the geometry of rill networks contributes to observed nonlinear relationships between soil loss and hillslope length. This work develops probability functions of geometrical quantities of the networks and then extends the theory to hydraulic variables by relying on well-known relationships. Theory is complemented by numerical modeling on numerical and natural surfaces. Results suggest that the particular arrangement of rill networks contributes to nonlinear relationships.
Benedetta Dini, Georgina L. Bennett, Aldina M. A. Franco, Michael R. Z. Whitworth, Kristen L. Cook, Andreas Senn, and John M. Reynolds
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 295–315, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-295-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-295-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We use long-range smart sensors connected to a network based on the Internet of Things to explore the possibility of detecting hazardous boulder movements in real time. Prior to the 2019 monsoon season we inserted the devices in 23 boulders spread over debris flow channels and a landslide in northeastern Nepal. The data obtained in this pilot study show the potential of this technology to be used in remote hazard-prone areas in future early warning systems.
Roberto Fernández and Gary Parker
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 253–269, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-253-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-253-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We present a set of observations from laboratory experiments on meltwater meandering rivulets on ice and compare them (qualitatively and quantitatively) to patterns commonly found in meandering channels flowing over different materials. Our channels display great similarities with real rivers in spite of being much smaller. Higher temperature differences between water and ice create deeper and less sinuous channels with bends that preferentially point downstream and are not as rounded.
Daniel J. Ciarletta, Jennifer L. Miselis, Justin L. Shawler, and Christopher J. Hein
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 183–203, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-183-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-183-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The world's sandy coastlines are increasingly altered by humans and
sea-level rise, yet quantitative relationships between coastal landscapes and sediment availability remain poorly described. Using a novel modeling framework, we explore the evolution of coastal barrier islands under varying rates of sea-level rise and sediment availability. Our model results suggest that as sea levels increase, minor changes in sediment availability could result in rapid changes to barrier coasts.
Alexander R. Groos, Janik Niederhauser, Luise Wraase, Falk Hänsel, Thomas Nauss, Naki Akçar, and Heinz Veit
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 145–166, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-145-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-145-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Large sorted stone stripes have been discovered on the 4000 m high central Sanetti Plateau of the tropical Bale Mountains in Ethiopia. The stripes are a mystery as similar landforms have so far only been reported in the temperate zone and polar regions. Our investigations suggest that the stripes formed in the vicinity of a former ice cap on the plateau during a much colder climatic period. The distinct pattern is the result of a process related to cyclic freezing and thawing of the ground.
Daniel Peifer, Cristina Persano, Martin D. Hurst, Paul Bishop, and Derek Fabel
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 167–181, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-167-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-167-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Plate tectonics drive the formation of mountain ranges. Yet when tectonic forces cease, mountain ranges persist for hundreds of millions of years, forming major Earth surface features. This work presents denudation rate estimates from one such ancient mountain range that show that denudation is strongly tied to rock type. Resistant rocks denude more slowly despite having much steeper topography, and contrasts in rock type cause increasing relief in the absence of active tectonics.
Magdalena Uber, Guillaume Nord, Cédric Legout, and Luis Cea
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 123–144, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-123-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-123-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Understanding soil erosion and suspended sediment transport is an important issue in terms of soil and water resources management. This study analyzes the impact of choices made during numerical model setup on the modeled suspended sediment dynamics at the outlet of two mesoscale watersheds. While the modeled liquid and solid discharges were found to be sensitive to these choices, the actual location of sediment sources in each catchment was the most important feature.
Chiu H. Cheng, Jaco C. de Smit, Greg S. Fivash, Suzanne J. M. H. Hulscher, Bas W. Borsje, and Karline Soetaert
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-13, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2021-13, 2021
Revised manuscript accepted for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
Shells are biogenic particles that are widespread throughout natural sandy environments and can affect the bed roughness and seabed erodibility. As studies are presently lacking, we experimentally measured ripple formation and migration using natural sand with increasing volumes of shell material under unidirectional flow in a racetrack flume. We show that shells expedite the onset of sediment transport, reduce ripple dimensions and slow their migration rate.
