Articles | Volume 10, issue 4
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-817-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-817-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
03 Aug 2022
Research article |
| 03 Aug 2022
| 03 Aug 2022
Probabilistic description of bedload fluxes from the aggregate dynamics of individual grains
Department of Geography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
Marwan A. Hassan
Department of Geography, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
Rui M. L. Ferreira
Department of Civil Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Related authors
No articles found.
Ana M. Ricardo, Rui M. L. Ferreira, Alberto Rodrigues da Silva, Jacinto Estima, Jorge Marques, Ivo Gamito, and Alexandre Serra
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 16, 375–385, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-375-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-16-375-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Floods are among the most common natural disasters responsible for severe damages and human losses. Agueda.2016Flood, a synthesis of locally sensed data and numerically produced data, allows complete characterization of the flood event that occurred in February 2016 in the Portuguese Águeda River. The dataset was managed through the RiverCure Portal, a collaborative web platform connected to a validated shallow-water model.
Shawn M. Chartrand, A. Mark Jellinek, Marwan A. Hassan, and Carles Ferrer-Boix
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1–20, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers with alternating patterns of shallow and deep flows are commonly observed where a river widens and then narrows, respectively. But what if width changes over time? We use a lab experiment to address this question and find it is possible to decrease and then increase river width at a specific location and observe that flows deepen and then shallow consistent with expectations. Our observations can inform river restoration and climate adaptation programs that emphasize river corridors.
Chendi Zhang, Yuncheng Xu, Marwan A. Hassan, Mengzhen Xu, and Pukang He
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 1253–1272, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1253-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-1253-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Step-pool morphology is common in mountain streams. The geomorphic processes of step-pool features closely interact with hydraulic properties, which have limited access due to measurement difficulties. We established a combined approach using both physical experiments and numerical simulations to acquire detailed three-dimensional hydraulics for step-pool morphology, which improves the understanding of the links between hydraulics and morphology for a step-pool feature.
Margaret Chen, Rui Aleixo, Massimo Guerrero, and Rui Ferreira
Geosci. Commun., 5, 143–150, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-5-143-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/gc-5-143-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
W.A.T.E.R. stands for Workshop on Advanced measurement Techniques and Experimental Research. It provides a structured approach for the learning and training platform to professionals with an experimental background in fluid mechanics. It offers an opportunity to learn about state-of-the-art instrumentation and measurement techniques and the latest developments in the field by partnering with academics, instrumentation manufacturers, and public sectors for sharing knowledge and good practices.
Xingyu Chen, Marwan A. Hassan, and Xudong Fu
Earth Surf. Dynam., 10, 349–366, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-349-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-349-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We compiled a large image dataset containing more than 125 000 sediments and developed a model (GrainID) based on convolutional neural networks to measure individual grain size from images. The model was calibrated on flume and natural stream images covering a wide range of fluvial environments. The model showed high performance compared with other methods. Our model showed great potential for grain size measurements from a small patch of sediment in a flume to a watershed-scale drone survey.
Chenge An, Marwan A. Hassan, Carles Ferrer-Boix, and Xudong Fu
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 333–350, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-333-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-333-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Mountain rivers are characterized by fluctuations of water flow, including both flood and inter-flood low flow. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to how inter-flood low flow affects the sediment transport in subsequent floods. Here we present a series of flume experiments. Results show that the existence of inter-flood low flow can reduce the sediment transport at the beginning of the subsequent flood. However, such an effect is gradually erased with the increase of flow intensity.
Carina Helm, Marwan A. Hassan, and David Reid
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 913–929, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-913-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-913-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Forested, gravel-bed streams possess complex channel morphologies which are difficult to objectively characterize. This paper describes a novel technique using a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) to characterize these systems below the forest canopy. The results demonstrate the accuracy and coverage of RPAs for objectively characterizing and classifying these systems relative to more traditional, time-consuming techniques that are generally used in these environments.
Matteo Saletti and Marwan A. Hassan
Earth Surf. Dynam., 8, 855–868, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-855-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-855-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Mountain streams often display a stepped morphology but the conditions under which these steps form, remain stable, and eventually collapse are still not entirely clear. We run flume experiments to study how (a) the amount of sediment input and (b) channel width variations affect step dynamics in steep channels. Steps form preferentially in areas of flow convergence (channel narrowing) and their frequency is higher when sediment supply is larger than zero but smaller than the transport capacity.
Tobias Müller and Marwan A. Hassan
Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 1041–1057, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-1041-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-1041-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
We used a numerical model to study how mountain streams adjust to series of sediment input events, e.g., landslides. We recreated flume experiments with similar scope and then expanded their parameter space, allowing us to find conditions under which the stream becomes overloaded with sediment. This occurs when the stream cannot evacuate a sediment input in the time between pulses. Our results can help to better understand the long-term adjustment of mountain streams to episodic sediment supply.
Matteo Saletti, Peter Molnar, Marwan A. Hassan, and Paolo Burlando
Earth Surf. Dynam., 4, 549–566, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-549-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-549-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a new reduced-complexity model with few parameters linked to basic physical processes, which aims to reproduce the transport of sediment as bed load and the formation and stability of channel morphology in steep mountain streams. The model is able to simulate the formation and stability of steps, bed structures commonly encountered in steep channels, by assuming that their formation is due to intense sediment transport during high flows causing jamming of particles.
Related subject area
Physical: Geomorphology (including all aspects of fluvial, coastal, aeolian, hillslope and glacial geomorphology)
Geomorphological and hydrological controls on sediment export in earthquake-affected catchments in the Nepal Himalaya
Optimization of passive acoustic bedload monitoring in rivers by signal inversion
Stochastic properties of coastal flooding events – Part 2: Probabilistic analysis
Field monitoring of pore water pressure in fully and partly saturated debris flows at Ohya landslide scar, Japan
Analysis of autogenic bifurcation processes resulting in river avulsion
Bedload transport fluctuations, flow conditions, and disequilibrium ratio at the Swiss Erlenbach stream: results from 27 years of high-resolution temporal measurements
Stochastic properties of coastal flooding events – Part 1: convolutional-neural-network-based semantic segmentation for water detection
Coexistence of two dune scales in a lowland river
Alpine hillslope failure in the western US: insights from the Chaos Canyon landslide, Rocky Mountain National Park, USA
Using repeat UAV-based laser scanning and multispectral imagery to explore eco-geomorphic feedbacks along a river corridor
Numerical modelling of the evolution of a river reach with a complex morphology to help define future sustainable restoration decisions
Method to evaluate large-wood behavior in terms of the convection equation associated with sediment erosion and deposition
Effects of seasonal variations in vegetation and precipitation on catchment erosion rates along a climate and ecological gradient: insights from numerical modeling
On the use of convolutional deep learning to predict shoreline change
On the use of packing models for the prediction of fluvial sediment porosity
Automated riverbed composition analysis using deep learning on underwater images
Marsh-induced backwater: the influence of non-fluvial sedimentation on a delta's channel morphology and kinematics
Spatial and temporal variations in rockwall erosion rates derived from cosmogenic 10Be in medial moraines at five valley glaciers around Pigne d'Arolla, Switzerland
Building a bimodal landscape: bedrock lithology and bed thickness controls on the morphology of Last Chance Canyon, New Mexico, USA
Geotechnical controls on erodibility in fluvial impact erosion
Linear-stability analysis of plane beds under flows with suspended loads
Estimating surface water availability in high mountain rock slopes using a numerical energy balance model
Sediment source and sink identification using Sentinel-2 and a small network of turbidimeters on the Vjosa River
Spatiotemporal bedload transport patterns over two-dimensional bedforms
Influence of cohesive clay on wave–current ripple dynamics captured in a 3D phase diagram
Ice-buttressing-controlled rock slope failure on a cirque headwall, Lake District, UK
The probabilistic nature of dune collisions in 2D
Coevolving edge rounding and shape of glacial erratics; the case of Shap granite, UK
Shape still matters: rockfall interactions with trees and deadwood in a mountain forest uncover a new facet of rock shape dependency
Earthquake contributions to coastal cliff retreat
Morphologic and morphometric differences between gullies formed in different substrates on Mars: new insights into the gully formation processes
Dimensionless argument: a narrow grain size range near 2 mm plays a special role in river sediment transport and morphodynamics
Testing the sensitivity of the CAESAR-Lisflood landscape evolution model to grid cell size
Development of a machine learning model for river bed load
Modeling the spatially distributed nature of subglacial sediment transport and erosion
Confinement width and inflow-to-sediment discharge ratio control the morphology and braiding intensity of submarine channels: insights from physical experiments and reduced-complexity models
The influence of dune lee side shape on time-averaged velocities and turbulence
Implications for the Resilience of Modern Coastal Systems Derived from Mesoscale Barrier Dynamics at Fire Island, New York
Synoptic-scale to mesoscale atmospheric circulation connects fluvial and coastal gravel conveyors and directional deposition of coastal landforms in the Dead Sea basin
Initial shape reconstruction of a volcanic island as a tool for quantifying long-term coastal erosion: the case of Corvo Island (Azores)
Geospatial modelling of large-wood supply to rivers: a state-of-the-art model comparison in Swiss mountain river catchments
Path length and sediment transport estimation from DEMs of Difference: a signal processing approach
Mobile evaporite enhances the cycle of physical–chemical erosion in badlands
Revealing the relation between spatial patterns of rainfall return levels and landslide density
Constraints on long-term cliff retreat and intertidal weathering at weak rock coasts using cosmogenic 10Be, nearshore topography and numerical modelling
Impacts of human modifications on material transport in deltas
Evolution of an Alpine proglacial river during 7 decades of deglaciation
Phenomenological model of suspended sediment transport in a small catchment
Water level fluctuations drive bank instability in a hypertidal estuary
The story of a summit nucleus: hillslope boulders and their effect on erosional patterns and landscape morphology in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera
Emma L. S. Graf, Hugh D. Sinclair, Mikaël Attal, Boris Gailleton, Basanta Raj Adhikari, and Bishnu Raj Baral
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 135–161, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-135-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-135-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Using satellite images, we show that, unlike other examples of earthquake-affected rivers, the rivers of central Nepal experienced little increase in sedimentation following the 2015 Gorkha earthquake. Instead, a catastrophic flood occurred in 2021 that buried towns and agricultural land under up to 10 m of sediment. We show that intense storms remobilised glacial sediment from high elevations causing much a greater impact than flushing of earthquake-induced landslides.
Mohamad Nasr, Adele Johannot, Thomas Geay, Sebastien Zanker, Jules Le Guern, and Alain Recking
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 117–134, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-117-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-117-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Hydrophones are used to monitor sediment transport in the river by listening to the acoustic noise generated by particle impacts on the riverbed. However, this acoustic noise is modified by the river flow and can cause misleading information about sediment transport. This article proposes a model that corrects the measured acoustic signal. Testing the model showed that the corrected signal is better correlated with bedload flux in the river.
Byungho Kang, Rusty A. Feagin, Thomas Huff, and Orencio Durán Vinent
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 105–115, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-105-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-105-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a detailed characterization of the frequency, intensity and duration of flooding events at a site along the Texas coast. Our analysis demonstrates the suitability of relatively simple wave run-up models to estimate the frequency and intensity of coastal flooding. Our results validate and expand a probabilistic model of coastal flooding driven by wave run-up that can then be used in coastal risk management in response to sea level rise.
Shunsuke Oya, Fumitoshi Imaizumi, and Shoki Takayama
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 67–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-67-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-67-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The monitoring of pore water pressure in fully and partly saturated debris flows was performed at Ohya landslide scar, central Japan. The pore water pressure in some partly saturated flows greatly exceeded the hydrostatic pressure. The depth gradient of the pore water pressure in the lower part of the flow was generally higher than the upper part of the flow. We conclude that excess pore water pressure is present in many debris flow surges and is an important mechanism in debris flow behavior.
Gabriele Barile, Marco Redolfi, and Marco Tubino
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 87–103, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-87-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-87-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
River bifurcations often show the closure of one branch (avulsion), whose causes are still poorly understood. Our model shows that when one branch stops transporting sediments, the other considerably erodes and captures much more flow, resulting in a self-sustaining process. This phenomenon intensifies when increasing the length of the branches, eventually leading to branch closure. This work may help to understand when avulsions occur and thus to design sustainable river restoration projects.
Dieter Rickenmann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 11–34, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-11-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-11-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Field measurements of the bedload flux with a high temporal resolution in a steep mountain stream were used to analyse the transport fluctuations as a function of the flow conditions. The disequilibrium ratio, a proxy for the solid particle concentration in the flow, was found to influence the sediment transport behaviour, and above-average disequilibrium conditions – associated with a larger sediment availability on the streambed – substantially affect subsequent transport conditions.
Byungho Kang, Rusty A. Feagin, Thomas Huff, and Orencio Durán Vinent
Earth Surf. Dynam., 12, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-12-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Coastal flooding can cause significant damage to coastal ecosystems, infrastructure, and communities and is expected to increase in frequency with the acceleration of sea level rise. In order to respond to it, it is crucial to measure and model their frequency and intensity. Here, we show deep-learning techniques can be successfully used to automatically detect flooding events from complex coastal imagery, opening the way to real-time monitoring and data acquisition for model development.
Judith Y. Zomer, Bart Vermeulen, and Antonius J. F. Hoitink
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1283–1298, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1283-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1283-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Secondary bedforms that are superimposed on large, primary dunes likely play a large role in fluvial systems. This study demonstrates that they can be omnipresent. Especially during peak flows, they grow large and can have steep slopes, likely affecting flood risk and sediment transport dynamics. Primary dune morphology determines whether they continuously or intermittently migrate. During discharge peaks, the secondary bedforms can become the dominant dune scale.
Matthew C. Morriss, Benjamin Lehmann, Benjamin Campforts, George Brencher, Brianna Rick, Leif S. Anderson, Alexander L. Handwerger, Irina Overeem, and Jeffrey Moore
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1251–1274, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1251-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1251-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we investigate the 28 June 2022 collapse of the Chaos Canyon landslide in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. We find that the landslide was moving prior to its collapse and took place at peak spring snowmelt; temperature modeling indicates the potential presence of permafrost. We hypothesize that this landslide could be part of the broader landscape evolution changes to alpine terrain caused by a warming climate, leading to thawing alpine permafrost.