Chen Wang, Lennert Schepers, Matthew L. Kirwan, Enrica Belluco, Andrea D'Alpaos, Qiao Wang, Shoujing Yin, and Stijn Temmerman
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 71–88, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-71-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-71-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal marshes are valuable natural habitats with normally dense vegetation. The presence of bare patches is a symptom of habitat degradation. We found that the occurrence of bare patches and regrowth of vegetation is related to spatial variations in soil surface elevation and to the distance and connectivity to tidal creeks. These relations are similar in three marshes at very different geographical locations. Our results may help nature managers to conserve and restore coastal marshes.
Kumar Gaurav, François Métivier, A V Sreejith, Rajiv Sinha, Amit Kumar, and Sampat Kumar Tandon
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 47–70, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-47-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-47-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study demonstrates an innovative methodology to estimate the formative discharge of alluvial rivers from remote sensing images. We have developed an automated algorithm in Python 3 to extract the width of a river channel from satellite images. Finally, this channel width is translated into discharge using a semi-empirical regime equation developed from field measurements and threshold channel theory that explains the first-order geometry of alluvial channels.
Georgios Maniatis, Trevor Hoey, Rebecca Hodge, Dieter Rickenmann, and Alexandre Badoux
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 1067–1099, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1067-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1067-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
One of the most interesting problems in geomorphology concerns the conditions that mobilise sediments grains in rivers. Newly developed
smartpebbles allow for the measurement of those conditions directly if a suitable framework for analysis is followed. This paper connects such a framework with the physics used to described sediment motion and presents a series of laboratory and field smart-pebble deployments. Those quantify how grain shape affects the motion of coarse sediments in rivers.
William D. Smith, Stuart A. Dunning, Stephen Brough, Neil Ross, and Jon Telling
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 1053–1065, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1053-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1053-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Glacial landslides are difficult to detect and likely underestimated due to rapid covering or dispersal. Without improved detection rates we cannot constrain their impact on glacial dynamics or their potential climatically driven increases in occurrence. Here we present a new open-access tool (GERALDINE) that helps a user detect 92 % of these events over the past 38 years on a global scale. We demonstrate its ability by identifying two new, large glacial landslides in the Hayes Range, Alaska.
Xiangang Jiang, Haiguang Cheng, Lei Gao, and Weiming Liu
Earth Surf. Dynam. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-92, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2020-92, 2020
Revised manuscript accepted for ESurf
Short summary
Short summary
Sandbars are an essential form of riverbed morphology which could be affected by landslide dams. However, few studies have focused on the formation processes and development characteristics of sandbars triggered by outburst flood. In such a way, eight group dam failure experiments with 4 to 7 times of dam length movable bed is carried out to study the temporal and spatial distributions of 25 sandbars along the riverbeds, the sandbars geometric characteristics, and the influence of outburst flow.
David L. Adams and Andrea Zampiron
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 1039–1051, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1039-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1039-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a novel method of estimating the relative contribution of different physical scales of river bed topography to the total roughness length, based on thalweg elevation profiles. By providing more detailed information regarding the interaction between surface topography and fluid dynamics, the proposed technique may contribute to advances in hydraulics, channel morphodynamics, and bedload transport. Also, it may provide alternatives to existing representative roughness metrics.
Kristian Svennevig, Trine Dahl-Jensen, Marie Keiding, John Peter Merryman Boncori, Tine B. Larsen, Sara Salehi, Anne Munck Solgaard, and Peter H. Voss
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 1021–1038, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1021-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1021-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The 17 June 2017 Karrat landslide in Greenland caused a tsunami that killed four people. We apply a multidisciplinary workflow to reconstruct a timeline of events and find that three historic landslides occurred in 2009, 2016, and 2017. We also find evidence of much older periods of landslide activity. Three newly discovered active slopes might pose a future hazard. We speculate that the trigger for the recent events is melting permafrost due to a warming climate.