Christopher Tomsett and Julian Leyland
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1223–1249, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1223-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1223-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Vegetation influences how rivers change through time, yet the way in which we analyse vegetation is limited. Current methods collect detailed data at the individual plant level or determine dominant vegetation types across larger areas. Herein, we use UAVs to collect detailed vegetation datasets for a 1 km length of river and link vegetation properties to channel evolution occurring within the study site, providing a new method for investigating the influence of vegetation on river systems.
Rabab Yassine, Ludovic Cassan, Hélène Roux, Olivier Frysou, and François Pérès
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1199–1221, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1199-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1199-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Predicting river morphology evolution is very complicated, especially for mountain rivers with complex morphologies such as the Lac des Gaves reach in France. A 2D hydromorphological model was developed to reproduce the channel's evolution and provide reliable volumetric predictions while revealing the challenge of choosing adapted sediment transport and friction laws. Our model can provide decision-makers with reliable predictions to design suitable restoration measures for this reach.
Daisuke Harada and Shinji Egashira
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1183–1197, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1183-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1183-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper proposes a method for describing large-wood behavior in terms of the convection equation and the storage equation, which are associated with active sediment erosion and deposition. Compared to the existing Lagrangian method, the proposed method can easily simulate the behavior of large wood in the flow field with active sediment transport. The method is applied to the flood disaster in the Akatani River in 2017, and the 2-D flood flow computations are successfully performed.
Hemanti Sharma and Todd A. Ehlers
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1161–1181, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1161-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1161-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Seasonality in precipitation (P) and vegetation (V) influences catchment erosion (E), although which factor plays the dominant role is unclear. In this study, we performed a sensitivity analysis of E to P–V seasonality through numerical modeling. Our results suggest that P variations strongly influence seasonal variations in E, while the effect of seasonal V variations is secondary but significant. This is more pronounced in moderate and least pronounced in extreme environmental settings.
Eduardo Gomez-de la Peña, Giovanni Coco, Colin Whittaker, and Jennifer Montaño
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1145–1160, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1145-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1145-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Predicting how shorelines change over time is a major challenge in coastal research. We here have turned to deep learning (DL), a data-driven modelling approach, to predict the movement of shorelines using observations from a camera system in New Zealand. The DL models here implemented succeeded in capturing the variability and distribution of the observed shoreline data. Overall, these findings indicate that DL has the potential to enhance the accuracy of current shoreline change predictions.
Christoph Rettinger, Mina Tabesh, Ulrich Rüde, Stefan Vollmer, and Roy M. Frings
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1097–1115, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1097-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1097-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Packing models promise efficient and accurate porosity predictions of fluvial sediment deposits. In this study, three packing models were reviewed, calibrated, and validated. Only two of the models were able to handle the continuous and large grain size distributions typically encountered in rivers. We showed that an extension by a cohesion model is necessary and developed guidelines for successful predictions in different rivers.
Alexander A. Ermilov, Gergely Benkő, and Sándor Baranya
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1061–1095, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1061-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1061-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A novel, artificial-intelligence-based riverbed sediment analysis methodology is introduced that uses underwater images to identify the characteristic sediment classes. The main novelties of the procedure are as follows: underwater images are used, the method enables continuous mapping of the riverbed along the measurement vessel’s route contrary to conventional techniques, the method is cost-efficient, and the method works without scaling.
Kelly M. Sanks, John B. Shaw, Samuel M. Zapp, José Silvestre, Ripul Dutt, and Kyle M. Straub
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1035–1060, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1035-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1035-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
River deltas encompass many depositional environments (like channels and wetlands) that interact to produce coastal environments that change through time. The processes leading to sedimentation in wetlands are often neglected from physical delta models. We show that wetland sedimentation constrains flow to the channels, changes sedimentation rates, and produces channels more akin to field-scale deltas. These results have implications for the management of these vulnerable coastal landscapes.
Katharina Wetterauer and Dirk Scherler
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 1013–1033, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1013-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-1013-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In glacial landscapes, debris supply rates vary spatially and temporally. Rockwall erosion rates derived from cosmogenic 10Be concentrations in medial moraine debris at five Swiss glaciers around Pigne d'Arolla indicate an increase in erosion from the end of the Little Ice Age towards deglaciation but temporally more stable rates over the last ∼100 years. Rockwall erosion rates are higher where rockwalls are steep and north-facing, suggesting a potential slope and temperature control.
Sam Anderson, Nicole Gasparini, and Joel Johnson
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 995–1011, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-995-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-995-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We measured rock strength and amount of fracturing in the two different rock types, sandstones and carbonates, in Last Chance Canyon, New Mexico, USA. Where there is more carbonate bedrock, hills and channels steepen in Last Chance Canyon. This is because the carbonate-type bedrock tends to be more thickly bedded, is less fractured, and is stronger. The carbonate bedrock produces larger boulders than the sandstone bedrock, which can protect the more fractured sandstone bedrock from erosion.
Jens M. Turowski, Gunnar Pruß, Anne Voigtländer, Andreas Ludwig, Angela Landgraf, Florian Kober, and Audrey Bonnelye
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 979–994, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-979-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-979-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rivers can cut into rocks, and their strength modulates the river's erosion rates. Yet, which properties of the rock control its response to erosive action is poorly understood. Here, we describe parallel experiments to measure rock erosion rates under fluvial impact erosion and the rock's geotechnical properties such as fracture strength, elasticity, and density. Erosion rates vary over a factor of a million between different rock types. We use the data to improve current theory.
Koji Ohata, Hajime Naruse, and Norihiro Izumi
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 961–977, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-961-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-961-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We investigated the influence of sediment transport modes on the formation of bedforms using theoretical analysis. The results of the theoretical analysis were verified with published data of plane beds obtained by fieldwork and laboratory experiments. We found that suspended sand particles can promote the formation of plane beds on a fine-grained bed, which suggests that the presence of suspended particles suppresses the development of dunes under submarine sediment-laden gravity currents.
Matan Ben-Asher, Florence Magnin, Sebastian Westermann, Josué Bock, Emmanuel Malet, Johan Berthet, Ludovic Ravanel, and Philip Deline
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 899–915, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-899-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-899-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Quantitative knowledge of water availability on high mountain rock slopes is very limited. We use a numerical model and field measurements to estimate the water balance at a steep rock wall site. We show that snowmelt is the main source of water at elevations >3600 m and that snowpack hydrology and sublimation are key factors. The new information presented here can be used to improve the understanding of thermal, hydrogeological, and mechanical processes on steep mountain rock slopes.
Jessica Droujko, Srividya Hariharan Sudha, Gabriel Singer, and Peter Molnar
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 881–897, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-881-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-881-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We combined data from satellite images with data measured from a kayak in order to understand the propagation of fine sediment in the Vjosa River. We were able to find some storm-activated and some permanent sources of sediment. We also estimated how much fine sediment is carried into the Adriatic Sea by the Vjosa River: approximately 2.5 Mt per year, which matches previous findings. With our work, we hope to show the potential of open-access satellite images.
Kate C. P. Leary, Leah Tevis, and Mark Schmeeckle
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 835–847, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-835-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-835-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Despite the importance of bedforms (e.g., ripples, dunes) to sediment transport, the details of sediment transport on a sub-bedform scale are poorly understood. This paper investigates sediment transport in the downstream and cross-stream directions over bedforms with straight crests. We find that the patterns of bedload transport are highly variable on the sub-bedform scale, which is important for our understanding of the evolution of bedforms with complex crest geometries.
Xuxu Wu, Jonathan Malarkey, Roberto Fernández, Jaco Baas, Ellen Pollard, and Daniel Parsons
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1375, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1375, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The seabed can change its shape from flat to undulating, known as ripples; the change rate depends on whether the bed is composed of sticky mud. This study, based on experiments, shows a strong reduction in ripple size when the initial mud content over 10.6 %. This could help geologists better interpret the ancient sea conditions. We present a new model to predict ripple size by considering sticky mud. It should help engineers to describe the behavior of the seabed when sticky mud is present.
Paul A. Carling, John D. Jansen, Teng Su, Jane Lund Andersen, and Mads Faurschou Knudsen
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 817–833, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-817-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-817-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Many steep glaciated rock walls collapsed when the Ice Age ended. How ice supports a steep rock wall until the ice decays is poorly understood. A collapsed rock wall was surveyed in the field and numerically modelled. Cosmogenic exposure dates show it collapsed and became ice-free ca. 18 ka ago. The model showed that the rock wall failed very slowly because ice was buttressing the slope. Dating other collapsed rock walls can improve understanding of how and when the last Ice Age ended.
Paul A. Jarvis, Clement Narteau, Olivier Rozier, and Nathalie M. Vriend
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 803–815, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-803-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-803-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sand dune migration velocity is inversely proportional to dune size. Consequently, smaller, faster dunes can collide with larger, slower downstream dunes. Such collisions can result in either coalescence or ejection, whereby the dunes exchange mass but remain separate. Our numerical simulations show that the outcome depends probabilistically on the dune size ratio, which we describe through an empirical function. Our numerical predictions compare favourably against experimental observations.
Paul Carling
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1621, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1621, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Edge rounding in Shap granite glacial erratics is an irregular function of distance from the source outcrop in northern England, UK. Block shape is conservative, evolving according to block fracture mechanics ─ stochastic and silver ratio models ─ towards either of two attractor states. Progressive reduction in size occurs to blocks transported at the sole of the ice mass where the blocks are subject to the compressive and tensile forces of the ice acting against a bedrock or till surface.
Adrian Ringenbach, Peter Bebi, Perry Bartelt, Andreas Rigling, Marc Christen, Yves Bühler, Andreas Stoffel, and Andrin Caviezel
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 779–801, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-779-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-779-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Swiss researchers carried out repeated rockfall experiments with rocks up to human sizes in a steep mountain forest. This study focuses mainly on the effects of the rock shape and lying deadwood. In forested areas, cubic-shaped rocks showed a longer mean runout distance than platy-shaped rocks. Deadwood especially reduced the runouts of these cubic rocks. The findings enrich standard practices in modern rockfall hazard zoning assessments and strongly urge the incorporation of rock shape effects.
Colin K. Bloom, Corinne Singeisen, Timothy Stahl, Andrew Howell, and Chris Massey
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 757–778, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-757-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-757-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Earthquakes can cause damaging coastal cliff retreat, but we have a limited understanding of how these infrequent events influence multidecadal retreat. This makes hazard planning a challenge. In this study, we use historic aerial images to measure coastal cliff-top retreat at a site in New Zealand. We find that earthquakes account for close to half of multidecadal retreat at this site, and our results have helped us to develop tools for estimating the influence of earthquakes at other sites.
Rishitosh K. Sinha, Dwijesh Ray, Tjalling De Haas, Susan J. Conway, and Axel Noblet
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 713–730, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-713-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-713-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Our detailed investigation of Martian gullies formed in different substrates in 29 craters distributed between 30°–75° S latitude suggests that they can be differentiated from one another in terms of (1) morphology and length of alcoves and (2) mean gradient of the gully fans. The comparison between the Melton ratio, alcove length, and fan gradient of Martian and terrestrial gullies suggests that Martian gullies were likely formed by terrestrial debris-flow-like processes in the past.
Gary Parker, Chenge An, Michael P. Lamb, Marcelo H. Garcia, Elizabeth H. Dingle, and Jeremy G. Venditti
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1705, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1705, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
River morphology has traditionally been divided by the size 2 mm. We use dimensionless arguments to show that particles in the 1 – 5 mm range a) are the finest range not easily suspended by alluvial flood flows, b) are transported preferentially over coarser gravel, and c) within limits, are also transported preferentially over sand. We show how fluid viscosity mediates the special status of sediment in this range.
Christopher J. Skinner and Thomas J. Coulthard
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 695–711, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-695-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-695-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Landscape evolution models allow us to simulate the way the Earth's surface is shaped and help us to understand relevant processes, in turn helping us to manage landscapes better. The models typically represent the land surface using a grid of square cells of equal size, averaging heights in those squares. This study shows that the size chosen by the modeller for these grid cells is important, with larger sizes making sediment output events larger but less frequent.
Hossein Hosseiny, Claire C. Masteller, Jedidiah E. Dale, and Colin B. Phillips
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 681–693, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-681-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-681-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
It is of great importance to engineers and geomorphologists to predict the rate of bed load in rivers. In this contribution, we used a large dataset of measured data and developed an artificial neural network (ANN), a machine learning algorithm, for bed load prediction. The ANN model predicted the bed load flux close to measured values and better than the ones obtained from four standard bed load models with varying degrees of complexity.
Ian Delaney, Leif Anderson, and Frédéric Herman
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 663–680, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-663-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-663-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a two-dimensional subglacial sediment transport model that evolves a sediment layer in response to subglacial sediment transport conditions. The model captures sediment transport in supply- and transport-limited regimes across a glacier's bed and considers both the creation and transport of sediment. Model outputs show how the spatial distribution of sediment and water below a glacier can impact the glacier's discharge of sediment and erosion of bedrock.
Sam Y. J. Huang, Steven Y. J. Lai, Ajay B. Limaye, Brady Z. Foreman, and Chris Paola
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 615–632, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-615-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-615-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We use experiments and a model to study the effects of confinement width and the inflow-to-sediment discharge ratio on the evolution of submarine braided channels. We find that confinement width controls most of the morphological changes. These trends are consistent for submarine braided channels both with and without confinement width effects and similar to fluvial braided rivers. Furthermore, we built a model that can simulate the flow bifurcation and confluence of submarine braided channels.
Alice Lefebvre and Julia Cisneros
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 575–591, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-575-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-575-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Underwater dunes are found in various environments with strong hydrodynamics and sandy sediment. Using a numerical model, we investigated how the dune shape influences flow velocity and turbulence. We propose a classification with three types of dunes, depending on their mean lee side angles (low-angle dunes, intermediate-angle dunes and high-angle dunes). We discuss the implications of this classification on the interaction between dune morphology, flow and sediment transport.
Daniel Ciarletta, Jennifer Miselis, Julie Bernier, and Arnell Forde
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1307, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1307, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We reconstructed the evolution of Fire Island, a barrier island in New York, USA, to identify drivers of landscape change. Results reveal Fire Island was once divided into multiple inlet-separated islands with distinct features. Later, inlets closed, and Fire Island’s landscape became more uniform as human activities intensified. The island is now less mobile and less likely to resist and recover from storm impacts and sea-level rise. This vulnerability may exist for other stabilized barriers.