Steven A. H. Weisscher, Marcio Boechat-Albernaz, Jasper R. F. W. Leuven, Wout M. Van Dijk, Yasuyuki Shimizu, and Maarten G. Kleinhans
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 955–972, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-955-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-955-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Accurate and continuous data collection is challenging in physical scale experiments. A novel means to augment measurements is to numerically model flow over the experimental digital elevation maps. We tested this modelling approach for one tidal and two river scale experiments and showed that modelled water depth and flow velocity closely resemble the measurements. The implication is that conducting experiments requires fewer measurements and results in flow data of better overall quality.
Carina Helm, Marwan A. Hassan, and David Reid
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 913–929, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-913-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-913-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Forested, gravel-bed streams possess complex channel morphologies which are difficult to objectively characterize. This paper describes a novel technique using a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) to characterize these systems below the forest canopy. The results demonstrate the accuracy and coverage of RPAs for objectively characterizing and classifying these systems relative to more traditional, time-consuming techniques that are generally used in these environments.
Nathan J. Lyons, Pedro Val, James S. Albert, Jane K. Willenbring, and Nicole M. Gasparini
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 893–912, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-893-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-893-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Organisms evolve in ever-changing environments under complex process interactions. We applied a new software modelling tool to assess how changes in river course impact the evolution of riverine species. Models illustrate the climatically and tectonically forced landscape changes that can drive riverine biodiversity, especially where topographic relief is low. This research demonstrates that river course changes can contribute to the high riverine biodiversity found in real-world lowland basins.
Andy R. Emery, David M. Hodgson, Natasha L. M. Barlow, Jonathan L. Carrivick, Carol J. Cotterill, Janet C. Richardson, Ruza F. Ivanovic, and Claire L. Mellett
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 869–891, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-869-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-869-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
During the last ice age, sea level was lower, and the North Sea was land. The margin of a large ice sheet was at Dogger Bank in the North Sea. This ice sheet formed large rivers. After the ice sheet retreated down from the high point of Dogger Bank, the rivers had no water supply and dried out. Increased precipitation during the 15 000 years of land exposure at Dogger Bank formed a new drainage network. This study shows how glaciation and climate changes can control how drainage networks evolve.
Matteo Saletti and Marwan A. Hassan
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 855–868, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-855-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-855-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Mountain streams often display a stepped morphology but the conditions under which these steps form, remain stable, and eventually collapse are still not entirely clear. We run flume experiments to study how (a) the amount of sediment input and (b) channel width variations affect step dynamics in steep channels. Steps form preferentially in areas of flow convergence (channel narrowing) and their frequency is higher when sediment supply is larger than zero but smaller than the transport capacity.
Angel Monsalve, Catalina Segura, Nicole Hucke, and Scott Katz
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 825–839, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-825-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-825-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Part of the inaccuracies when estimating bed load transport in
gravel-bed rivers is because we are not considering the wide distributions of shear stress in these systems. We modified a subsurface-based bed load transport equation to include these distributions. By doing so, our approach accurately predicts bed load transport rates when the pavement layer is still present, while the original one predicts zero transport. For high flows, our method had similar performance to the original equation.
Marco Redolfi, Matilde Welber, Mattia Carlin, Marco Tubino, and Walter Bertoldi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 789–808, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-789-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-789-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Alternate bars are large sediment deposits that tend to naturally form in rivers when the channel width is sufficiently large. Our laboratory experiments on a scaled model reveal that equilibrium properties of self-formed alternate bars highly depend on the water discharge with respect to the relevant theoretical thresholds. This work provides fundamental information for predicting the response of rivers to natural or human alterations of the flow regime.
Marius L. Huber, Maarten Lupker, Sean F. Gallen, Marcus Christl, and Ananta P. Gajurel
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 769–787, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-769-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-769-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Large boulders found in two Himalayan valleys show signs of long fluvial transport (>10 km). Paleo-discharges required to mobilize these boulders exceed typical monsoon discharges. Exposure dating shows that a cluster of these boulders was emplaced ca. 5 kyr ago. This period is coeval with a weakening of the Indian monsoon and glacier retreat in the area. We, therefore, suggest that glacier lake outburst floods are likely mechanisms that can explain these exceptional transport processes.
Ingo Hartmeyer, Markus Keuschnig, Robert Delleske, Michael Krautblatter, Andreas Lang, Lothar Schrott, Günther Prasicek, and Jan-Christoph Otto
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 753–768, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-753-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-753-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Rockfall size and frequency in two deglaciating cirques in the Central Alps, Austria, is analysed based on 6-year rockwall monitoring with terrestrial lidar (2011–2017). The erosion rates derived from this dataset are very high due to a frequent occurrence of large rockfalls in freshly deglaciated areas. The results obtained are important for rockfall hazard assessments, as, in rockwalls affected by glacier retreat, historical rockfall patterns are not good predictors of future events.
Fritz Schlunegger, Romain Delunel, and Philippos Garefalakis
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 717–728, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-717-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-717-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We calculated the probability of sediment transport in coarse-grained mountainous streams in the Alps and the Andes where data on water discharge is available. We find a positive correlation between the predicted probability of sediment transport and the grain size sorting of the bed material. We suggest that besides sediment discharge, the bedload sorting exerts a significant influence on the mobility of sediment and thus on the stability of gravel bars in mountainous streams.
Cited articles
Ahmed, S., Bhattacharya, J. P., Garza, D. E., and Li, Y.: Facies Architecture and Stratigraphic Evolution of A River-Dominated Delta Front, Turonian Ferron
Sandstone, Utah, U.S.A, J. Sediment. Res., 84, 97–121,
https://doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2014.6, 2014.
Allen, G. H., Barnes, J. B., Pavelsky, T. M., and Kirby, E.: Lithologic and
tectonic controls on bedrock channel form at the northwest Himalayan front,
J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 1806–1825, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrf.20113, 2013.
Armstrong, I. P., Yanites, B. J., Mitchell, N., DeLisle, C., and Douglas, B.
J.: Quantifying Normal Fault Evolution from River Profile Analysis in the
Northern Basin and Range Province, Southwest Montana, USA, 2021,
Lithosphere, 2021, 7866219, https://doi.org/10.2113/2021/7866219, 2021.
Beeson, H. W. and McCoy, S. W.: Geomorphic signatures of the transient fluvial response to tilting, Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 123–159,
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-123-2020, 2020.
Boulton, S. J. and Whittaker, A. C.: Quantifying the slip rates, spatial
distribution and evolution of active normal faults from geomorphic analysis:
Field examples from an oblique-extensional graben, southern Turkey,
Geomorphology, 104, 299–316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.09.007, 2009.
Bursztyn, N., Pederson, J. L., Tressler, C., Mackley, R. D., and Mitchell, K. J.: Rock strength along a fluvial transect of the Colorado Plateau – quantifying a fundamental control on geomorphology, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 429, 90–100, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2015.07.042, 2015.
Carretier, S., Nivière, B., Giamboni, M., and Winter, T.: Do river profiles record along-stream variations of low uplift rate?, J. Geophys. Res., 111, F02024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JF000419, 2006.
Carretier, S., Regard, V., Vassallo, R., Martinod, J., Christophoul, F.,
Gayer, E., Audin, L., and Lagane, C.: A note on 10Be-derived mean
erosion rates in catchments with heterogeneous lithology: examples from the
western Central Andes: 10Be Erosion Rates And Heterogeneous Lithology, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 40, 1719–1729, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3748, 2015.