Haggai Eyal, Moshe Armon, Yehouda Enzel, and Nadav G. Lensky
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 547–574, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-547-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-547-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Extracting paleoenvironmets from sedimentologic and geomorphic records is a main goal in Earth sciences. We study a chain of processes connecting causative Mediterranean cyclones, coeval floods, storm waves generated by mesoscale funneled wind, and coastal gravel transport. This causes northward dispersion of gravel along the modern Dead Sea coast, which has also persisted since the late Pleistocene, resulting in beach berms and fan deltas always being deposited north of channel mouths.
Rémi Bossis, Vincent Regard, and Sébastien Carretier
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 529–545, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-529-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-529-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study presents a method to calculate the volume of rock eroded by the sea on volcanic islands, by reconstructing their pre-erosion shape and size. The method has been applied on Corvo Island (Azores). We show that before the island was eroded, it was roughly 8 km wide and 1 km high. The island has lost more than 6 km3 of rock and 80 % of its surface. We also show that the erosion of sea cliffs is mainly due to the moderate and most frequent waves.
Nicolas Steeb, Virginia Ruiz-Villanueva, Alexandre Badoux, Christian Rickli, Andrea Mini, Markus Stoffel, and Dieter Rickenmann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 487–509, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-487-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-487-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Various models have been used in science and practice to estimate how much large wood (LW) can be supplied to rivers. This contribution reviews the existing models proposed in the last 35 years and compares two of the most recent spatially explicit models by applying them to 40 catchments in Switzerland. Differences in modelling results are discussed, and results are compared to available observations coming from a unique database.
Lindsay Marie Capito, Enrico Pandrin, Walter Bertoldi, Nicola Surian, and Simone Bizzi
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1186, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1186, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We proposed that the pattern of erosion and deposition from repeat topographic surveys can be a proxy for path length in gravel-bed rivers. With laboratory and field data, we applied tools from signal processing to quantify this periodicity and used these path length estimates to calculate sediment transport using the morphological method. Our results highlight the potential to expand the use of the morphological method using only remotely sensed data as well as its limitations.
Ci-Jian Yang, Pei-Hao Chen, Erica D. Erlanger, Jens M. Turowski, Sen Xu, Tse-Yang Teng, Jiun-Chuan Lin, and Jr-Chuang Huang
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 475–486, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-475-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-475-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Observations of the interaction between extreme physical erosion and chemical weathering dynamics are limited. We presented major elements of stream water in the badland catchment at 3 h intervals during a 3 d typhoon. The excess sodium in the evaporite deposits causes material dispersion through deflocculation, which enhances the suspended sediment flux. Moreover, we observed a shift from predominantly evaporite weathering at peak precipitation to silicate weathering at peak discharge.
Slim Mtibaa and Haruka Tsunetaka
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 461–474, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-461-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-461-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We explore the relation between the spatial patterns of rainfall return levels for various timespans (1–72 h) and landslide density during a rainfall event that triggered widespread landslides. We found that landslide density increases with increased rainfall return levels for the various examined timespans. Accordingly, we conclude that whether rainfall intensities reached exceptional return levels for a wide time range is a key determinant of the spatial distribution of landslides.
Jennifer R. Shadrick, Dylan H. Rood, Martin D. Hurst, Matthew D. Piggott, Klaus M. Wilcken, and Alexander J. Seal
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 429–450, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-429-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-429-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study uses a coastal evolution model to interpret cosmogenic beryllium-10 concentrations and topographic data and, in turn, quantify long-term cliff retreat rates for four chalk sites on the south coast of England. By using a process-based model, clear distinctions between intertidal weathering rates have been recognised between chalk and sandstone rock coast sites, advocating the use of process-based models to interpret the long-term behaviour of rock coasts.
Jayaram Hariharan, Kyle Wright, Andrew Moodie, Nelson Tull, and Paola Passalacqua
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 405–427, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-405-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-405-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We simulate the transport of material through numerically simulated river deltas under natural and human-modified (embankment construction and channel dredging) scenarios to understand their impacts on material transport. Human modifications reduce the total area visited by passive particles and alter the amount of time spent within the delta relative to natural conditions. This work can help us understand how future construction may impact land building or ecosystem restoration projects.
Livia Piermattei, Tobias Heckmann, Sarah Betz-Nutz, Moritz Altmann, Jakob Rom, Fabian Fleischer, Manuel Stark, Florian Haas, Camillo Ressl, Michael H. Wimmer, Norbert Pfeifer, and Michael Becht
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 383–403, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-383-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-383-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Alpine rivers have experienced strong changes over the last century. In the present study, we explore the potential of historical multi-temporal elevation models, combined with recent topographic data, to quantify 66 years (from 1953 to 2019) of river changes in the glacier forefield of an Alpine catchment. Thereby, we quantify the changes in the river form as well as the related sediment erosion and deposition.
Amande Roque-Bernard, Antoine Lucas, Eric Gayer, Pascal Allemand, Céline Dessert, and Eric Lajeunesse
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 363–381, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-363-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-363-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Sediment transport in rivers is an important matter in Earth surface dynamics. We offer a new framework of understanding of the suspended sediment transport through observatory chronicles and a simple model that is able to catch the behavior during a flood event as well as time series in a steep river catchment. We validate our approach in both tropical and alpine environments, which also offers additional estimates of the size of the suspended sediment.
Andrea Gasparotto, Stephen E. Darby, Julian Leyland, and Paul A. Carling
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 343–361, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-343-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-343-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study the processes leading to bank failures in the hypertidal Severn Estuary are studied employing numerical models and field observations. Results highlight that the periodic fluctuations in water levels drive an imbalance in the resisting (hydrostatic pressure) versus driving (pore water pressure) forces causing a frequent oscillation of bank stability between stable (at high tide) and unstable states (at low tide) both on semidiurnal bases and in the spring–neap transition.
Emma Lodes, Dirk Scherler, Renee van Dongen, and Hella Wittmann
Earth Surf. Dynam., 11, 305–324, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-305-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-11-305-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We explored the ways that boulders and bedrock affect the shapes of hills and valleys by testing how quickly they erode compared to soil. We found that bedrock and boulders mostly erode more slowly than soil and predict that fracture patterns affect where they exist. We also found that streams generally follow fault orientations. Together, our data imply that fractures influence landscapes by weakening bedrock, causing it to erode faster and to eventually form a valley where a stream may flow.
Cited articles
Allen, B. and Kudrolli, A.: Granular bed consolidation, creep, and armoring
under subcritical fluid flow, Phys. Rev. Fluids, 7, 1–13,
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.3.074305, 2018. a
Ancey, C.: Bedload transport: A walk between randomness and determinism. Part 1. The state of the art, J. Hydraul. Res., 58, 1–17,
https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2019.1702594, 2020. a
Ancey, C., Böhm, T., Jodeau, M., and Frey, P.: Statistical description
of sediment transport experiments, Phys. Rev. E, 74, 1–14,
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.74.011302, 2006. a
Ancey, C., Davison, A. C., Böhm, T., Jodeau, M., and Frey, P.:
Entrainment and motion of coarse particles in a shallow water stream down a
steep slope, J. Fluid Mech., 595, 83–114, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112007008774, 2008. a, b, c, d
Andrews, E. D.: Marginal bedload transport in a gravel bed stream, Sagehen Creek, California, Water Resour. Res., 30, 2241–2250, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR00553, 1994. a
Arfken, G.: Mathematical Methods for Physicists, Academic Press, Inc., San
Diego, https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-10310-8, 1985. a, b
Bagnold, R. A.: An approach to the sediment transport problem from general
physics, Tech. Rep. 4, US Geological Survey, Washington, DC,
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800049074, 1966. a
Balakrishnan, V., Van Den Broeck, C., and Bena, I.: Stochastically Perturbed
Flows: Delayed and Interrupted Evolution, Stoch. Dynam., 01, 537–551, https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219493701000230, 2001. a
Ballio, F., Nikora, V., and Coleman, S. E.: On the definition of solid
discharge in hydro-environment research and applications, J. Hydraul. Res., 52, 173–184, https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2013.869267, 2014. a
Ballio, F., Pokrajac, D., Radice, A., and Hosseini Sadabadi, S. A.:
Lagrangian and Eulerian description of bed load transport, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 123, 384–408, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF004087, 2018. a
Banerjee, T., Majumdar, S. N., Rosso, A., and Schehr, G.: Current fluctuations in noninteracting run-and-tumble particles in one dimension, Phys. Rev. E, 101, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.101.052101, 2020. a
Barik, D., Ghosh, P. K., and Ray, D. S.: Langevin dynamics with dichotomous
noise; Direct simulation and applications, J. Stat. Mech.: Theory Exp., 2006, P03010, https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2006/03/P03010, 2006. a
Bartlett, M. S. and Porporato, A.: State-dependent jump processes:
Itô–Stratonovich interpretations, potential, and transient solutions,
Phys. Rev. E, 98, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.98.052132, 2018. a
Bena, I.: Dichotomous Markov noise: Exact results for out-of-equilibrium
systems, Int. J. Modern Phys. B, 20, 2825–2888, https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217979206034881, 2006. a, b, c
Benavides, S. J., Deal, E., Rushlow, M., Venditti, J. G., Zhang, Q., Kamrin, K., and Perron, J. T.: The Impact of Intermittency on Bed Load Sediment Transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 49, e2021GL096088, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL096088, 2022. a
Böhm, T., Ancey, C., Frey, P., Reboud, J. L., and Ducottet, C.: Fluctuations of the solid discharge of gravity-driven particle flows in a
turbulent stream, Phys. Rev. E, 69, 061307, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.69.061307, 2004. a
Brach, R. M.: Rigid body collisions, Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., 56, 133–138, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3176033, 1989. a
Bradley, D. N. and Tucker, G. E.: The storage time, age, and erosion hazard of laterally accreted sediment on the floodplain of a simulated meandering
river, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 118, 1308–1319, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrf.20083, 2013. a
Brinkman, H. C.: Brownian motion in a field of force and the diffusion theory
of chemical reactions, Physica, 22, 149–155, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-8914(56)80019-0, 1956. a
Bunte, K. and Abt, S. R.: Effect of sampling time on measured gravel bed load
transport rates in a coarse-bedded stream, Water Resour. Res., 41, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003880, 2005. a, b
Campagnol, J., Radice, A., Ballio, F., and Nikora, V.: Particle motion and
diffusion at weak bed load: Accounting for unsteadiness effects of
entrainment and disentrainment, J. Hydraul. Res., 53, 633–648,
https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2015.1085920, 2015. a, b
Cardy, J.: Reaction-diffusion processes, in: Non-Equilibrium Statistical
Physics and Turbulence, edited by: Nazarenko, S. and Zaboronski, O. V.,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 108–161, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511812149, 2008. a
Celik, A. O., Diplas, P., Dancey, C. L., and Valyrakis, M.: Impulse and
particle dislodgement under turbulent flow conditions, Phys. Fluids, 22, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3385433, 2010. a
Celik, A. O., Diplas, P., and Dancey, C. L.: Instantaneous pressure measurements on a spherical grain under threshold flow conditions, J. Fluid Mech., 741, 60–97, https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.632, 2014. a
Chandrasekhar, S.: Stochastic problems in physics and astronomy, Rev. Mod. Phys., 15, 1–89, doi10.1103/RevModPhys.15.1, 1943. a
Church, M.: Bed material transport and the morphology of alluvial river
channels, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 34, 325–354,
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122721, 2006. a
Church, M. and Hassan, M. A.: Mobility of bed material in Harris Creek, Water Resour. Res., 38, 1237, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000753, 2002. a
Church, M., Hassan, M. A., and Wolcott, J. F.: Stabilizing self-organized
structures in gravel-bed stream channels: Field and experimental
observations, Water Resour. Res., 34, 3169–3179, https://doi.org/10.1029/98WR00484, 1998. a
Clark, A. H., Shattuck, M. D., Ouellette, N. T., and O'Hern, C. S.: Role of
grain dynamics in determining the onset of sediment transport, Phys. Rev. Fluids, 2, 034305, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevFluids.2.034305, 2017. a
Coffey, W., Kalmykov, Y., and Waldron, J.: The Langevin equation, 1st Edn., World Scientific, London, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2017.10.001, 2004. a
Cox, D. R. and Miller, H. D.: The Theory of Stochastic Processes, Wiley, New York, https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203719152, 1965. a, b, c
Cudden, J. R. and Hoey, T. B.: The causes of bedload pulses in a gravel
channel: The implications of bedload grain-size distributions, Earth Surf.