Cook, K. L., Whipple, K. X., Heimsath, A. M., and Hanks, T. C.: Rapid incision of the Colorado River in Glen Canyon – insights from channel profiles, local incision rates, and modeling of lithologic controls, Earth
Surf. Proc. Land., 34, 994–1010, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1790, 2009.
Darling, A., Whipple, K., Bierman, P., Clarke, B., and Heimsath, A.: Resistant rock layers amplify cosmogenically-determined erosion rates, Earth
Surf. Proc. Land., 45, 312–330, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4730, 2020.
Davy, P. and Lague, D.: Fluvial erosion/transport equation of landscape
evolution models revisited, J. Geophys. Res., 114, F03007,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001146, 2009.
DiBiase, R. A. and Whipple, K. X.: The influence of erosion thresholds and
runoff variability on the relationships among topography, climate, and erosion rate, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 116, F04036, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002095, 2011.
DiBiase, R. A., Rossi, M. W., and Neely, A. B.: Fracture density and grain
size controls on the relief structure of bedrock landscapes, Geology, 46,
399–402, https://doi.org/10.1130/G40006.1, 2018.
Doelling, H. H., Kuehne, P. A., Willis, G. C., and Ehler, J. B.: Geologic
Map of the San Rafael Desert Quadrangle, Emery and Grand Counties, Utah, Utah Geological Survey, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 2015.
Duvall, A., Kirby, E., and Burbank, D.: Tectonic and lithologic controls on
bedrock channel profiles and processes in coastal California, J. Geophys.
Res.-Earth, 109, F03002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JF000086, 2004.
Farías, M., Charrier, R., Carretier, S., Martinod, J., Fock, A., Campbell, D., Cáceres, J., and Comte, D.: Late Miocene high and rapid
surface uplift and its erosional response in the Andes of central Chile
(33∘–35∘ S): Uplift And Erosion In Central Chile Andes,
Tectonics, 27, TC1005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006TC002046, 2008.
Flint, J. J.: Stream gradient as a function of order, magnitude, and discharge, Water Resour. Res., 10, 969–973, https://doi.org/10.1029/WR010i005p00969, 1974.
Forte, A. M., Yanites, B. J., and Whipple, K. X.: Complexities of landscape
evolution during incision through layered stratigraphy with contrasts in rock strength, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 41, 1736–1757, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3947, 2016.
Fox, M., Goren, L., May, D. A., and Willett, S. D.: Inversion of fluvial
channels for paleorock uplift rates in Taiwan, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119, 1853–1875, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JF003196, 2014.
Gallen, S. F. and Wegmann, K. W.: River profile response to normal fault
growth and linkage: an example from the Hellenic forearc of south-central
Crete, Greece, Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 161–186, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-161-2017, 2017.
Gallen, S. F., Wegmann, K. W., and Bohnenstieh, D. R.: Miocene rejuvenation
of topographic relief in the southern Appalachians, GSA Today, 23, 4–10,
https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG163A.1, 2013.
Gasparini, N. M. and Brandon, M. T.: A generalized power law approximation for fluvial incision of bedrock channels, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 116,
F02020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001655, 2011.
Gasparini, N. M. and Whipple, K. X.: Diagnosing climatic and tectonic controls on topography: Eastern flank of the northern Bolivian Andes,
Lithosphere, 6, 230–250, https://doi.org/10.1130/L322.1, 2014.
Glade, R. C., Anderson, R. S., and Tucker, G. E.: Block-controlled hillslope
form and persistence of topography in rocky landscapes, Geology, 45, 311–314, https://doi.org/10.1130/G38665.1, 2017.
Goren, L., Fox, M., and Willett, S. D.: Tectonics from fluvial topography
using formal linear inversion: Theory and applications to the Inyo Mountains, California, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119, 1651–1681, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JF003079, 2014.
Hack, J. T.: Studies of longitudinal stream profiles in Virginia and
Maryland, Geological Survey Professional Paper 294-B, United States Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., USA, 45–94, 1957.
Hack, J. T.: Stream-profile analysis and stream-gradient index, J. Res. US Geol. Surv., 1, 421–429, 1973.
Han, J., Gasparini, N. M., Johnson, J. P. L., and Murphy, B. P.: Modeling the influence of rainfall gradients on discharge, bedrock erodibility, and river profile evolution, with application to the Big Island, Hawai'i, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119, 1418–1440, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002961, 2014.
Hancock, G. S., Anderson, R. S., and Whipple, K. X.: Beyond power: Bedrock
river incision process and form, Geophys. Monograph Series-American Geophys.
Union, 107, 35–60, https://doi-org.proxyiub.uits.iu.edu/10.1029/GM107p0035,
1998.
Hartshorn, K., Hovius, N., Dade, W. B., and Slingerland, R. L.: Climate-Driven Bedrock Incision in an Active Mountain Belt, Science, 297,
2036–2038, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1075078, 2002.
Haviv, I., Enzel, Y., Whipple, K. X., Zilberman, E., Matmon, A., Stone, J.,
and Fifield, K. L.: Evolution of vertical knickpoints (waterfalls) with
resistant caprock: Insights from numerical modeling, J. Geophys. Res., 115,
F03028, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001187, 2010.
Howard, A. D. and Kerby, G.: Channel changes in badlands, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 94, 739–752, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1983)94<739:CCIB>2.0.CO;2, 1983.
Imaizumi, F., Nishii, R., Murakami, W., and Daimaru, H.: Parallel retreat of
rock slopes underlain by alternation of strata, Geomorphology, 238, 27–36,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.02.030, 2015.
Jeffery, M. L., Ehlers, T. A., Yanites, B. J., and Poulsen, C. J.: Quantifying the role of paleoclimate and Andean Plateau uplift on river incision, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 852–871, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrf.20055, 2013.
Johnson, J. P. L., Whipple, K. X., Sklar, L. S., and Hanks, T. C.: Transport
slopes, sediment cover, and bedrock channel incision in the Henry Mountains,
Utah, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 114, F02014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JF000862, 2009.
Kirby, E., Whipple, K. X., Tang, W., and Chen, Z.: Distribution of active
rock uplift along the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau: Inferences from
bedrock channel longitudinal profiles, J. Geophys. Res.-Solid, 108, 2217, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000861, 2003.
Lague, D.: The stream power river incision model: evidence, theory and beyond, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 39, 38–61, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3462, 2014.
Lamb, M. P., Howard, A. D., Dietrich, W. E., and Perron, J. T.: Formation of
amphitheater-headed valleys by waterfall erosion after large-scale slumping on Hawai'i, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 119, 805–822, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25986.1, 2007.
Larimer, J. E., Yanites, B. J., Phillips, W., and Mittelstaedt, E.: Late
Miocene rejuvenation of central Idaho landscape evolution: A case for surface processes driven by plume–lithosphere interaction, Lithosphere, 10, 14, https://doi.org/10.1130/L746.1, 2018.
Lavarini, C., Attal, M., da Costa Filho, C. A., and Kirstein, L. A.: Does
Pebble Abrasion Influence Detrital Age Population Statistics? A Numerical
Investigation of Natural Data Sets, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 123, 2577–2601, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JF004610, 2018.
Ma, Z., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Tao, Y., and Li, X.: Inversion of Dadu River
Bedrock Channels for the Late Cenozoic Uplift History of the Eastern Tibetan
Plateau, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2019GL086882, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086882, 2020.
Miller, S. R., Sak, P. B., Kirby, E., and Bierman, P. R.: Neogene rejuvenation of central Appalachian topography: Evidence for differential
rock uplift from stream profiles and erosion rates, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 369–370, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.04.007, 2013.