Proc. Land., 28, 1411–1428, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.521, 2003. a
Dhont, B. and Ancey, C.: Are bedload transport pulses in gravel bed rivers
created by bar migration or sediment waves?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 45, 5501–5508, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077792, 2018. a
Diplas, P., Dancey, C. L., Celik, A. O., Valyrakis, M., Greer, K., and Akar,
T.: The role of impulse on the initiation of particle movement under turbulent flow conditions, Science, 322, 717–720, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1158954, 2008. a
Duderstadt, J. J. and Martin, W. R.: Transport Theory, 1st Edn., Wiley Interscience, New York, ISBN 0-471-04492-X, 1979. a
Dwivedi, A., Melville, B., and Shamseldin, A. Y.: Hydrodynamic forces generated on a spherical sediment particle during entrainment, J. Hydraul. Eng., 136, 756–769, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000247, 2010. a
Escaff, D., Toral, R., Van Den Broeck, C., and Lindenberg, K.: A
continuous-time persistent random walk model for flocking, Chaos, 28, 1–11,
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5027734, 2018. a
Fan, N., Zhong, D., Wu, B., Foufoula-Georgiou, E., and Guala, M.: A
mechanistic-stochastic formulation of bed load particle motions: From
individual particle forces to the Fokker-Planck equation under low transport
rates, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119, 464–482, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002823, 2014. a, b, c, d, e
Fan, N., Singh, A., Guala, M., Foufoula-Georgiou, E., and Wu, B.: Exploring a
semimechanistic episodic Langevin model for bed load transport: Emergence of
normal and anomalous advection and diffusion regimes, Water Resour. Res., 52, 2789–2801, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR018023, 2016. a
Fathel, S. L., Furbish, D. J., and Schmeeckle, M. W.: Experimental evidence of statistical ensemble behavior in bed load sediment transport, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 120, 2298–2317, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JF003552, 2015. a, b, c
Furbish, D. J., Ball, A. E., and Schmeeckle, M. W.: A probabilistic description of the bed load sediment flux: 4. Fickian diffusion at low
transport rates, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 117, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JF002356, 2012. a, b
Furbish, D. J., Fathel, S. L., and Schmeeckle, M. W.: Particle motions and
bedload theory: The entrainment forms of the flux and the Exner equation,
in: Gravel-Bed Rivers: Process and Disasters, chap. 4, 1st Edn., edited by: Tsutsumi, D. and Laronne, J. B., John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 97–120, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118971437.ch4, 2017. a, b, c
Furbish, D. J., Roering, J. J., Doane, T. H., Roth, D. L., Williams, S. G., and Abbott, A. M.: Rarefied particle motions on hillslopes – Part 1: Theory,
Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 539–576, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-539-2021, 2021. a
Gardiner, C. W.: Handbook of Stochastic Methods for Physics, Chemistry and the Natural Sciences, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, https://doi.org/10.1109/jqe.1986.1073148, 1983. a
Gitterman, M.: The noisy oscillator: The first 100 years, from Einstein until
now, World Scientific, https://doi.org/10.1142/5949, 2005. a
Goh, K. I. and Barabási, A. L.: Burstiness and memory in complex systems, Europhys. Lett., 81, 48002, https://doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/81/48002, 2008. a
Guala, M., Singh, A., Badheartbull, N., and Foufoula-Georgiou, E.: Spectral
description of migrating bed forms and sediment transport, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119, 123–137, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002759, 2014. a
Hamamori, A.: A theoretical investigation on the fluctuations of bed load
transport, Technical Report No. R4, Tech. rep., Delft Hydraulics Laboratory, Delft, https://puc.overheid.nl/rijkswaterstaat/doc/PUC_158647_31/ (last access: 24 July 2022), 1962. a
Hänggi, P.: The functional derivative and its use in the description of
noisy dynamical systems, in: Stochastic processes applied to physics, edited
by: Pesquera, L. and Rodriguez, M. A., World Scientific Publishing Company, Santander, Spain, 69 pp., ISBN 9971978202, 1985. a
Hassan, M. A., Church, M., and Schick, A. P.: Distance of movement of coarse
particles in gravel bed streams, Water Resour. Res., 27, 503–511,
https://doi.org/10.1029/90WR02762, 1991. a
Hernández-García, E. and López, C.: Clustering, advection,
and patterns in a model of population dynamics with neighborhood-dependent
rates, Phys. Rev. E, 70, 016216, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.70.016216, 2004. a
Heyman, J.: A study of the spatio-temporal behaviour of bed load transport
rate fluctuations, PhD thesis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, https://doi.org/10.5075/epfl-thesis-6256, 2014. a
Heyman, J., Ma, H. B., Mettra, F., and Ancey, C.: Spatial correlations in bed
load transport: Evidence, importance, and modeling, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119, 1751–1767, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF003003, 2014. a
Horsthemke, W. and Lefever, R.: Noise-Induced Transitions: Theory and
Applications in Physics, Chemistry and Biology, in: 1st Edn., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00047115, 1984. a, b, c
Houssais, M., Ortiz, C. P., Durian, D. J., and Jerolmack, D. J.: Onset of
sediment transport is a continuous transition driven by fluid shear and
granular creep, Nat. Commun., 6, 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7527, 2015. a, b
Hubbell, D. and Sayre, W.: Sand Transport Studies with Radioactive Tracers, J. Hydraul. Div., 90, 39–68, https://doi.org/10.1061/JYCEAJ.0001057, 1964. a
Iseya, F. and Ikeda, H.: Pulsations in bedload transport rates induced by
longitudinal sediment sorting: A flume study using sand and gravel mixtures,
Geograf. Ann. A, 69, 15–27, https://doi.org/10.2307/521363, 1987. a
Ji, C., Munjiza, A., Avital, E., Xu, D., and Williams, J.: Saltation of
particles in turbulent channel flow, Phys. Rev. E, 89, 1–14,
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.89.052202, 2014. a
Kalinske, A. A.: Movement of sediment as bed load in rivers, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 28, 615–620, https://doi.org/10.1029/TR028i004p00615, 1947. a
Kramers, H. A.: Brownian motion in a field of force and the diffusion model of chemical reactions, Physica, 7, 284–304, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-8914(40)90098-2, 1940. a, b
Kubo, R., Toda, M., and Hashitsume, N.: Statistical Physics II: Nonequilibrium Statistical Physics, 1st Edn., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58244-8, 1978. a
Kumaran, V.: Granular flow of rough particles in the high-Knudsen-number
limit, J. Fluid Mech. 561, 43–72, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112006000127, 2006. a
Laio, F., Ridolfi, L., and D'Odorico, P.: Noise-induced transitions in
state-dependent dichotomous processes, Phys. Rev. E, 78, 1–7,
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.78.031137, 2008. a
Lajeunesse, E., Malverti, L., and Charru, F.: Bed load transport in turbulent
flow at the grain scale: Experiments and modeling, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 115, F04001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JF001628, 2010. a
Lajeunesse, E., Devauchelle, O., and James, F.: Advection and dispersion of
bed load tracers, Earth Surf. Dynam., 6, 389–399, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-389-2018, 2017. a, b
Laskin, N.: Non-Gaussian diffusion, J. Phys. A, 22, 1565–1576, https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/22/10/012, 1989. a
Lee, D. B. and Jerolmack, D.: Determining the scales of collective entrainment in collision-driven bed load, Earth Surf. Dynam. 6, 1089–1099,
https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-6-1089-2018, 2018. a
Lisle, I. G., Rose, C. W., Hogarth, W. L., Hairsine, P. B., Sander, G. C., and Parlange, J. Y.: Stochastic sediment transport in soil erosion, J. Hydrol., 204, 217–230, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00123-6, 1998. a, b
Lisle, T. E., Iseya, F., and Ikeda, H.: Response of a channel with alternate
bars to a decrease in supply of mixed‐size bed load: A flume experiment,
Water Resour. Res., 29, 3623–3629, https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR01673, 1993. a
Liu, M. X., Pelosi, A., and Guala, M.: A statistical description of particle
motion and rest regimes in open-channel flows under low bedload transport, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 124, 2666–2688, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JF005140, 2019. a
Łuczka, J.: Non-Markovian stochastic processes: Colored noise, Chaos, 15,
026107, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1860471, 2005. a
Łuczka, J., Niemiec, M., and Piotrowski, E.: Linear systems with randomly
interrupted Gaussian white noise, J. Phys. A, 26, 4849–4861, https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4470/26/19/018, 1993. a
Madej, M. A., Sutherland, D. G., Lisle, T. E., and Pryor, B.: Channel
responses to varying sediment input: A flume experiment modeled after Redwood
Creek, California, Geomorphology, 103, 507–519, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.07.017, 2009. a
Mao, L.: The effect of hydrographs on bed load transport and bed sediment
spatial arrangement, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 117, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JF002428, 2012. a
Martin, R. L., Jerolmack, D. J., and Schumer, R.: The physical basis for
anomalous diffusion in bed load transport, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 117, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JF002075, 2012. a, b
Masoliver, J.: Second-order processes driven by dichotomous noise, Phys. Rev. A, 45, 706–713, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.45.706, 1992. a
Masoliver, J.: Second-order dichotomous processes: Damped free motion,
critical behavior, and anomalous superdiffusion, Phys. Rev. E, 48, 121–135, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.48.121, 1993. a
McDowell, C. and Hassan, M. A.: The influence of channel morphology on bedload path lengths: Insights from a survival process model, Earth Surf.
Proc. Land., 45, 2982–2997, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4946, 2020. a
Menzel, A. M. and Goldenfeld, N.: Effect of Coulombic friction on spatial
displacement statistics, Phys. Rev. E, 84, 1–9,
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.84.011122, 2011. a
Michaelides, E. E.: Review – The transient equation of motion for particles,
bubbles, and droplets, J. Fluids Eng. T. ASME, 119, 233–247, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.2819127, 1997. a
Montroll, E. W.: Random walks on lattices, J. Math. Phys., 6, 193–220, https://doi.org/10.1090/psapm/016/0161378, 1964. a
Nakagawa, H. and Tsujimoto, T.: On probabilistic characteristics of motion of
individual sediment particles on stream beds, in: Hydraulic Problems Solved
by Stochastic Methods: Second International IAHR Symposium on Stochastic
Hydraulics, Water Resources Publications, Lund, Sweden, 293–320, ISBN 0918334225, 1976. a
Oldmeadow, D. F. and Church, M.: A field experiment on streambed stabilization by gravel structures, Geomorphology, 78, 335–350, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.02.002, 2006. a
Olivares-Robles, M. A. and García-Colin, L. S.: On different derivations
of telegrapher's type kinetic equations, J. Non-Equilib. Thermodynam., 21, 361–379, https://doi.org/10.1515/jnet.1996.21.4.361, 1996. a
Papanicolaou, A. N., Tsakiris, A. G., Wyssmann, M. A., and Kramer, C. M.:
Boulder array effects on bedload pulses and depositional patches, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 123, 2925–2953, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JF004753, 2018. a
Parker, G., Paola, C., and Leclair, S.: Probabilistic Exner sediment
continuity equation for mixtures with no active layer, J. Hydraul. Eng., 126, 818–826, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2000)126:11(818), 2000. a
Pechenik, L. and Levine, H.: Interfacial velocity corrections due to
multiplicative noise, Phys. Rev. E, 59, 3893–3900,
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.59.3893, 1999. a
Pierce, J. K.: The stochastic movements of individual streambed grains, PhD thesis, The University of British Columbia, https://doi.org/10.14288/1.0402359, 2021. a, b
Pierce, J. K. and Hassan, M. A.: Joint stochastic bedload transport and bed
elevation model: Variance regulation and power law rests, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 125, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JF005259, 2020a. a
Pierce, J. K. and Hassan, M. A.: Back to Einstein: Burial-induced three-range
diffusion in fluvial sediment transport, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, e2020GL087440, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL087440, 2020b. a
Pierce, J. K., Hassan, M. A., and Ferreira, R. M. L.: Code for ESurf submission “Stochastic description of intermittent transport and aggregate derivation of the bedload flux”, Zenodo [code], https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6573311, 2022. a, b
Recking, A., Liébault, F., Peteuil, C., and Jolimet, T.: Testing bedload
transport equations with consideration of time scales, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 37, 774–789, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.3213, 2012. a
Risken, H.: The Fokker-Planck Equation: Methods of Solution and Applications,
2nd edn., Springer-Verlag, Ulm, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-96807-5, 1984. a, b
Roseberry, J. C., Schmeeckle, M. W., and Furbish, D. J.: A probabilistic
description of the bed load sediment flux: 2. Particle activity and motions,
J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 117, F03032, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JF002353, 2012. a
Schmeeckle, M. W.: Numerical simulation of turbulence and sediment transport
of medium sand, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 119, 1240–1262, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JF002911, 2014. a
Schmeeckle, M. W. and Nelson, J. M.: Direct numerical simulation of bedload
transport using a local, dynamic boundary condition, Sedimentology, 50,
279–301, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2003.00555.x, 2003. a
Schmeeckle, M. W., Nelson, J. M., and Shreve, R. L.: Forces on stationary
particles in near-bed turbulent flows, J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 112, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JF000536, 2007. a, b
Schumer, R., Meerschaert, M. M., and Baeumer, B.: Fractional
advection-dispersion equations for modeling transport at the Earth surface,
J. Geophys. Res.-Earth, 114, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JF001246, 2009. a
Strom, K., Papanicolaou, A. N., Evangelopoulos, N., and Odeh, M.: Microforms
in gravel-bed rivers: formation, disintegration, and effects on bedload
transport, J. Hydraul. Eng., 130, 554–567, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2004)130:6(554), 2004. a
Taylor, G. I.: Diffusion by continuous movements, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., s2–20, 196–212, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1691776, 1920. a
Van Kampen, N. G.: Stochastic Processes in Physics and Chemistry, in: 3rd Edn., Elsevier B. V., https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-369401-9/00623-9, 2007. a, b
Wang, M. C. and Uhlenbeck, G.: On the theory of Brownian motion II, Rev.
Modern Phys., 17, 323–342, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01020584, 1945. a
Weiss, G. H.: Aspects and Applications of the Random Walk, North Holland,
Amsterdam, https://doi.org/10.2307/2291190, 1994. a, b, c
Weiss, G. H.: Some applications of persistent random walks and the telegrapher's equation, Physica A, 311, 381–410, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4371(02)00805-1, 2002. a
Williams, S. G. W. and Furbish, D. J.: Particle energy partitioning and transverse diffusion during rarefied travel on an experimental hillslope, Earth Surf. Dynam., 9, 701–721, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-9-701-2021, 2021. a
Wong, M. and Parker, G.: Reanalysis and correction of bed-load relation of
Meyer-Peter and Müller using their own database, J. Hydraul. Eng., 132, 1159–1168, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2006)132:11(1159), 2006.
a
Wu, Z., Furbish, D., and Foufoula-Georgiou, E.: Generalization of hop
distance-time scaling and particle velocity distributions via a two-regime
formalism of bedload particle motions, Water Resour. Res., 56, e2019WR025116,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2019WR025116, 2020. a, b
Wu, Z., Singh, A., Foufoula-Georgiou, E., Guala, M., Fu, X., and Wang, G.: A velocity-variation-based formulation for bedload particle hops in rivers, J. Fluid Mech., 912, A33, https://doi.org/doi:10.1017/jfm.2020.1126, 2021. a
Zhang, Y., Meerschaert, M. M., and Packman, A. I.: Linking fluvial bed
sediment transport across scales, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, 1–6,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053476, 2012. a
Short summary
We describe the flow of sediment in river channels by replacing the complicated details of the turbulent water with probability arguments. Our major conclusions are that (1) sediment transport can be phrased in terms of the movements of individual sediment grains, (2) transport rates in river channels are inherently uncertain, and (3) sediment transport in rivers is directly analogous to a number of phenomena which we understand relatively well, such as molecules moving in air.
We describe the flow of sediment in river channels by replacing the complicated details of the...