Mitchell, N. A. and Yanites, B. J.: Spatially Variable Increase in Rock Uplift in the Northern U.S. Cordillera Recorded in the Distribution of River
Knickpoints and Incision Depths, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 124, 1238–1260, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JF004880, 2019.
Mitchell, N. and Yanites, B.: Bedrock river erosion through dipping layered rocks: quantifying erodibility through kinematic wave speed, IUScholarWorks [dataset], available at: http://hdl.handle.net/2022/26085, last access: 9 July 2021.
Mudd, S. M., Attal, M., Milodowski, D. T., Grieve, S. W. D., and Valters, D.
A.: A statistical framework to quantify spatial variation in channel gradients using the integral method of channel profile analysis, J. Geophys.
Res.-Earth, 119, 2013JF002981, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002981, 2014.
Murphy, B. P., Johnson, J. P. L., Gasparini, N. M., and Sklar, L. S.: Chemical weathering as a mechanism for the climatic control of bedrock river
incision, Nature, 532, 223–227, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17449, 2016.
Parker, G.: Somewhat less random notes on bedrock incision, University of
Minnesota Twin Cities, available at: http://hydrolab.illinois.edu/people/parkerg/_private/Reports/IR118BedrockIncisionNotes.pdf (last access: 9 July 2021), 2004.
Perne, M., Covington, M. D., Thaler, E. A., and Myre, J. M.: Steady state,
erosional continuity, and the topography of landscapes developed in layered
rocks, Earth Surf. Dynam., 5, 85–100, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-5-85-2017, 2017.
Perron, J. T. and Royden, L.: An integral approach to bedrock river profile
analysis, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 38, 570–576, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3302, 2013.
Repka, J. L., Anderson, R. S., and Finkel, R. C.: Cosmogenic dating of
fluvial terraces, Fremont River, Utah, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 152, 59–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00149-0, 1997.
Rosenbloom, N. A. and Anderson, R. S.: Hillslope and channel evolution in a
marine terraced landscape, Santa Cruz, California, J. Geophys. Res., 99,
14013–14029, https://doi.org/10.1029/94JB00048, 1994.
Royden, L. and Perron, T.: Solutions of the stream power equation and application to the evolution of river longitudinal profiles, J. Geophys.
Res.-Earth, 118, 497–518, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrf.20031, 2013.
Scheingross, J. S. and Lamb, M. P.: A Mechanistic Model of Waterfall Plunge
Pool Erosion into Bedrock: Waterfall Plunge Pool Erosion, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 122, 2079–2104, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JF004195, 2017.
Schwanghart, W. and Kuhn, N. J.: TopoToolbox: A set of Matlab functions for
topographic analysis, Environ. Model. Softw., 25, 770–781, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.12.002, 2010.
Schwanghart, W. and Scherler, D.: Short Communication: TopoToolbox 2 –
MATLAB-based software for topographic analysis and modeling in Earth surface
sciences, Earth Surf. Dynam., 2, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-2-1-2014, 2014.
Sheehan, C. E. and Ward, D. J.: An Autogenic Cycle of Fluvial Transience in
Dipping, Layered Rocks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 10, e2020GL090246, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090246, 2020a.
Sheehan, C. E. and Ward, D. J.: Migrating Transverse Escarpments in Strike
Valleys on the Colorado Plateau, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 125, e2019JF005260, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JF005260, 2020b.
Shobe, C. M., Tucker, G. E., and Barnhart, K. R.: The SPACE 1.0 model: a Landlab component for 2-D calculation of sediment transport, bedrock erosion, and landscape evolution, Geosci. Model Dev., 10, 4577–4604,
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4577-2017, 2017.
Sklar, L. S. and Dietrich, W. E.: A mechanistic model for river incision
into bedrock by saltating bed load, Water Resour. Res., 40, W06301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002496, 2004.
Stock, J. D. and Montgomery, D. R.: Geologic constraints on bedrock river
incision using the stream power law, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 4983–4993,
https://doi.org/10.1029/98JB02139, 1999.
Tucker, G. E. and Whipple, K. X.: Topographic outcomes predicted by stream
erosion models: Sensitivity analysis and intermodel comparison, J. Geophys.
Res., 107, ETG 1-1–ETG 1-16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000162, 2002.
Ward, D. J.: Dip, layer spacing, and incision rate controls on the formatio of strike valleys, cuestas, and cliffbands in heterogeneous stratigraphy,
Lithosphere, 11, 697–707, https://doi.org/10.1130/L1056.1, 2019.
Whipple, K. X.: Bedrock Rivers and the Geomorphology of Active Orogens, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet, Sci., 32, 151–185, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.32.101802.120356, 2004.
Whipple, K. X. and Tucker, G. E.: Dynamics of the stream-power river incision model: Implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 17661–17674, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JB900120, 1999.
Whipple, K. X., DiBiase, R. A., and Crosby, B. T.: 9.28 Bedrock Rivers, in:
Treatise on Geomorphology, edited by: Shroder, J. F., Academic Press, San
Diego, 550–573, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374739-6.00254-2, 2013.
Willett, S. D., McCoy, S. W., Perron, J. T., Goren, L., and Chen, C.-Y.: Dynamic Reorganization of River Basins, Science, 343, 1248765, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248765, 2014.
Wobus, C., Whipple, K. X., Kirby, E., Snyder, N., Johnson, J., Spyropolou, K., Crosby, B., and Sheehan, D.: Tectonics from topography: Procedures,
promise, and pitfalls, Geolog. Soc. America Spec. Pap., 398, 55–74, https://doi.org/10.1130/2006.2398(04), 2006.
Wolpert, J. A. and Forte, A. M.: Response of Transient Rock Uplift and Base
Level Knickpoints to Erosional Efficiency Contrasts in Bedrock Streams,
Earth Surf. Proc. Land., https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5146, online first, 2021.
Yanites, B. J.: The Dynamics of Channel Slope, Width, and Sediment in Actively Eroding Bedrock River Systems, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 123, 1504–1527, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JF004405, 2018.
Yanites, B. J., Tucker, G. E., Mueller, K. J., Chen, Y.-G., Wilcox, T., Huang, S.-Y., and Shi, K.-W.: Incision and channel morphology across active
structures along the Peikang River, central Taiwan: Implications for the
importance of channel width, GSA Bull., 122, 1192–1208, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30035.1, 2010.
Yanites, B. J., Becker, J. K., Madritsch, H., Schnellmann, M., and Ehlers,
T. A.: Lithologic effects on landscape response to base level changes: a
modeling study in the context of the eastern Jura Mountains, Switzerland:
Lithologic effect on landscape evolution, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 122,
2196–2222, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF004101, 2017.
Zondervan, J. R., Stokes, M., Boulton, S. J., Telfer, M. W., and Mather, A.
E.: Rock strength and structural controls on fluvial erodibility: Implications for drainage divide mobility in a collisional mountain belt,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 538, 116221, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116221, 2020.
Download
The requested paper has a corresponding corrigendum published. Please read the corrigendum first before downloading the article.
- Article
(16990 KB) - Full-text XML
- Corrigendum
-
Supplement
(8080 KB) - BibTeX
- EndNote
Short summary
A landscape's appearance reflects the properties of the underlying bedrock. For example, strong bedrock can lead to steep slopes. Recent work has shown, however, that in areas with mixed rock types the stronger bedrock can have lower slopes. In this study, we use numerical models of bedrock river erosion to show why this change in behavior occurs. We also present a new approach for estimating bedrock erodibility. This new approach can allow for new opportunities in the field of geomorphology.
A landscape's appearance reflects the properties of the underlying bedrock. For example, strong...